MASHANTUCKET PEQUOT MUSEUM & RESEARCH CENTER MISSION STATEMENT e Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center (MPMRC), part of the government of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, is a non-pro t educational institution that seeks to further knowledge and understanding of the richness and diversity of the indigenous cultures and societies of the United States and Canada. To accomplish this mission, the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center conducts and supports research and the development of ethnographic, archival, library, and archaeological collections and provides programs and exhibits that encourage interaction with and among indigenous peoples, the general public, and the scholarly community.
CONFERENCE SPONSORS
e Fields of Con ict 2018 conference has been made possible by: n Grant - U.S. National Park Service, American Battle eld Protection Program n Gold Sponsor - General Society of Colonial Wars n University of Connecticut
Special thanks to the following conference supporters: n Connecticut Explored n Denison Homestead Museum n Hard Rock Café n New South Associates n Second World War Museum, Gdańsk, Poland e Fields of Con ict, Provisional Working Group, welcomes you to the Tenth Biennial Fields of Con ict Conference hosted by the
Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center. ADDRESS WELCOME For the next four days you will be surrounded by some of the best and brightest of con ict archaeologists from across the globe. Like all great ideas, Fields of Con ict (FOC) was born in a pub in 1998 when co-founders Phil W. M. Freeman and Anthony “Tony” Pollard pondered the idea of gathering battle eld archaeologists together to discuss issues unique to their subject. With a call for papers, they were overwhelmed at the response, and since that rst meeting in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2000, Fields of Con ict has grown exponentially. is tenth meeting includes some 90 papers from 17 countries. With a great venue like the museum and research center, we are excited to be a part of this edition of FOC 2018 and look forward to meeting old friends and making new. Please take a moment to thank our hosts and introduce yourselves to us at the center. Joanna Ball • Charles M. Haecker • Doug D. Scott Damian Shiels • Michelle D. Sivilich • Steven D. Smith
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On behalf of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, I would like to thank all of you for participating in the 2018 FOC Conference. In the ten years that we have been conducting research on seventeenth century Native-Colonial con icts we have come to appreciate how important battle eld studies are for understanding the past. Many of you have graciously provided help and guidance to us in various forms over the years and we continue to learn from your research. We are very proud and excited to host the conference, and I am looking forward to meeting all of you. Kevin McBride Director of Research Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center is European engraving presents a stylized view of the assault on the forti ed Pequot village at Mystic. e image was made in 1638 to illustrate an account written by Captain John Underhill — one of the leaders of the attack on May 26, 1637, in which as many as 600 Pequots were killed.
2 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPMRC Mission Statement ...... IFC Conference Sponsors ...... IFC Welcome Address ...... 1 Session Protocol ...... 3 Conference Organizers ...... 3 Preliminary Schedule: SESSION Wednesday Sessions/Events...... 4 ursday Sessions/Events ...... 5 PROTOCOL Poster Sessions ...... 6 Because of the number of Friday Sessions/Events ...... 7 presentations, we have felt it necessary to have concurrent Saturday Sessions/Events ...... 10 sessions ursday through Saturday Film Screening ...... 12 Saturday to accommodate Banquet Dinner ...... 13 all of the excellent papers. Sunday Field Excursion ...... 14 As such, it is extremely important to adhere precisely Abstracts ...... 15 to the time frame allowed Biographies ...... 39 for each paper. Final Paper Procedures ...... 53 Each presenter will be Poster Requirements ...... 54 allotted exactly 20 minutes to present and will be alerted Banquet Dinner Menu ...... 55 by the session chair at the Airports/Directions ...... 56 ve minute mark, and will Hotel Information ...... 57 be alerted at the two- and one-minute intervals. e session chairs’ responsibility will be to introduce the presenters, follow the prearranged schedule and help facilitate the discussion in the 10 minute Q&A at the end of each session. Following Conical Point on display in the Pequot War Gallery, MPMRC. the Q&A there will be a 10 minute break and a prompt start time for the CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS upcoming session. Co-Chairs Advisory Committee ______Kevin McBride Joanna Ball Ashley Bissonnette Charles M. Haecker Please be respectful to the David Naumec Doug D. Scott presenters and the audience Damian Shiels by turning o or silencing Organizer Michelle D. Sivilich all electronic devices. Michael Derderian Steven D. Smith
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 3 PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE OF EVENTS
WEDNESDAY • SEPTEMBER 26, 2018
9:00-4:00PM Registration: Group Entrance, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center 10:00-12:00PM Archaeology lab tours and tour of Monhantic Fort Site (Pequot forti ed village ca. 1675-1680)
AFTERNOON SESSION • WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26TH
1:00-1:30PM Welcome Address: Rodney Butler, Tribal Chairman, Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and Kevin McBride, Director of Research, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center, Steven D. Smith, Member, Fields of Con ict Committee
Surveying the Field II: A Further Look into the Future of Con ict Archaeology Session Chairs: Michelle D. Sivilich, University of South Florida & Carl Drexler, University of Arkansas
1:30-1:50PM Between the Lines: e Archaeology of the Siege of Petersburg Presenters: Philip Shiman, Historian, David Lowe, U.S. National Park Service, Julia Steele, U.S. National Park Service
1:50-2:10PM Excavating KOCOA: e Past, Present, and Future of American Con ict Archaeology’s Favorite Tool Presenter: Carl Drexler, University of Arkansas
2:10-2:30PM e Materiality of Roman Battle: Applying Con ict Archaeology Methods to the Roman World Presenter: Joanne E. Ball, University of Liverpool
2:30-2:40PM Break
2:40-3:00PM Conquest vs. Con ict in the American Southwest: Archaeology, Indigenous Perspectives, and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Presenter: Matthew Liebmann, Harvard University
3:00-3:20PM e Second Battle of Princeton: Field Notes from Compliance Archeology at Con ict Sites Presenters: Matthew Palus and Lyle C. Torp, Ottery Group
3:20-3:40PM Marching Into e Future of Seminole War Studies Presenter: Michelle D. Sivilich, University of South Florida
3:40-3:50PM QA
4:00-5:00PM Fields of Con ict business meeting & award ceremony
EVENING EVENTS • WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26TH
5:30-7:00PM e Grill at Two Trees (cash bar and hors d’oeuvres)
Musket Balls on display in the Pequot War Gallery, MPMRC.
4 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 THURSDAY • SEPTEMBER 27, 2018
8:00-4:00PM Registration: Group Entrance, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center MORNING SESSIONS • THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27TH
Methods In Con ict Archeology Maritime Con ict Archeology Session chair: Jennifer F. McKinnon Session chair: Timothy J. Abel
8:30- e Netherlands During the Napoleonic Era 8:30- Battle of e Java Sea: Past and Present 8:50AM (1794-1815). Using Detector Finds to Shed 8:50AM Con icts Light on an Under-Researched Period Presenters: Martijn Manders and Robert Presenter: Vincent van der Veen, Vrije de Hoop, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Universiteit Amersterdam Netherlands
8:50- “St Kilda at War” and the Historic Aircra 8:50- “Baggensstäket 1719: e Assault on e 9:10AM Archaeology Survey Project [HAASP]: Current 9:10AM Redoubt at Never Existed” Results and Future Planning Research Presenter: Tomas Englund, Maritime Presenter: Terence Christian, Temple University Archaeological Research Institute
9:10- Musket Balls from the Boston Massacre - Are 9:10- A Battleship In e Wilderness: e Story of the 9:30AM ey Authentic? 9:30AM Chippewa and Lake Ontario’s Forgotten War of Presenters: Dan Sivilich, BRAVO and Joel Bohy, 1812 Naval Shipyard Skinner Auctions Presenter: Timothy J. Abel
9:30- Revisiting the US Military ‘Levels of War’ 9:30- Westerplatte – e Symbol 9:50AM Model as a Conceptual Tool in Con ict 9:50AM Presenter: Grzegorz Berendt, University of Archaeology: A Case Study of WW2 Gdańsk Landscapes in Normandy, France Presenters: David G. Passmore, Uiversity of Toronto, David Capps Tunwell, Université de Caen-Normandie, Stephan Harrison, Exeter University
9:50- Break 9:50- Q&A 10:00AM 10:00AM
10:00- Experimental Firing, and Analysis of Impacted 10:00- Poster Session 10:20AM 17th-18th Century Lead Bullets 12:00PM (*Please refer to following page for a list Presenter: Colin Parkman, University of of poster topics and presenters) Hudders eld
10:20- A Decade of Community-Based Projects in the 10:40AM Pacic on WWII Con ict Sites Presenters: Jennifer F. McKinnon, UNESCO, Toni L. Carrell
10:40- Avocational Detectorists and Battleeld 11:00AM Research: Potential Data Biases Presenter: Christopher T. Espenshade, Archaeologist
11:00- Potential Applications for Forensic Ballistics 11:20AM within Twentieth Century Con ict Archaeology Presenter: Steven Elliott, University of Hudders eld
11:20- Q&A 11:50PM 12:00-1:30PM Lunch (box lunch or lunch on your own) 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 5 "POSTER SESSION �THURSDAY • 10:00AM�12:00PM� Time in the Battle. Could We Measure It? Case of Geologic conditions A ecting Tunnel construction at the Archeological Investigation at Ordon’s Redoubt in Warsaw, 1864 Battle of the Crater, Petersburg,Virginia Poland Presenters: C. R. Berquist, Jr., Julia Steele, U.S. National Park Presenters: Witold Migal and Michał Paczkowski Service, Christopher Bailey, M.E. Occhi, Peter J. Berquist, and D. Shockley Archaeological Patterns of Pueblo-Spanish Con ict at Sevilleta Pueblo, New Mexico, circa 1581-1681 e Accidental Fort at Jamestown Presenters: Chris Adams, U.S. Forest Service, Michael Bletzer Presenters: David Givens, Jamestown Rediscovery, Kym Hall, and Charles Haecker, Advanced Metal Detecting for the William Griswold, U.S. National Park Service. Margaret Archaeologist Watters Wilkes, Daniel Welch and Peter Leech, U.S. National Park Service Revolutionary War and War Of 1812 Battleeld GIS Mapping Project Con ict and Community Health: Bridging the Gap between Presenters: Joshua Anderson and Michael Jacobson, Archaeology and Public Health Binghamton University Presenter: Tiany Lazur, Eastern Connecticut State University
Everlasting Tragedy e French Assault on Fort Necessity, Reconstructing the Presenter: Sara Abriola, Eastern Connecticut State University Battle through Metal Detection Presenter: Matthew Bjorkman, Michael Whitehead, and Ben Locating Indigenous Sites in a 17th Century Battleeld: A Ford, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Preliminary Study of Pequot Domestic Sites in Southern CT Presenter: Megan Willison, University of Connecticut Growing Up Chippewa Presenter: Kelly Baratko, Eastern Connecticut State University Shooting the Past: Colonial and Revolutionary War Firearms Live Fire Experiments and the Role of Validation Musket Ball Analysis of the 17th Century Pequot War in Studies in Interpreting the Past Southern New England Presenter: Douglas D. Scott, Colorado Mesa University, Presenter: Srishti Sadhir, University of Connecticut University of Nebraska-Lincoln Deciphering the Battleelds of Block Island 1500-1713 Discovering Lexington’s Lost Battle — How a Community Presenter: Michael Derderian, U.S. National Park Service, Came Together to Uncover a Hidden Truth About the First Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center Battle of the American Revolution Presenters: James Hollister, Joel Bohy, Bill Rose and Margaret American Fuel Supply Operations during WWII in Watters Wilkes, U.S. National Park Service mainland Europe Presenters: David Capps-Tunwell MBE, Université de Complexity of the Archaeological Inventory: Battleeld Caen-Normandie and David Passmore, University of Toronto Mapping, Interpretation, and Recording Presenter: David Lowe, U.S. National Park Service
AFTERNOON SESSIONS • THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27TH
Indigenous Colonial Con icts Archeology Session chair: Kevin McBride, University of Connecticut, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
1:30- Keynote Address 2:00PM e 1777 Battle of Oriskany and e Iroquois Civil War: A Mohawk Perspective Presenter: Doug George-Kanentiio, Mohawk Nation
2:00- Landscapes of War: Indigenous Resistance to Settler Colonialism in the Oregon Territory 1855-56 2:20PM Presenter: Mark Tveskov, Southern Oregon University
2:20- One Battle, Many Cultures: Vazquez De Coronado and e “Tiguex War” of 1540-1542 2:50PM Presenter: Matthew F. Schmader, University of New Mexico
“ e Search For Chicasa: A Desoto-Chickasaw Battle, March 4, 1541” 2:50- Presenters: Chester DePratter, James B. Legg, Steven D. Smith, Uiversity of South Carolina, Charles Cobb, University of 3:10PM Florida, Brad R. Lieb, Chickasaw Nation Heritage Preservation Division, Edmond Boudreaux, University of Mississippi
6 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 3:10- Defending Southern Inuit Territory 3:30PM Presenter: Greg Mitchell
3:30- e Hours A er the Massacre: e English Allied Withdrawal from Mistick Fort 3:50PM Presenter: David Naumec, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center, Clark University
3:50- Under Documented 17th Century Colonial-Native Battleelds 4:10PM Presenter: Kevin McBride, University of Connecticut, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
4:10- Castles, Con ict and Social eory – Introducing a Native Welsh Narrative to the Archaeological Record of 4:50PM Twel h-Century Gwynedd – a Landscape Approach Presenter: Jacqueline Veninger, University of Connecticut
4:50- Q&A 5:10PM EVENING EVENTS • THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27TH
5:10- Matches Café, Lake Of Isles (cash bar and hors d’oeuvres) 6:10PM
Turtle Pipe by Josh Carter on display in “Katahshayooôkanun Mákooôkanash” — Our Family Gis: a Pequot Art Exhibit in the Mashantucket Gallery, MPMRC
FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 28, 2018
8:00-4:00PM Registration: Group Entrance, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
MORNING SESSIONS • FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER, 28TH
Memory and Legacy Battle eld Studies Session chair: Ashley Bissonnette, Mashantucket Pequot Session chair: David Naumec, Mashantucket Pequot Museum Museum & Research Center, Eastern Connecticut State & Research Center, Clark University University
8:30- Healing Heritage rough Decolonization in 8:30- Vepryk - e Politics Of History and Battleeld 8:50AM Indigenous New England Seaboard Museums 8:50AM Archaeology e Mashpee Wampanoag Museum: Identity, Presenter: Adrian Mandyz, Morehead State Past and Present University Presenter: E. Smith Umland, Wheaton College, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
8:50- Exploring the Indigenous Experience of Saipan 8:50- Archaeology of Modern Con ict: ‘ e War 9:10AM in World War II 9:10AM A er e War’ In Lithuania and Battle Oo Presenter: Stephanie Soder, East Carolina Užpelkiai Forest, 1949 University Presenter: Gediminas Petrauskas, National Museum of Lithuania
9:10- Break 9:10- Archaeology of e Spanish Civil War: e 9:20AM 9:30AM Battle at Monte Bernorio Presenters: Jesús F. Torres-Martínez, Manuel Fernández-Götz, University of Edinburgh, Alicia Hernández-Tórtoles, Antxoka Martínez-Velasco
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 7 9:20- Contested Heritage; Collecting and 9:30- Leipzig and e Battle Of Nations 9:40AM Memorializing Material Culture of the 9:50AM Presenters: Adrian Mandzy, Zimbabwe War of Liberation Morehead State Presenter: Njabulo Chipangura, National University, Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe André Schürger
9:40- e Archaeology of the Frontier War in Northeast 9:50- Break 10:00AM Australia: A Case Study in Meaningful 10:00AM Engagement with Indigenous Australians Presenters: Bryce Barker, University of Southern Queensland, Col McLennan, Jangga People of the Central Queensland Highlands, Jangga Prescribed Body Corporate, Les Harrigan, Rinyirru Aboriginal Corporation, Vincent Harrigan, Dikarrba Balganwarra Dhuppiwarra, Dharrba Warra, Lynley Wallis, Universit of Notre Dame Austrailia, Heather Burke, Flinders University of South Australia, Noelene Cole, James Cook University, Elizabeth Hatte, Larry Zimmerman, Indiana University-Purdue University, Iain Davidson, University of New England, Austrailia
10:00- Death and Burial? e Disposal of the Dead 10:00- e Methodology Used to 10:20AM from Battles in England, 1400-1685 10:20AM Identify e Battle Site of Fulford (1066ad) Presenter: Sarah Taylor, University of Hudders eld Presenter: Chas Jones, Independent Researcher
10:20- Q&A 10:20- e Battle of Alcala La Vieja, Location And 10:40AM 10:40AM Understanding of A Medieval Battle Presenters: Mario Ramírez Galán, Rafael Montalvo Laguna, University of Portland, María Benítez Galán
10:40- Break 10:40- e Study of Military Archaeology 10:50AM 11:00AM Presenter: Zhao Congcang, Northwestern University, Xian, Shaanxi American Revolutionary War Session chair: Steven D. Smith, University of South Carolina
10:50- “Running e Gauntlet: Locating e Battle Of 11:00- e Battle Of Cheriton: e Analysis of Lead 11:10AM Parker’s Ferry, South Carolina” 11:20AM Finds From An English Civil War Battleeld Presenters: Steven D. Smith, James B. Legg, Presenter: Kevin Claxton, University of York Brian Mabelitini, University of South Carolina
11:10- “In e Morning We Began To Strip And Bury 11:20- City Walls in the Levant: Physical and 11:30AM e Dead:” A Context For Burial Practices 11:40AM Intangible Muslim and Christian Defense in the During e American Revolution Medieval Mediterranean Presenters: Robert A. Selig, U.S. National Park Presenter: Amanda Charland, Independent Service, Wade P. Catts, South River Heritage Researcher Consulting, LLC
11:30- Historical Narrative And Cultural Landscape 11:40- Native American Fortications during the 11:50AM Analysis – Revealing e American War Of 12:00PM Con icts of European Settlement Independence Battle of Chelsea Creek Presenter: Jason Warren, U.S. Cyber Command Presenter: Victor T. Mastone, Salem State University, Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources
11:50- Q&A 12:00- Q&A 12:00PM 12:10PM
12:00-1:30PM Lunch (box lunch or lunch on your own)
8 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 AFTERNOON SESSIONS • FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 28TH
“Of War, But Not At War:” Con ict Archaeologies of Roman Con ict Archeology Prisoner of War, Internment and Labor Camps Session chair: Luis Berrocal-Rangel, University of Madrid Session chair: Ryan McNutt, University of Glasgow
1:30- Grey Ghosts: Searching Confederates 1:30- e Ancient Con ict Landscape Of Kalkriese 1:50PM at Camp Lawton, Georgia, USA 1:50PM (Varus Battle 9 Ad): New Insights Into e Presenter: Ryan McNutt, University of Glasgow Course of e Battle and e Post-Battle Processes Presenters: Achim Rost, Osnabrück University, Susanne Wilbers-Rost, Museum and Park Kalkriese
1:50- Form over Waretype: Ceramics from Idaho’s 1:50- Indigenous Resistance And Imperial Violence: 2:10PM Kooskia Internment Camp, a World War II 2:10PM Reassessing e Archaeology of e Roman Japanese American Internment Camp Conquest In Western Europe Presenter: Stacey Camp, Michigan State Presenters: Manuel Fernández-Götz, University University of Edinburgh and Nico Roymans
2:10- ‘Life in the Bag: Scenes from a WWII POW 2:10- Beneath Rust And Dust, A Study Of Warfare 2:30PM Camp in Scotland’ 2:30PM Interactions. e Use Of 3d Technology Presenter: Iain Banks To Approach e Warfare Practices And Exchanges In Western Europe During e Last Centuries BC. Presenter: Alexandre Bertaud, University Bordeaux Montaigne
2:30- Break 2:30- e Lusitanian Wars, A Faceless Con ict Of 2:40PM 2:50PM e 2nd Century BC In Western Iberia From An Archaeological Approach. Presenter: Luis Berrocal-Rangel, University of Madrid
2:40- Archaeological Investigations of a Civil War 2:50- Q&A 3:00PM Prison Camp Site (9PR26) at Blackshear, 3:00PM Georgia Presenter: Colin Partridge, Georgia Southern University Material Culture Session chair: Linda Naunapper, University of Chicago
3:00- Public Engagment with POW Sites: e Camp 3:00- e Social Signicance of Weapons – Taking 3:20PM Lawton Archaeological Project 3:20PM Chinese Bronze Weapons as an Example Presenters: Rhianna Bennett, Georgia Southern Presenter: Guo Yanli, e Museum of Shaanxi University & Ryan McNutt, University of Glasgow Normal University
3:20- “Andersonville All Over Again”: An 3:20- Battleeld, Home Front, Factory, Forced Labor 3:40PM Archaeological Comparison of Union POWs 3:50PM Camp and eir Confederate Guards during the Presenters: André Schürger, Lawrence Babits, American Civil War First Maryland Infantry, US Army Presenter: Lance Green, Wright State University
3:40- Q&A 3:50PM 3:50- Con ict on Two Continents: Archaeology and 4:10PM the Culture History of frontier New France Presenter: Linda Naunapper, University of Chicago
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 9 4:10- Assessing Optimal Lethality of Early Eighteenth 4:30pm Century Hand Grenades Presenter: Stephen Lacey
4:30- Elemental Analysis of 18th Century Cast 4:50PM Iron Projectiles: Georgia and South Carolina Evidence Presenter: Daniel Elliott, LAMAR Institute
4:50- Q&A 5:00PM
EVENING EVENTS FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 28TH
5:00- Hard Rock Café, Foxwoods Resort Casino 7:00PM (cash bar and hors d’oeuvres)
SATURDAY • SEPTEMBER 29, 2018
8:00-4:00PM Registration: Group Entrance, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
MORNING SESSIONS • SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER, 29TH
Battle eld Preservation Health & Trauma Session chair: American Battle eld Protection Program Session chair: Ashley Bissonnette, Mashantucket Pequot (ABPP) Sta Museum & Research Center, Eastern Connecticut State University
8:30- Welcome: Introduction to the American 8:30- Trauma and Fracture on the Neolithic Ages 8:50AM Battleeld Protection Program Path to 8:50AM Skeletons from Wanggou Site in Zhengzhou, Preservation Henan, China Presenter: ABPP Sta Presenter: Yan Qi-peng, Shaanxi Normal University
8:50- Mapping Battleelds with GIS and GPS- 8:50- A Possible “Ritual” Killing from Farmington, 9:10AM Inventory and History for a Military Terrain 9:10AM Connecticut Components of Battleeld Archeological and Presenters: Nicholas F. Bellantoni, Connecticut Cutural Landscapes State Museum of Natural History and Presenter: ABPP Sta Archaeology Center, University of Connecticut, Kristen Hartnett-McCann, Chief Medical Examiner, Gerald J. Conlogue, Quinnipiac University, Jaime M. Ullinger, Rachel O’Neill, Bo Reese, Julianna Crivello, Gabrielle Hartley
9:10- Preservation Planning:Elements of the E ective 9:10- Ritual and Raiding: Recording Interpersonal 9:30AM Battleeld Plan Registering your Battleeld 9:30AM Violence in California Presenter: Elizabeth Vehmeyer, U.S. National Presenter: Joseph B. Curran, Tetra Tech Park Service 9:30- Facing the Unseen Enemy: e Experience of 9:50AM the First World War Underground Soldiers Presenter: Anthony Byledbal, GUARD Archaeology
9:30- Break 9:50- Break 10:00AM 10:00AM
10 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Battle eld Preservation Session chair: TBA
10:00- Archaeology and 3d Documentation: New 10:00- A Hell of Disguring Violence: e Trauma and 10:20AM Technologies to Preserve and Promote 10:20AM Consequences of Colonial Wars Archaeological Heritage Presenter: Ashley Bissonnette, Mashantucket Presenter: Yves Ubelmann, ICONEM Pequot Museum & Research Center, Eastern Connecticut State University
10:20- e Importance of Cultural Preservation 10:20- Historical Trauma in New London County 10:40AM During Modern Con ict in the Middle East 10:50AM CT: Generational Impacts on Youth Substance Presenter: Jacklyn Rogers, Dickinson College Abuse and Mental Health Trends Presenters: Angela Rae Duhaime, Eastern Connecticut State University, SERAC, Christine 10:40- Political Con ict in Yemen and its Impact On Miskell, SERAC, Scott Barton 11:00AM Monuments Presenter: Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Rahman 10:50- Becoming Evil: e Psychology of Perpetrator Ibrahim Enab, Fayoum University 11:10AM Behavior in Fields of Con ict Presenter: James Waller, U.S. Cyber Command
11:00- It Takes a Village: Community Based 11:10- Inter-generational Trauma, Justice, and the 11:20AM Preservation of Revolutionary War Battleelds 11:30AM Armenian Genocide in New York State Presenter: Marian Mesrobian-MacCurdy, Presenters: Michael Jacobson, Brian Grills and University of Massachusetts Amherst, University Nina Versaggi, Binghamton University of Massachusetts Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies
11:20- Q&A 11:30- Q&A 11:30AM 11:50AM
12:00-1:30PM Lunch (box lunch or lunch on your own)
12:30-1:30PM Film session “Amazigh Cultural Preservation rough Film and Forum: Con ict and Commemoration” (see next page for details)
AFTERNOON SESSIONS • SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29TH
Northeast Region U.S. National Park Service Projects American Civil War Session chair: Margaret Watters Wilkes, U.S. National Park Session chair: Lawrence Babits, First Maryland Infantry, U.S. Service Army
1:30- Con ict Stewardship In e Northeast Region 1:30- Digging In: Combat Engineering and the Rise 1:50PM National Park Service 1:50PM of the Entrenched Battleeld in the American Presenters: Margaret Watters Wilkes, U.S. Civil War National Park Service, James W. Kenrick Presenters: Philip Shiman, Historian, David Lowe, U.S. National Park Service, Julia Steele, U.S. National Park Service
1:50- Dividends For our Investment: Applying 1:50- ‘…A Fine Ri ed Cannon From Liverpool’ An 2:10PM Con ict Research Methodology Within e 2:10PM Archaeological Biography Of (Four) Fawcett Arpa Program In e Northeast Region Preston Cannon Made For e Confederacy Presenter: William A. Griswold, U.S. National Presenter: Peter Norris, University of Liverpool, Park Service Ordnance Society
2:10- Declaring Slow Violence And Native American 2:10- Diversion or Massacre: A Cautionary Tale 2:30PM Presence In e Northeast’s National Parks 2:30PM Presenter: Lawrence Babits, First Maryland Presenter: David Goldstein, U.S. National Park Infantry, U.S. Army Service
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 11 SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29TH • LUNCH FILM SCREENING & SESSION
Amazigh / Berber Cinema as Window onto the Past and Future: Lunch-time Showing and Discussion Participants: Lucy R. McNair, Associate Professor, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Habiba Boumlik, Associate Professor, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Yahya Laayouni, Associate Professor, Bloomsbury University Coordinating members of the New York Forum of Amazigh Film (NYFAF): http://www.lpac.nyc/berber-lm-festival-2017-7fd9 NYFAF mission: e annual New York Forum of Amazigh Film (NYFAF) is a showcase of contemporary feature, documentary, and short lms by and about the Amazigh or Berber people of North Africa and in the diaspora. NYFAF’s mission is to create a space where lmmakers, artists, and scholars, whose work focuses on indigenous Amazigh identity and culture, can gather yearly to share their knowledge and enthusiasm with a diverse audience and foster dialogue across local, transnational, and Global issues. Stretching from the Canary Islands to the oasis of Siwa in Egypt, Amazigh societies have endured for thousands of years and today more than ever seek to represent their past, present and future through visual means. rough pre- and post-screening Q & As, live performances, and exhibitions of art and artifacts, the New York Forum of Amazigh Film engages students, faculty and community participants in experiential global learning as it seeks to disseminate Amazigh cinema and promote an understanding of the unique history, culture, and language of Amazigh peoples in North Africa and in the diaspora. For the Fields of Con ict Conference we propose to show two short lms from Tunisia and the Canary Islands that seek to represent the distant past in order to imagine a sustainable future. e showings will be introduced and followed by discussion on the question of contemporary indigenous lms as a place for con ict representation and active commemoration. Bring your lunch and discover a creative entrance into North African indigenous memory and contemporary con icts. Selected Films: Pulsation, by Tunisian lmmaker Iskandar Tlili (short, Tunisia, 2017, 3 min). Old age, female power and powerlessness, the ancient past and the speeding present. A young Amazigh lmmaker observes an elderly Amazigh woman in search of his own art. Mah, by Canarian lmmaker Armando Ravelo (short, Canary Island, 2016, 26 min). Set in the spectacular forests of the Canary Islands before the European conquest, Mah tells the story of an indigenous mother who faces the greatest test of her life as she seeks to protect and preserve her way of life. In Spanish with English subtitles. Note: Amazigh cinema engages with the memory and current elements of indigenous life and oen the traumatic encounters among peoples who today identify as Amazigh. rough fantasy, lyricism, and historical reenactment, they dramatize the individual and collective choices that have led to cultural resiliency. Yet the lms, from the Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt as well as from diasporic communities, are widely divergent in their relation to pre- history, to gender representation, and to contemporary artistic and political contexts.
2:30- Break 2:30- “150 Years A er e Battle of Franklin: 3:00PM 2:50PM Archaeological Investigations of e Federal Defensive Lines And Carter Hill Cotton Gin” Presenter: Nathan Allison
3:00- “On Great Fields, Something Stays” 2:50- e O Forgot but Indispensable State: 3:20PM Archaeology And Prescribed Burning On Little 3:10PM Evaluating Florida Civil War Archaeology Round Top, Gettysburg National Military Park Presenters: Janene Johnston, Brianna Patterson, Presenter: Joel Dukes, U.S. National Park Service University of West Florida
3:10- Q&A 3:30PM
12 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Forti cations Session chair: Kevin McBride, University of Connecticut, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
3:20- e Archaeology Of Mutiny: Excavations 3:30- Hypothetic Reconstruction of e Development 3:50PM At e Connecticut Line’s 1779-1780 Camp, 3:50PM of e Defensive Structures of e Middle Town Morristown, New Jersey of Rohantyn In 15-17th Centuries Presenter: Casey Hanna, Monmouth University Presenter: Mykola Bevz, L’viv Polytechnic National University in L’viv, Ukraine, Lublin University
3:50- “…Also Attacked, o. Partially”: e Right 3:50- Frontier Warfare In e Argentine Pampas 4:10PM Flank of Burgoyne, New Archeological 4:10PM From An Archaeological Perspective: Late Evidence, Saratoga National Historical Park Xixth Century Military Sites In Carlos Casares Presenters: Matthew Kirk, Hartgen Archeological County, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Associates, Justin DiVirgilio, Hartgen Presenters: Juan B. Leoni, National Council Archeological Associates, Elizabeth Gregory, for Scienti c and Technological Investigations, Hartgen Archeological Associates, Adam Luscier, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Diana S. Hartgen Archeological Associates, Schenectady Tamburini, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, County Community College Teresa R. Acedo, Patrimoio Museos y Turismo, Graciela Scara a, Universidad Nacional de Rosario
4:10- Parker’s Revenge Revealed 4:10- Archaeological and Historical Project “Redoubt 4:20PM Presenter: Margaret Watters Wilkes, U.S. 4:30PM of Ordon” National Park Service Presenter: Wojciech Borkowski
4:20- Q&A 4:30- Fort Nya Goteborg and e Printzhof 4:45PM 4:50PM (36de3): Archaeology and Ethnohistory of e First European Structure Built In Present Pennsylvania Presenter: Marshall Joseph Becker
4:50- Q&A 5:00PM
EVENING EVENTS • SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29TH
REGISTRATION ENDS 5:00-6:00PM Cocktail Hour: Gathering Space THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 13 Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center Use the following link to register (hors d’oeuvres and cash bar) for the evening events: Pequot Museum/Events/FOC/ Register/BanquetDinner 6:00-7:00PM Keynote Speaker: Discovering the wrecks of the Lusitania, Bismarck, USS Yorktown and PT-109 Dr. Robert T. Ballard, USN, ret. and Professor of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island
7:00-9:00PM Banquet Dinner: Gathering Space Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 13 SUNDAY • SEPTEMBER 30, 2018
OPTIONAL SUNDAY FIELD EXCURSION SEPTEMBER 30TH • 9:00AM � 5:00PM
e Field Excursion is Free. Registration for Sunday is open to the rst 38 individuals. Join MPMRC Research Sta for a tour of RevolutionaryWar Fort Griswold and the Battle of Groton Heights (September 6, 1781).
ITINERARY*
8:30-9:00AM Registration at Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
9:30-11:30PM Fort Griswold Battle eld State Park Park Ave & Monument St, Groton, CT 06340
Guided and Self-Guided tour of Fort Griswold, one of the best surviving examples of an American Revolutionary War forti cation. On September 6, 1781, General Benedict Arnold led 1,600 British troops, splitting the force between New London and Groton Heights. During the Battle of Groton Heights, 800 British troops suered nearly 200 casualties storming Fort Griswold and upon the American surrender, massacred 88 of the 165 defenders and mortally wounding 36 more. In 1830 a 135 foot tall Groton Monument and Monument House Museum were erected in honor of the American defenders of Fort Griswold.
12:00-1:30PM Lunch at Flanagan’s, 360 CT-12, Groton, CT 06340
2:00PM Arrive back at Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
*All times are approximate
14 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 ABSTRACTS Surveying the Field II: A Further Look into the catalogue of individual known con ict sites. is paper explores Future of Con ict Archaeology how battle eld archaeology methodology has been adapted to t the parameters of Roman battle, and what challenges still remain. Between the Lines: e Archaeology of the Siege of Petersburg It also considers the future of Roman battle eld archaeology, and Philip Shiman, Marine Corps University, David Lowe, U.S. both how and why the discipline is signi cant to con ict studies. National Park Service Cultural Resources GIS, Julia Steele & Alexis Morris, Petersburg National Battle eld Conquest vs. Con ict in the American Southwest: Archaeology, Indigenous Perspectives, and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 is paper focuses on the physical record of the Petersburg Matthew Liebmann, Harvard University campaign in the nal year of the American Civil War as it relates to the “no man’s land” between the major lines of forti cations. In recent years, Southwestern archaeologists have paid particular We explore picket lines and posts, saps, covered ways, tunnels, attention to the con icts surrounding the Pueblo Revolt of sharpshooter posts, elds of re and organized observation from 1680 and the Spanish Reconquest of New Mexico (1692-1694). signal stations as the sides try to sense advantageous moves Yet rarely have they situated these studies within the realm of and countermoves. Placement of observation points and use of Con ict Archaeology. is paper questions the reasons behind cover shi as the combatants confront dierent obstacles and this dearth of engagement with Con ict Archaeology, paying terrain features and react to the enemy’s attempts to manage particular attention to the in uence of Indigenous and descendant the same challenges. We use every tool in the modern arsenal communities in structuring this research. With case studies to analyze the territory between the lines-map and photographic focusing on the con icts of the Spanish Reconquest of 1694 at analysis, LIDAR, GPS and excavation – and nd the associated three Pueblo mesa-top communities, this paper investigates archeological record. the potential bene ts and drawbacks of a Con ict Archaeology framework for collaborative archaeological research projects in Excavating KOCOA: e Past, Present, and Future of the American Southwest. American Con ict Archaeology’s Favorite Tool Carl Drexler, Arkansas Archeological Survey “ e Second Battle of Princeton”: Field Notes from Compliance Archeology at Con ict Sites Over the past twenty years, con ict archaeologists working in Matthew Palus & Lyle C. Torp, e Ottery Group the United States have embraced KOCOA, the U.S. military’s tool for terrain analysis. is has generated structured, systematic Archeological investigations at military sites and battle elds eorts to understand past tactical and strategic decisions made in the United States frequently take place in the context by military commanders and opened the door for non-specialists of compliance associated with threats to resources, at the to familiarize themselves with the eld. While there is much to intersection of development and heritage management. Con ict celebrate in this, uncritical acceptance of KOCOA and other Archeology is distinctive in its landscape scale, which oen pieces of modern military theory both ignore these theories’ exceeds the appetites of individual development or infrastructure development and some signi cant issues created by bringing projects, and the degree to which con ict sites can be cherished, them into archaeological research. the continuing, dynamic relevance of historical con ict. Disturbance of sites of con ict for development is frequently e Materiality of Roman Battle: Applying Con ict controversial, sometimes de ned by extended struggle and Archaeology Methods to the Roman World oppositional relationships. ese oppositions may have as much Joanne E. Ball, University of Liverpool to do with other values as with concern over archeological sites, for instance conservation of open space and other resources. In the last three decades, a methodology for studying the e con ict associated with archeology at Maxwell’s Field in archaeology of battle has spread from the study of late-C19th Princeton shadowed a plan to construct faculty housing at the black powder battle elds, with sites from prehistory through to Institute for Advanced Study, with opposition by the Princeton the Falklands War now encompassed within a single discipline. Battle eld Society, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Each historical era has required changes to the methodological and other groups between 2003 and 2017. Vast resources were foundation, adapting to period-speci c issues with both the expended as consultation was usurped by court battles, where materiality of con ict and the quality of extant historical despite the characterization of the historic landscape as sacred documentation, to produce new insights into both individual blood-soaked soil, legal arguments focused on technical aspects engagements and the nature of warfare more widely. ere are of zoning regulations rather than archeological signi cance and signi cant challenges for adapting battle eld archaeology to the value of heritage. Other plans attract little con ict, and are the classical Roman period, particularly the unsuitability of no less challenging. Research carried out in this applied context the historical sources and the prevalent use of iron in Roman brings certain challenges that are explored through a series of military equipment. Nevertheless, substantial assemblages cases where archeologists confronted project parameters that survive on a number of Roman battle sites, particularly from would limit the value of resulting data, or even the viability of the engagements other than pitched eld battle. e artifacts found archeological endeavor. have provided a basis to reconstruct individual engagements, plot the movement of the Roman army in a campaign of Marching into the Future of Seminole War Studies conquest, and have identi ed sites which were undocumented Michelle D. Sivilich, Gulf Archaeology Research Institute in the historical record. However, Roman battle eld archaeology has, so far, largely failed to engage with many of the theoretical Gulf Archaeology Research Institute has over 20 years of developments made in the discipline more widely. As such, studying the Seminole Wars (1816-1858) in Florida. Yet this Roman antiquity risks becoming a sub-discipline of battle eld largely overlooked, and somewhat forgotten, asymmetrical archaeology, doing little more than creating a geographic war has much to oer in the development of new approaches
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 15 to studying Con ict Archaeology. is paper seeks to explore 1770 Boston Massacre. ey are so iconic, that at one time they new methodologies for a more holistic approach to looking were loaned to the Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in at con ict. Our focus has been to understand why this war Iowa. According to the notes, one went through the shutter of dragged on unsuccessfully for almost y years. We have utilized Edward Payne’s house and the other broke the small bone in his excavations, archival records, post returns, and interactive arm and lodged in a door post. He lived across the street from maps to create a more nuanced approach that recognizes the the Custom House where the British soldiers red from and was dierences in terrain use and tactics between soldiers and a witness to the event. Payne testi ed during the subsequent trial Seminoles. America at this time is still a young country deciding of Captain omas Preston, the British ocer who was present between a standing army or a militia. Troops and ocers from a at the massacre. But the question is – are they authentic? To variety of backgrounds and countries arrive in Florida to ght an date, there has not been a connection established between W. equally diverse Native American adversary. Incongruences in the F. Meredith and the Payne family. e Massachusetts Historical approaches to the con ict by both sides make interpretation less Society granted the authors and a team of experts unprecedented than cut and dry. Understanding such dierences may ultimately access to these two artifacts. is paper will discuss the forensic assist in understanding the nature, extent, and outcomes in this analyses that were conducted to attempt to answer that question. unique Florida war. Revisiting the US Military ‘Levels of War’ Model as a Conceptual Tool in Con ict Archaeology: A Case Study of Methods in Con ict Archeology WW2 Landscapes in Normandy, France David G. Passmore, University of Toronto Mississauga, David e Netherlands during the Napoleonic Era (1795-1814). Using Capps Tunwell, Université de Caen-Normandie, Stephan Detector Finds to Shed Light on an Under-researched Period Harrison, University of Exeter Vincent van der Veen, Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam is paper adapts US military concepts of ‘battlespace’ and the ‘levels of war’ (strategy, operations and tactics) to WW2 Research on the Napoleonic-era has traditionally been driven landscapes revealed by LiDAR-derived digital elevation models by historians. As a result, we have much detailed information in forests of the Lower Seine valley near Rouen. Here, as in many on the organization of the Napoleonic armies and on individual forested areas of northwest Europe, the increasingly widespread battles, but very little on the armies’ day-to-day activities. availability of LiDAR data is presenting con ict archaeologists Archaeology is ideally suited to ll in this gap. Unfortunately, and heritage managers with the challenge of evaluating a vastly the Napoleonic period is not commonly appreciated as an enhanced dataset of extant WW2 features. In some areas these “archaeological period” by Dutch academics and archaeological landscapes include readily-identi ed features such as xed professionals alike. ere is, however, a large dataset yet to be forti cation lines or military infrastructure. Elsewhere, however, mined that can greatly expand our knowledge of the day-to-day landscapes may have witnessed multiple actions over a range activities of the Napoleonic armies: the collections of amateur of timescales and involving one, or a combination of ground metal detectorists. By analyzing the objects found by these combat, artillery strikes and aerial bombing. In such cases the private individuals, combined with written sources, it has already context and signi cance of craters, earthworks and other features been possible to reconstruct the date and nature of two military may be much more dicult to interpret and assess. Case studies camps near Bussum and Eindhoven. In addition, when these from the Lower Seine valley illustrate rstly how earthworks nds are recorded into the nationwide database, PAN (Portable and projectile craters have been mapped and interpreted using Antiquities of the Netherlands), it will be possible to formulate a combination of LiDAR, GIS and documentary data including broader syntheses that surpass the site level. One approach that war diaries, wartime crater analyses and aerial photographs. will be touched upon is the distribution of regimental uniform Secondly, features are located within a framework dierentiating buttons, which can tell us about the movement of troops. the hierarchy of strategic, operational and tactical levels of war conducted by both German and Allied forces. e value of this Musket Balls from the Boston Massacre - Are ey Authentic? ‘levels of war’ approach as a conceptual tool has been proven Dan Sivilich Battle eld Restoration & Archaeological Volunteer in analysis of 19th century North American Great Plains battles Organization (BRAVO), Joel Bohy Director of the Historic (Bleed and Scott, 2011) and here we argue it is also well-suited Arms & Militaria at Skinner Auctions to assessing the context and signi cance of WW2 con ict In 1940 a picture frame containing two musket balls and two landscapes, including those arising from aerial bombing. It notes handwritten in quill pen were donated to the Massachusetts is therefore likely to be of wider utility in emerging con ict Historical Society in Boston by one W. F. Meredith. ey are landscapes of this period in other areas of Europe and beyond. reported to be the only remaining artifacts from the March 5, Experimental Firing and Analysis of Impacted 17th-18th Century Lead Bullets Colin Parkman, University of Hudders eld e analysis of spherical lead bullets recovered from early modern battle elds (1500-1815) has produced valuable data
16 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 regarding battle location and the extent of the action. Previous non-combatant Indigenous groups. Finally, it will discuss experimentation and analysis of individual bullets demonstrate a plan to update ABPP’s Submerged Battle eld Protection that diagnostic traits can be transferred to the surface of the Manual to include more modern battle eld considerations as bullet, such as evidence from the manufacture, loading and well as updates in theoretical and methodological approaches. ring of the bullet. However, the nature of impacted bullets and their potential to retain characteristic evidence from the impact Avocational Detectorists and Battleeld Research: Potential surface have yet to be systematically addressed within Con ict Data Biases Archaeology. is thesis examines the nature of bullet impact Christopher T. Espenshade, New South Associates, Inc. evidence through a series of proof of concept experimental ring trials. e aim is to create a reference collection of It has become increasingly common to include avocational known bullet impacts which can be used as a comparative detectorists in battle eld research. Despite the many positives tool against archaeologically recovered bullets to aid in the of such public involvement, archaeologists should recognize the interpretation of battle eld bullet assemblages. To complete potential biases that may be introduced through avocational this aim, a reproducible experimental ring methodology was participation. Using a case study from Bennington Battle eld created using knowledge gained from ballistics and previous (American Revolution), the biases are introduced, and experimental ring trials, combined with military treatises recommendations are suggested for mitigating the biases. is and scienti c publications contemporary to the early modern paper will use new data from August 2017 to elaborate on the period to identify and de ne experimental variables and arguments presented in Espenshade’s (2017) article in Advances parameters. An external ballistic trajectory modeling program in Archaeological Practice. ere were signi cant dierences in was created to enable a more regimented experimental ring the types of items recovered from the same collection grid by program that would compensate for musket inaccuracy, the avocational detectorists and, subsequently, by professional although with limitations. Experimental designs were created archaeologists in a class of Advanced Metal Detecting for by examining the reconstructed historic landscape from two the Archaeologist. e presentation will be of interest to all case study battle elds to identify common landscape features in considering the incorporation of avocational detectorists into which bullets may have impacted during battle. Experimental their battle eld research eorts. e paper does not advocate ring was conducted over sterile and stony ground surfaces against the participation of avocational detectorists, but rather as well as numerous wooden targets to establish a baseline of suggests that the archaeologists must be aware of potential known bullet impacts. e results from the experimental ring biases in the resultant data, and should take steps to minimize demonstrate that bullets that impacted the ground surface retain the bias. distinct diagnostic characteristics that can be easily identi ed within bullets from archaeological assemblages. However, the Potential Applications for Forensic Ballistics within distinctive characteristics identi ed on bullets that impacted Twentieth Century Con ict Archaeology wooden targets were not observed on archaeologically Steven Elliott, University of Hudders eld recovered bullets. Con ict Archaeology remains a diverse multifaceted discipline covering a large timespan. However, the twentieth A Decade of Community-Based Projects in the Pacic on century receives much less coverage and numerous avenues WWII Con ict Sites of investigation remain unexplored. Research covering the Jennifer F. McKinnon, East Carolina University, Ships of interpretation of impact scars, craters and forensic ballistics are Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc., Toni L. Carrell, limited and normally focus solely on aerial bombing. Nonetheless, Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. battle elds by their very nature are damaged during con ict Ships of Exploration and Discovery Research, Inc. (Ships), in and this overlooked source must now be addressed to provide partnership with Flinders University and now East Carolina for a more comprehensive analysis. In order to understand the University’s Program in Maritime Studies, has been conducting evidence found in the landscape we must understand how it is underwater archaeological investigations of WWII battle elds created, this is particularly true of impact scars as successful in the Paci c for over ten years. Over the course of that time, interpretation may facilitate a better understanding of the Ships has been fortunate enough to receive several American placement of combatants within the landscape. By a process of Battle eld Protection Program (ABPP) grants in support of experimental testing using period rearms, discharged against a documenting and preserving WWII battles in the Northern selection of normal building material, such as stone, brickwork Mariana Islands of Saipan and Tinian and the Republic of Palau and metal girders, we are attempting to replicate this evidence at Peleliu. e experience of working on more recent con ict and categorize these by calibre, shape, angle, and depth. en sites has led Ships’ researchers to examine and test ABPPs core using trajectory rod analysis as found in forensic ballistics and terrain analysis program KOCOA as it applies to those battles crime scene investigation, establish the degree to which impact that involve not only land, but waterborne, amphibious, and scars may be interpreted to trace the line of ight of a projectile. aerial components. is paper will present an overview of the ereby pinpointing potential search areas for targeted archaeology conducted thus far in the Paci c. It will highlight detecting surveys and enabling us to identify the ring position some achievements, challenges, and ndings and include a by recovering cartridges le by the rer. is paper attempts discussion of community-based approaches to working with to address these shortfalls, and suggests ways in which impact
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 17 scars and penetrations may be evaluated. ereby, allowing A Battleship in the Wilderness: e Story of the Chippewa and better placement of units and individuals positions within the Lake Ontario’s Forgotten War of 1812 Naval Shipyard landscape in order to challenge existing interpretations. Timothy J. Abel, New York State Archaeological Association, Eastern States Archaeological Federation and the New York Maritime Con ict Archeology Archaeological Council During the campaign of 1814, the navies of Britain and the Battle of the Java Sea: Past and Present Con icts United States were deadlocked in an epic struggle for control of Martijn Manders & Robert de Hoop, Cultural Heritage Agency Lake Ontario. With the launch of Superior in September, they of the Netherlands (RCE) controlled the lake for about one month. In October, the British e three Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java launched the 102-gun St. Lawrence, elevating the threat to a new and HNLMS Kortenaer went down in the Battle of the Java Sea on high. To counter, the US Navy commissioned the construction 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. In November of two new rst rates and a frigate over the winter of 1814- 2016 an international diving team from the Karel Doorman 1815. ere was a problem, however. e existing shipyard at Foundation discovered that the shipwrecks had disappeared. Sackets Harbor only had room enough to build one of the rst is created tension between the government of Indonesia and rates in time for the spring sailing season. Commodore Isaac those countries that had lost ships in the archipelago, especially Chauncey decided to build the New Orleans at Sackets Harbor. the Netherlands. is in turn created an unprecedented media e other ship, Chippewa, was to be constructed nearby at a new attention on this matter. e management and protection of shipyard called Storrs Harbor. Construction began on the two shipwrecks from the Second World War is very complicated, ships in January 1815, but with the war ending just a few weeks because of the dierent values that dierent stakeholders attach later neither were completed. Storrs Harbor was maintained by to it. ese dierent values played a major role during the the Navy for several decades aer the war, but falling into ruin. joint Dutch-Indonesian investigation that followed aer the e Chippewa and its shipyard were scrapped in 1833. Recent noti cation that the three Dutch shipwrecks had disappeared historical and archaeological research has now revealed the from the bottom of the Java Sea. Relatives and survivors reacted location and unknown details of Lake Ontario’s forgotten naval very emotionally upon hearing the news, and the media made a station. lot of statements regarding this case which made the issue even more political than it already was. In the meantime scientists Westerplatte – e Symbol had to evaluate the data that was present on its own merits. Grzegorz Berendt, Deputy Director of the Museum of the e questions in this process rises: what prevails? What is more Second World War in Gdańsk important in the management and preservation of battle elds e German attack on the Polish Military Transit Depot on and the sites and objects within? Is it the scienti c information, Westerplatte, Free City of Danzig, marked the beginning of World the experience or the commemorative value? Safety maybe? Or War II – the global con ict of an unprecedented scale that brought even the economic value of wrecks? Can we even answer that about the death of millions. Westerplatte, however, is important question? And if not, can we then manage? is paper will not only in view of the symbolic date, 1st September 1939, it address and discuss these complex issue. is primarily remembered as an account of 220 Polish soldiers who for seven days valiantly de ed overwhelmingly superior “Baggensstäket 1719: e Assault on the Redoubt that Never German forces. On 1st September 1939 at 4:48 am, the battleship Existed” Schleswig-Holstein began its bombardment of Westerplatte. At the Tomas Englund, Maritime Archaeological Research Institute (MARIS), Södertörn University same time, the Polish garrison was attacked by the SS-Heimwehr Danzig company and a company of marines from the battleship. is paper is a part of the work for my Ph.D. Dissertation. In 1719, Greatly outnumbered and outgunned, the Poles surrendered aer a division of Russian galleys made an amphibious operation at the a seven-day siege. ough the Battle of Westerplatte had little narrow strait at Baggensstäket closed to Stockholm. ree Russian impact on the outcome of the Polish-German war, the prolonged battalions were released at both sides of the strait to capture the defense of this symbolic place signi cantly bolstered the Polish redoubts and destroy the sunken cargo vessels that prevented morale, and the defense of Westerplatte became known as ‘Polish the galleys to advance further into Stockholm. e operation ermopylae.’ e talk on Westerplatte will present a compact resulted in engagement with Swedish forces positioned to defend historical overview of Westerplatte during the siege in 1939 and Baggensstäket. In the Swedish historiography the battle on the in post-war years while highlighting its importance as one of the northern side of the strait, it is dramatically described as 3,000 most prominent battle elds in history. Russian soldiers who tried to capture the redoubt (equipped with guns) in order to destroy the sunken cargo vessels, connected to Battleeld Preservation the redoubt. To increase the knowledge of the event, the entire battle eld was investigated and de ned using archaeological Archaeology and 3D Documentation: New Technologies to methods with a surprising result. e redoubt and the at ground Preserve and Promote Archaeological Heritage in front of it was completely lacking any battle related objects. Yves Ubelmann, Iconem e battle eld was instead found further away at the slopes in front of the redoubt. Projectiles were found at the slopes red e world’s cultural heritage is more at risk than ever. Con icts from the Swedish galleys, and analyzing their shooting sectors, and wars damage and eventually destroy our most valuable it shows that an existing redoubt would have been placed in the historical and cultural sites. By combining the large-scale scanning way. e redoubt can hardly have existed during the battle and capacities of drones and the photorealistic quality of 3D Iconem must have been constructed at a later date. Due to heavy re from we can create digital copies of heritage sites and record them for the galleys, the Russians didn’t reach the sunken cargo vessels. future generations. Based on several case studies, we will look at the technology behind these digital preservation initiatives and at the dierent types of documentation and experience they provide. 18 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 is documentation is crucial to academics, archaeologists, in Yemen and its impact on Islamic monuments. I will also architects, to monitor the condition of the sites and prevent compare the original examples of these monuments and what further degradation. Iconem’s team developed and applied, in it has become now due to damage and the role of international partnership with local archaeological teams and researchers, organizations concerned with Cultural Heritage in preservation tools to help quickly document sites under various situations and and maintenance in Yemen. is paper will discuss the importance answer problems faced by archaeological teams – summarized as of preserving the cultural heritage of Yemen and document the multi-scale, multi-temporal, collaborative and remote assessment historical buildings which have been vandalized. approaches. While photogrammetry has always been considered as an interesting asset in archaeological missions (Reeves, It Takes a Village: Community Based Preservation of 1936), the method has remained hardly accessible until recently. Revolutionary War Battleelds in New York State Archaeologists seem to have a growing interest for the technique Michael Jacobson, Brian R. Grills & Nina M. Versaggi, since the arrival of automatic approaches, popularized by a Binghamton University growing amount of soware whose features evolve rapidly. e documentation work can today be performed from a distance, e inclusion of community is vital for the protection of historic on sites unreachable from the ground. For example, following sites. However, issues related to historic struggles as well as the dramatic con ict in Syria, and its consequences on heritage, present day property rights and economic development can Iconem took the initiative to help Syrian archaeologists document present obstacles for integrating communities into a preservation the damages. We suggest to use as case studies the Afghan site of project. As part of its ongoing Revolutionary War research, Mes Aynak, a Buddhist site located 30km from Kabul, and the Binghamton University’s Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) “Syrian Heritage” Project. has actively sought public engagement and outreach. Such engagement has oen involved us in contentious debates between e Importance of Cultural Preservation during Modern landowners, preservation groups, and descendent communities. Con ict in the Middle East In this paper, we discuss the examples of how our research Jacklyn Rogers, Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute integrated with outreach in researching and preserving the New (PKSOI), U.S. Army War College York Revolutionary War battle elds of Fort Anne, and the two battles related to the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign-Chemung and Historic sites are oen destroyed during con icts. Neither Newtown. In this paper, we discuss the speci c preservation collateral damage to historical sites nor the intentional contexts of these battle elds and the associated stakeholders destruction of religious gures or art, known as iconoclasm, are and the steps used in moving beyond research to community new occurrences. Instances of iconoclasm have been recorded engagement. Using innovative techniques for research analysis as far back as the Byzantine Empire (330-1453). However, the and the presentation of research results, PAF has developed motivation and means of destruction have evolved since ancient new methods of community engagement that help to integrate times to also encompass secular sites and artifacts. Understanding various community views and interests related to the histories the cultural role that these sites play oers insight into the tactics and landscapes of these battle elds. of militant groups such as ISIS and demonstrates the important role historic sites play in stability operations. is paper examines “St Kilda at War” and the Historic Aircra Archaeology ISIS’s destruction of Palmyra, Syria as a case study. Palmyra is an example of how ISIS has moved away from the textbook de nition Survey Project [HAASP]: Current Results and Future Research of iconoclasm; their actions are not based purely on religious Planning motivations. e destruction of this historic site and museum Terence Christian, Temple University reveal that ISIS uses these occasions to eliminate cultural history St Kilda’s position 110 miles o mainland Scotland placed it while demonstrating their destructive capabilities. Palmyra is in an opportune location as a reference point for aircra and also an example of the signi cant damage that can be caused ships conducting navigation exercises, anti-submarine missions, by modern explosives and the challenges that presents to those maritime interdiction, or convoy protection duties. e “St evaluating the site. Statements and actions of people who worked Kilda at War” survey project is a non-invasive cultural resource at the site or felt a cultural connection to it demonstrate why identi cation, characterization, and mapping programme saving cultural heritage should be made a priority during stability focused on the 20th century terrestrial military history of the St operations. Finally, the international collaboration between Kilda archipelago. Centred on World War I and World War II museums to save and share the story of Palmyra is an exemplary historic resources, this paper reports on past eld season results model of the actions both military personnel and historians need and on-going historical research conducted as part of the “St Kilda to take to mitigate the loss of history to con ict in the future. at War” survey project. Primary focus is given to the 15 May 1918 bombardment of Hirte by German U-boat SM U 90 and to the Political Con ict in Yemen and its Impact on Monuments Second World War aircra which came to grief on the islands. In Archeological and Historical Study addition, a brief introduction to the Historic Aircra Archaeology Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Rahman Ibrahim Enab, Fayoum Survey Project [HAASP] is given. e HAASP project—of University which “St Kilda at War” forms one of ve feeder projects—is a Yemen has witnessed many political and religious dierences characterization and mapping research programme for aircra throughout history. ese dierences have lead to many disputes wreck sites located within National Trust for Scotland properties. that negatively aected life in Yemen. Nowadays, con ict arises Mobilising the Phased Aviation Archaeology Research [PAAR] between Shiite Houthi rebels and Yemeni authority. Several Methodology, the 15 HAASP sites will provide a comprehensive historical monuments across Yemen have suered damage since historical and archaeological inventory of endangered, nationally the start of this con ict such as the Al Ashra ya Mosque, the important aircra wreck sites via professional–community National Museum in Ta izz, the Al-Ordi Ottoman historical historical research collaboration. compound in Sana’a, and historical buildings in shibam kokban and Dhamar. I will discuss the history and reasons of con ict 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 19 Indigenous Colonial Con icts Archeology Americans across the Southeast, including the ancestors of the historic Chickasaw Nation. In 1541 Soto’s entrada entered the Landscapes of War: Indigenous Resistance to Settler modern state of Mississippi and arrived at the town of Chicaça, Colonialism in the Oregon Territory 1855-56 home of the Chicasas, and ancestral home of the Chickasaws. Mark Tveskov, Southern Oregon University Aer a stay of several months, DeSoto decided to move on. e Chicasas, frustrated by the entradas’ request for slaves, e wars of American imperialism in the North American West surrounded DeSoto on the night of March 4, attacked and set re have been craed in historical memory through the tropes of to the village. A erce but quick battle raged before the Chicasas Manifest Destiny, where intrepid pioneers overcome a variety of withdrew. Archaeologists and historians have studied and morally dark forces that include the depredations of indigenous debated the route of the de Soto entrada since the 19th century. people. In this telling, the U.S. Army serves as paternalistic and Recent discoveries have suggested that the town of Chicasa is heroic force, arriving just in time to rescue pioneers from behind near Starkville, Mississippi. is paper relates the research being encircled wagons. I interrogate this trope through the Con ict conducted by archaeologists from the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology of the Rogue River War that took place in the Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Florida, University Oregon Territory during the Gold Rush of the 1850s. Research of Mississippi, and the Chickasaw Nation to nd Chicasa. is into battle elds as well as forts, homesteads, and massacre sites research includes not only historical and archaeological analysis uncover a landscape of war that embroiled women, men and but also pXRF metal analysis and comparative collections analysis children as well as traditional combatants in a complicated and of 16th century Spanish assemblages across the Southeast. ambiguous series of events that saw Indigenous people ghting a guerilla campaign against the settlers and the United States Army. Defending Southern Inuit Territory At the same time, in this immediate pre-Civil War era, the settler Greg Mitchell, NunatuKavut Community Council, (ret.) militias were contesting—sometimes at the point of a gun— against the federal troops over issues of states’ rights. Rather than Nothing is more germane to human existence than a clean tale of moral victory of good over evil, the Rogue River putting yourself in harm’s way to defend your homeland. War resembled instead more complex colonial con icts such as Eighteenth century Inuit, in southern Labrador and northern more recently fought in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Newfoundland, had been described as ‘wild,’ ‘demons,’ ‘villains,’ ‘devils’ and ‘sauvages.’ Because they were defending themselves One Battle, Many Cultures: Vazquez de Coronado and the by con ict, and would oen keep the spoils of war, they were “Tiguex War” of 1540-1542 said to be greedy and treacherous thieves who didn’t even live Matthew F. Schmader, University of New Mexico in southern Labrador. ese notions were considered acceptable From 1540 until 1542, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado led his until recently. From current archaeological evidence, we know famed expedition from Nueva España (now México) into the that Inuit occupation in southern Labrador, during the sixteenth American Southwest. e huge expeditionary force was one through eighteenth centuries, was year round and permanent in of the largest ever organized by the Spanish Crown in their a typical northern forager lifestyle. is paper reviews what Inuit centuries-long colonization of the “New World.” Nearly 350 may have viewed as a ‘colonial war’ in the Northwest Atlantic European men-at-arms were supported by an estimated 1,200 to during the time of the French and Indian Wars and Pontiac’s 2,000 Mexican indigenous soldiers (called indios amigos) from a Rebellion (1754-1766). e paper examines the nature of Inuit wide variety of ethnic groups. e expedition arrived in the Río defense of their homeland from very recently discovered archival Grande valley, or “Tiguex province,” by fall of 1540 and hostilities materials. Several attempts were made by Europeans to end this broke out into a series of skirmishes called the “Tiguex War” – ‘guerilla warfare’ through treaty processes. We have little record the earliest named war in United States history. e largest Río of southern Inuit perspectives on these attempts. Most clashes Grande village, named Piedras Marcadas, has been intensively were very well planned and implemented by the Inuit. Inuit men studied over the past decade. Geophysics surveys have identi ed were victors in many of their ghts; but ultimately they changed hundreds of buried adobe rooms along with 1,100 sixteenth- strategies in 1765 and entered into a Peace and Friendship Treaty century European metal artifacts including ammunition, personal relationship with the British in their un-surrendered land. Some items, and much fragmentary material. is assemblage has of their descendants are ghting with Canada today for that same several concentrations indicating battle-related activities, tactics, land, thankfully without the physical violence. and actions. ese concentrations contain artifacts referable to the many cultures involved in the ghting including Europeans, e Hours A er the Massacre: e English Allied Withdrawal Mexican ghters, and native ancestral Puebloan defenders. is from Mistick Fort mixture of materials uniquely blends medieval-period European David Naumec, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research technology with native weaponry from indigenous cultures of Center Mexico and the American Southwest e Battle of Mistick Fort (May 26, 1637), historically known as the “Mystic Massacre,” is well documented but what is universally “ e Search for Chicasa: A DeSoto-Chickasaw Battle, March forgotten is that the most intensive combat of the Pequot War 4, 1541” occurred in the hours aer the battle. Later that day English Steven D. Smith, Chester DePratter & James B. Legg, South Allied forces fought for their lives during a nine mile western Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Charles march to their ships in Pequot Harbor (present-day New London Cobb, Florida Museum of Natural History, Brad R. Lieb, Harbor). e Battle of the English Withdrawal began following e Chickasaw Nation, Edmond Boudreaux, University of the destruction of Mistick Fort including nearly ten hours of Mississippi heavy ghting between English Allied and Pequot Allied forces In 1539 Hernando de Soto, a Spanish Conquistador, landed in over six-miles of dicult terrain. Determined Pequot forces Florida with 600 soldiers and priests to explore and conquer the maintained close contact launching dozens of pitched attacks southeastern US for Spain, searching for treasure. eir journey costly ambushes. is was the largest combat action of the entire le a trail of destruction that profoundly impacted Native Pequot War with at least 700 combatants engaged over hundreds 20 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 of acres. e English reported that they in icted more casualties of: memory, identity, social order and transformation (Knapp during their withdrawal from Mistick than during the assault and Ashmore 1999: 13). e research presented will seek to on the fort. e loss of an estimated 400-500 Pequot ghting demonstrate the importance of constructing a cross-cultural men during the Mistick Campaign was a devastating blow to Con ict Archaeology theoretical framework that moves beyond the community and proved to be the turning point of the war. the description of events to explain the signi cance of the actions English commander, Captain John Mason, conceded that he had for the role they played in agency, social structural change and only ten unwounded men le under his command, suggesting modern identity. is will be demonstrated using a case study the English themselves suered over 70% casualties in both killed of the colonial con icts of Owain Gwynedd and Henry II during and wounded. Ironically, this important engagement is also the the mid-twelh century, focusing in particular on the role of least reported on. e Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research the castle as an indicator of social change in the medieval Welsh Center completed two American Battle eld Protection Program theater of war. Concepts of traditional ceremonial landscapes of funded surveys of the site constituting 2/3 of the withdrawal con ict will also be explored. route. e resulting archaeological assemblage of hundreds of muskets balls, arrow points, rearm parts, Native and European personal equipment has become the single most informative “narrative” of this critical engagement. is unique and important site illustrates the evolution in the complexity and eectiveness of military strategy, tactics, and armaments employed by both Pequot and English Allied forces during the war. is battle eld survey has rede ned the history of the Mistick Campaign and have challenged the paradigm of skulking way of war attributed to Native combatants in the Northeast.
Under Documented 17th Century Colonial-Native Battleelds Kevin McBride, Mashantucket Pequot Museum Research Poster Session Center, University of Connecticut Seventeenth century Colonial-Native battle elds can present Time in the Battle. Could We Measure It? Case of Archeological unique challenges to battle eld archaeologists in their eorts to Investigation at Ordon’s Redoubt in Warsaw, Poland locate and interpret the battle eld. Colonial records or narratives Witold Migal & Michal Paczkowski, State Archaeological describing battle eld locations and events are oen incomplete, Museum in Warsaw contradictory, or nonexistent. In addition most Colonial battle e last chapter of the Polish-Russian War (1830-1831) was the narratives describe the battle only from the Colonial perspective, capture of Warsaw on the 6th of September 1831. During the and rarely if ever do Native perspectives inform the battle battle, one of the famous episodes was connected with defending narrative. As a result the material culture associated with the two forti ed redoubts. One of them was called e Ordon’s battle event oen plays a larger role in battle eld reconstruction Redoubt, aer the name of commander of artillery – Julian than in later battle elds from the eighteenth and nineteenth Ordon. Although the siege lasted only two hours, the heroic ght centuries. is paper will provide examples from several case was perpetuated by the famous romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz, studies from the Pequot (1636-1637) and King Philip’s (1675- and is well known among Polish society. By chance, the place of 1676) Wars that rely heavily on recovered battle-related objects the formal forti cation is free of buildings and is now possible to ll in the many gaps in the historical record and to gain a to access. During the archaeological excavation the outlines of perspective on the movements, tactics, and weapons of the the forti cations were discovered, including wolf pits containing Native American combatants. common graves of soldiers, accompanied by small items of everyday as well as of a military character including a number Castles, Con ict, and Social eory- Introducing a Native of gun ints. One of the most spectacular discoveries, was the Welsh Narrative to the Archaeological Record of Twel h- relation stored in the layers of trou de loup. We have opportunity Century Gwynedd – A Landscape Approach to compare the stratigraphical sequence with written sources Jacqueline Veninger, University of Connecticut making it possible to identify detail episodes, so we could date a single layer even up to several minutes. e second method was e endemic challenges present in the study of many colonial to compare original gun int with experimental ones. Based on native con icts are also extant in the Welsh and Anglo-Norman the experiment consisting in shooting a certain number of shots con icts of the mid-twelh. ese include the absence of with the similar type of gun int with was used during the Ordon’s Welsh agency from the medieval archaeological record and Redoubt Siege. We focused on traces of striking or gunpowder an Anglo-Norman bias in contemporary chronologies which traces, and were able to estimate the maximal number of eective led to a proliferation of modern misunderstandings and over- shots. Results of archaeological excavations are an outstanding simpli cations of the native Welsh experience. e culmination addition to knowledge about the Battle of Ordon’s Redoubt and of this has had lasting eects on the conceptualization and animates the story. creation of modern identities. e methodological toolbox of battle eld archaeology has the ability to overcome many American Fuel Supply Operations during WWII in Mainland of these challenges, oen reinstating a native narrative in the Europe archaeological or historical context. Yet, battle eld archaeology David Capps-Tunwell, Université de Caen-Normandie, has been slow to expand beyond its methodological pursuits, with Con ict Landscapes Research, David Passmore, University of many investigations having little or no theoretical orientation Toronto Mississauga, Con ict Landscapes Research (Scott, Babits and Haecker 2009: 1). is paper explores theoretical outlets for con ict scholarship, via the application of Fuel supplies to Allied armies advancing through NW Europe landscape studies, giving consideration to the thematic functions following the Normandy Campaign in August 1944 were 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 21 sustained not only by the famous Red Ball Express truck convoys Pueblo has identi ed major room blocks, a visita mission church, but also by fuel pipeline systems constructed by the American a Spanish compound of uncertain function, and a burnt kiva. e Corps of Engineers. ese extensive feats of military engineering pueblo was abandoned in 1681. To date, sample metal detection included the Major System pipeline that was eventually to surveys have produced over 600 metallic artifacts, re ecting stretch 900 km from the port of Cherbourg to Frankfurt. Here both domestic and combat activities during the later 1500s and we present the rst documented archaeological evidence of 1600s. Of note are multiple artifact clusters comprised of chain large-scale earthworks associated with fuel tank farms located at mail rings, dropped and red lead balls and scatter shot, as well intervals along the Major System pipeline route. Many of these as European clothing- and equestrian-related metal objects. sites were in forest settings that have ensured their preservation Artifact patterning indicates one or more hostile encounters took to the present day and are the focus of an ongoing investigation place at the pueblo over time, including one in which the Spanish using archival sources, aerial photography and eld survey. utilized two ravines to screen their lines of approach. Once in Evidence from two tank farm sites in the Forêt domaniale de position, the attackers could suddenly rush the pueblos nearby Perseigne near Alençon and a small woodland near Chartres entryways that led into interior plazas. Domestic- and combat- illustrate the scale and character of these facilities and stand as related artifacts are intermixed within these plazas. testament to the scale and contribution of pipeline engineering to the Allied war eort. e former site is also contrasted within the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 Battleeld GIS Mapping landscape by a nearby German fuel depot. ese landscapes and Project the potential for further discoveries add an Allied component Joshua Anderson, Michael Jacobson, Public Archaeology to the emerging Con ict Archaeology literature around WW2 Facility, Binghamton University (SUNY) military logistics in NW Europe that to date has been focused on Communities and local stakeholders oen do not have a the German supply infrastructure. complete picture of the battle elds and their boundaries within their region. Urban development and reshaped terrain have oen Musket Ball Analysis of the 17th Century Pequot War in masked the physical reminders of these events. Information Southern New England on these battle elds is available but is oen held by experts Srishti Sadhir, University of Connecticut or dispersed within primary sources located in libraries and is poster will analyze a sample of musket balls (n=30) from Site archives. e American Battle eld Protection Program (ABPP) 59-40, a key location along the route of English Withdrawal from at the National Park Service has consolidated much of this the Battle of Mistick Fort on May 26, 1637. is battle constitutes information in their archives and initiated a partnership with a part of the Pequot War (September 1636 – August 1637). the Civil War Trust (CWT) to standardize the data and make it Utilizing “Colonial Era Firearm Bullet Performance: A Live Fire accessible to the public. e goal of the partnership’s battle eld Experimental Study for Archaeological Interpretation” by Scott mapping project is to take existing data and create maps that et al. 2017, a new method of analysis is applied to battle eld de ne the boundaries of battle elds and depict the features research. e poster will focus on the Lead Deformation Index that de ne the battle eld landscape. Working with ABPP and developed by Scott et al. 2017 and the examination of musket CWT, Binghamton University’s Public Archaeology Facility has ball impact characteristics to cra a comprehensive view of developed a series of maps related to the Revolutionary War con ict in 17th century New England. Battle eld archaeology and War of 1812 based on ABPP’s archives. e maps show the techniques are used to interpret ammunition from historical movements of troops and the positions they occupied projected con icts. Sivilich 1996 forms the basis of musket ball analysis onto modern topographic maps. ese maps are tools the public using physical features such as deformations, impressions, and and stakeholders can use to preserve the history around them residues le from musket ball casting, ring, or impact. e and adds a point of contact between these communities and the Lead Deformation Index is applied in determining velocities preservation resources at ABPP and CWT. of impacted shots. e correlation of the index with traditional bullet impact analysis informs trajectories, objects of impact, and Everlasting Tragedy tactics of the English Withdrawal. Most of the shots represented Sara Abriola, Eastern Connecticut State University in this sample impacted at high velocities. e most common is poster features the immediate and long-term consequences type of deformations seen include scarring from sand or gravel, that the Native Americans have faced and are still facing in irregular depressions, and ramrod marks. Many of these high relation to colonial war trauma. e immediate consequences velocity-impacted musket balls also bear the impression of tree include dislocation, disease, injury, and death. Long-term factors bark. is con rms that guerrilla tactics were being utilized for consist of suicide, violence, poverty, and overall mental health ambushing and counterattacking during the withdrawal with stability. roughout my research I also looked at the current utilization of the landscape. e Lead Deformation Index also health statistics regarding Native Americans throughout the provides a reliable quantitative method of analyzing otherwise United States, the health information includes rates of suicide, qualitative musket ball characteristics. domestic violence, substance abuse and overall health pro le of Native communities. e poster also includes relevant resources Archaeological Patterns of Pueblo-Spanish Con ict at Sevilleta for educators and the Native American community. Pueblo, New Mexico, circa 1581 – 1681 Chris Adams, Gila National Forest Heritage Program, U.S. Locating Indigenous Sites in a 17th Century Battleeld: A Forest Service, Charles Haecker, U.S. National Park Service Preliminary Study of Pequot Domestic Sites in Southern CT (ret.) Advanced Metal Detecting for the Archaeologist (AMDA), Megan Willison, University of Connecticut Michael Bletzer One of the most iconic moments of the Pequot War was the Sevilleta Pueblo (aka Tzelaqui), one of over 20 Ancestral Piro- massacre at Mystic Fort, an event which occurred on May 26, speaking pueblos within New Mexico’s central Rio Grande Valley 1637 and took the lives of hundreds of Pequot men, women, and adjacent Salinas Basin, entered Spanish recorded history in and children. Immediately following the massacre, the English the late 1500s. An archaeological research project at Sevilleta retreated back to their ships and were followed by returning 22 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Pequot warriors. roughout the process of documenting this performance at dierent velocities. Among the study outcomes retreat route, to later be called the Battle of the English Withdrawal, was the complete armation of the Sivilich formula to determine Kevin McBride discovered multiple seventeenth century Pequot deformed spherical ball caliber. Another outcome is the creation domestic sites. is poster will discuss the methodology and of a Lead Bullet Deformation Index that allows ball velocity at the diagnostic artifacts which led to the discovery of these sites in time of impact to be approximated. A surprising result was the addition to a preliminary analysis and discussion of the sites imprinting of cloth fabric weave on balls as they passed through in question and their material assemblages. is research has uniform cloth. implications for (1) demonstrating the utility of combining metal detecting and standard archaeological procedures and Parker’s Revenge Revealed: One of the First Battles of the (2) showcasing a new method that can be utilized to discover American Revolution, It Takes a Community indigenous sites during periods of early European contact. Margaret Watters Wilkes, Northeast Region U.S. National Park Service Archaeological Site Management, Joel Bohy Historic Physically Modeling the Battle of the Crater: Gaining a New Arms & Militaria department at Skinner Auctions, William Perspective on the Events of 30 July 1864 Rose, James Hollister, U.S. National Park Service Adrian Mandzy, Anthony Albrecht, Nathaniel Baker, Sydney Hackworth & Christopher Linneman, Morehead State Given the NPS funding structure, shrinking budgets, and University increased demands on limited resources how can Parks engage in long-term, cutting edge archaeological investigations? e Battle of the Crater, fought on 30 July 1864, is one of the most Community engagement. Working with a core group of park important military engagements of the American Civil War. e volunteers and their dedicated Friends group, the Minute Man Civil War Sites Advisory Commission lists the engagement as National Historical Park developed a project design for exploring a Class A, Decisive Battle having a “direct, observable impact the eastern end of the Park to locate and map the little-known on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the war” battle between the British Regulars and the Lexington Militia (1993, Technical Volume I: Appendixes: 189). In 2015, students as the Regular column returned to Boston from Concord on from Morehead State University and the Battle eld Restoration April 19th, 1775. e Northeast Regional Archaeology Program and Archaeological Volunteer Organization (BRAVO) worked worked with the Park and their Friend group to identify and together with the Petersburg National Park and conducted a hire a project archaeologist. Together they developed a plan metal detecting survey of the Crater Battle eld. To help analyze for archaeological investigations that were grounded in the the recovered artifacts, a 3D model of the project area was created support and participation of the public. e Parker’s Revenge in the spring of 2018 by Morehead State University students. Archaeological Project was an eort achieved through e use of this model allowed us to 1) extrapolate lines of sight, community engagement. Over 1,500 volunteer hours were 2) determine advances on the battle eld by using expended dedicated by the local reenactment, academic, and professional ordinance to determine the maximum distance from which a communities. e Park friends group funded the work through projectile was red, and 3) the density of troop concentrations skilled management and successful fundraising. Strategic media and their interrelationship with the landscape. e creation of engagement, public talks, and donors raised the awareness of this physical model provides us with a new perspective on the not only the project, but the use of archaeological methods for Battle of the Crater, allowing us to postulate the limit of the identifying evidence of the battle - to an international audience. Union advance. Over 100 members of the public attended an introductory talk by the project archaeologist followed by alive- re reenactment Shooting the Past: Colonial and Revolutionary War Firearms on the battle eld, narrated by the Park education coordinator. Live Fire Experiments and the Role of Validation Studies in Experiencing the battle, the tactical engagement interpreted Interpreting the Past through the archaeological investigations, for the rst time since Douglas D. Scott, Colorado Mesa University, Joel Bohy 1775, “...truly raised the hair on the back of my neck.” (Meg Director of the Historic Arms & Militaria department at Watters Wilkes, Project Archaeologist) Skinner Auctions, Bill Rose U.S. Navy (ret.), Charles Haecker, U.S. National Park Service (ret.) Advanced Metal Detecting for Complexity of the Archaeological Inventory: Battleeld the Archaeologist (AMDA), Patrick Severts Mapping, Interpretation, and Recording David Lowe, U.S. National Park Service is poster presentation highlights the results of a live re experiment with Colonial and Revolutionary War rearms. e National Park Service uses service-wide based inventory e study is an outgrowth of conversations associated with the soware for mapping archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, recovery of red and dropped Colonial and British musket balls and historic structures. While many archaeological sites can be from the Parker’s Revenge site, Minute Man National Historical relatively easily mapped, characterized and entered into the NPS Park. e ght was part of the April 19, 1775 battle that began the Archaeological Site Management Inventory System (ASMIS), Revolutionary War. Con ict Archaeology has grown as a sub- complex battle eld landscapes pose a challenge to this rather discipline in the last 30 years. It now has a rich theoretical basis one-dimensional system. Over the past 20 years, work with grounded in Military Terrain analysis and the Anthropological battle eld mapping and archaeological feature characterization theories of war and warfare. However, most of our material culture at National Historical Battle elds through the Northeast nds are still interpreted using typologies created in the eld of Region has provided a number of dierent challenges, some of military material culture collecting or from those established by which remain unresolved for characterization in service-wide relic collectors. e discipline has not taken full advantage of inventory databases. Today battle eld mapping across thousands validation studies. is paper continues one type of validation of acres relies in part on base map feature interpretation using a study, controlled live re experiments. e experimental work combination of aerial photography and high resolution LiDAR. highlights Colonial era shoulder arms and associated recovered Visual feature inspection con rming remotely sensed data, spherical lead balls. e results demonstrated some surprising combined with historic documentation (map, photographic, results, but largely, validated predicted exterior ballistic bullet documentary) provides in-depth interpretive tools for site 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 23 interpretation. While individual Park GIS and archaeological penetrate forti ed positions was not unique to stando warfare databases have the exibility to customize database speci cations that occurred through the ages, though it was exceptionally and mapping protocol; service-wide inventories don’t. Current long; geologic conditions in the Petersburg area permitted discussions between park archaeologists, historians, regional and this strategy. Confederate forces responded in less than a week national ASMIS coordinators and GIS specialists are working by placing powder in tunnels they had countermined under to better understand the challenges posed for entering complex Union lines a short distance to the north of “ e Crater” and battle eld site information into ASMIS and are working to seek detonating smaller-volume explosives with mediocre results. satisfactory solutions. Recent auger drilling coincides with the 150th anniversary of tunnel construction and the battle of “ e Crater.” Now, with Repatriating Indigenous Medicines Used in Colonial Traumas partial funding from the National Park Service, we are expanding Mariana Serrano, Eastern Connecticut State University geologic mapping into Petersburg National Battle eld. e anticipated new geologic mapping information should support Historically, native healing practices have served as relevant and resource management for the Park and is expected to enhance eective methods of treatment for various health conditions interpretive programs for visitor experiences. and even in traumatic battle eld wars. Historical trauma has in uenced many of the healing practices that native communities e Accidental Fort at Jamestown have adapted and practiced for centuries. e Pequot War and David Givens, Jamestown Rediscovery, Kym Hall, William King Philip’s War are both prime examples of events in New Griswold, Margaret Watters Wilkes, Northeast Region U.S. England that involved thousands of combatants who fought National Park Service Archaeological Site Management, Daniel several battles with only hundreds escaping from bloody rearm Welch, Peter Leach, University of Connecticut attacks. Natives have successfully acquired the understanding of common healing tactics using mixed herbs, roots, natural plants e Northeast Region Archaeology Program (NRAP) is and healing ceremonies or rituals to restore health amongst their working with Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) on a aected communities. ese traditional remedies were used to collaborative project with the Jamestown Rediscovery project treat illness, disabilities, and trauma wounds in icted during (JR) on the Angela Site, a Civil Rights Initiative to archaeologically combat. e herbs and other natural products used in remedies investigate one of the rst documented African female slaves were generally gathered from community gardens or from their named Angela, in the English Colonies at Jamestown. During surrounding environment during warfare. However, sometimes the rst phase of investigations NRAP conducted geophysical items were not available locally and were traded amongst tribes. surveys over the 17th-century lot of Captain William Pierce, Despite the eects of colonialism, many of the various healing the documented owner of Angela. Colonial records indicate practices have been passed down orally from generations to Pierce’s 1619 patent was a seven-acre parcel located within “New generations with little to no documentation in historical writing. Towne,” the expansion of James Fort in the rst quarter of the is has led to many healing remedies that were used to remain 17th century. e town grew into “James Cittie,” the seat of a mystery. is research aimed to investigate ethnomedicine government until removal to Williamsburg in 1699. During the practices used by New England natives while representing the second Anglo Dutch War, Governor William Berkeley ordered signi cant use of speci c local natural plant resources and a forti cation be implemented at the eastern end of the town to evidence of their healing properties during historical traumatic provide safe harbor from Dutch privateers. Construction started events. on the earthen fort in 1665 and was completed by 1667. Fading into history, the only mention of the “ye old fort” references the Geologic Conditions A ecting Tunnel Construction at the 1864 two eastern-most bastions as boundaries of land patents in the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia 17th and early 18th centuries. e placement of the fort within C. R. Beroust, Jr., J. Steele, Christopher Bailey, M.E. Occhi, the emerging colonial landscape embodies notions of fear and Peter J. Berquist, and D. Shockley con ict at Jamestown in the rst few decades of the nascent town. ought to be located on the southernmost portion of Pierce’s e Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources has early 17th-century lot, previous open-area excavations failed to been creating detailed geologic maps in eastern Virginia over positively identify the full extent of the fort. In March of 2017 the past decade and Colonial National Historical Park and parts NRAP and JR archaeologists were joined by ground penetrating of the Richmond National Battle eld Park have been included radar (GPR) manufacturer Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc in this work. e mapping has been partly supported by the (GSSI) to eld test their new hyper-stacking GPR system. With USGS/AASG Statemap Program. Some initial work was recently permissions from COLO and appropriate permitting, the team completed in Petersburg National Battle eld. On July 30, 150 surveyed the purported location of the 17th-century forti cation. years ago, Union troops with Pennsylvania coal mine experience e results of the survey and how the ndings help to de ne the had completed a tunnel underneath Confederate defenses at colonial landscape are the subject of this presentation. Petersburg, Virginia and detonated 8000 pounds of gunpowder inside the end of the tunnel. is resulted in a massive crater, Con ict and Community Health: Bridging the Gap between great loss of lives, and a disastrous outcome for the Union. We Archaeology and Public Health placed three auger borings adjacent to this tunnel to de ne Ti any Lazur, Eastern Connecticut State University stratigraphy, and understand and explain problems with its construction. Initial digging of the tunnel began in the wet shelly Archaeology can be used as a tool to create a more inclusive sands of the Pliocene marine Yorktown Formation. Collapse and history telling every side of the story and promoting historical other dicult mining conditions forced the decision to angle preservation while addressing the health of the community. By the tunnel upwards and hopefully into more stable material. bringing the past to life through archaeology, communities have e mining then encountered lenticular-bedded sandy clays more of a desire to protect and encourage their history and create of the Late Pliocene marginal-marine Cold Harbor Formation, venues for public health promotion. Health disparities arise material more competent than the Yorktown sediments, and the during times of con ict; a major one being lack of education. tunnel was successfully completed. is 500-foot long tunnel to By uncovering where past communities resided, where battles 24 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 took place, various artifacts, and outreaching to the public for to Midwestern United States, the Anishinaabeg were forced support and involvement, much can be unveiled. My poster westward to avoid con icts with the League of the Iroquois includes my internship work at the Mashantucket Pequot only to engage in territorial wars with the Sioux for 80 years. Museum & Research Center under the supervision of Dr. Ashley Defeated alongside French allies during the Seven Years’ War, the Bissonnette, as part of the American Battle eld Protection Chippewa again feared being displaced and resisted American Program project funded by the National Park Service, focusing on expansion. Despite cession treaties, continued exploitation the Battle elds of King Phillip’s War (1675-1677). e purpose of of their land led to the creation of sustainable reservations. the community assessment surveys we distributed to Montague, Personal accounts capture anecdotal experiences that describe Gill, and Green eld residents in regards to e Battle of Great the hardships and blatant discrimination many of these native Falls (May 16, 1676) project, is to assess the community and ethnic groups frequently encounter. As a member of the second identify community needs that can be intertwined with historical largest group of American Indians in North America, my preservation initiatives. From that data we can plan strategies for stepfather is now proud to express his Chippewa heritage. is the community/with the community to improve our strategies for was not always the case, where in his hometown of Bualo, New historical preservation and community conversations. With our York, he faced the trials and tribulations that coincided with guidance, it is ultimately up to the community which direction the negative perception of what it meant to be Native American they want to go in and how they will carry on with historical during the 1960’s. e son of a council member at Walpole Island preservation, maintaining community health, and education First Nation Reserve, he was never taught the native Algonquian aer the project ends. From the early feedback, we can identify language, Ojibwe, as an act of protection from his father. Solely many town assets, community needs, and the want to make based on the color of his skin, he became a constant target for community changes. crime and abuse as he watched others like him turn to a life of dependency or fall victims to violence. Fear became a mindset, e French Assault on Fort Necessity, Reconstructing the Battle instilled by racism, and restricted cultural traditions to be passed through Metal Detection on to future generations. Matthew Bjorkman, Michael Whitehead & Ben Ford, University of Pennsylvania Deciphering the Battleelds of Block Island 1500-1713 In partnership with the National Parks Service, the Cooperative Michael Derderian, Mashantucket Pequot Museum Research Ecosystem Study Units Network and Advanced Metal Detecting Center for the Archaeologist, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Block Island was involved in multiple military engagements recently conducted a metal detection survey at Fort Necessity and occupations spanning from pre European contact to the National Battle eld, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Fort War of 1812. irteen miles to the South of mainland Rhode Necessity was a hastily forti ed storehouse located within a Island is Block Island, the remoteness of the Island essentially historically signi cant landscape known as Great Meadows. On transformed the Island into a frontier at sea during the 16th and July 3 1754, British Colonial forces led by George Washington 17th centuries. Due to relatively small size of the Island only being defended Fort Necessity against a small army of French soldiers three miles wide and seven miles long, it becomes increasingly and French-allied Native Americans. e Battle of Fort Necessity dicult to dierentiate between each colonial war. Over the was a signi cant event in the life of Washington and was one past decade a number of archeological surveys on Block Island of a series of diplomatic and military incidents leading to the have been conducted. Inconsequently, material culture including outbreak of the French and Indian War. Metal detection at Great musket balls, along with an assortment of gun ints has been Meadows has provided evidence of ring positions of French and discovered. ree separate engagements from the Pequot War, Native forces during the battle. e archaeological data support King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War took place on the previous scienti c research pertaining to the location of the 18th Island. By comparing modern terrain features with contemporary century tree line, and enables a more informed reconstruction of narratives it becomes possible decipher the location of each the chronology of the battle. battle eld. Both authors note unique terrain features which give clues to the location of each engagement. e objective of this Growing Up Chippewa poster is to demonstrate that multiple engagements, spanning Kelly Baratko, Eastern Connecticut State University dierent wars, in a relatively small location can be dierentiated roughout the course of history, indigenous peoples have with the use of KOCOA Analysis. is methodology will help in been subject to discrimination, struggling to protect their identify multiple battle eld sites in a relatively small area. rights that maintain their freedom. Occupying Eastern Canada 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 25 Memory and Legacy present in this paper will be drawn from the recent exhumations, identi cation and reburial processes through which the dead were Healing Heritage rough Decolonizationin Indigenous summoned from their graves and monumentalized as a ‘new’ New England Seaboard Museums e Mashpee Wampanoag form of heritage in the post-colonial nation. I will use examples Museum: Identity, Past and Present drawn from three exhumations projects that I participated in as E. Smith Umland, Wheaton College an archaeologist in Eastern Zimbabwe between 2013 and 2015. Ironically, these exhumations have been contested and regarded In this paper the Mashpee Wampanoag museum is used as a way by the community as despicable and a sign of disrespecting the of interpreting Native identity in all its complexities. Situated dead. e collecting of material culture from the mass graves by in Exeter, Rhode Island, this small museum’s story is at once archaeologists for further analysis at the museum was viewed as unique and exactly like all the others. e Mashpee Wampanoag unethical act of ‘robbing’ the dead. Sharing this part of contested community was the victim of one of the nal battles with the histories of collecting the mosaics of the liberation struggle will English in King Philip’s War. e treatment of the community allow me to re ect upon some of the ethical considerations during the war and in their defeat set the scene for their place involved in collecting human remains. e dicult histories in the colonized world. Aer a devastating loss le them with associated with the war of liberation, coupled with the need to a scattered community, no land, and the inability to govern memorialize these places through proper archaeological research themselves, the community started to ght legal battles for has opened public debate with dissonant views on the necessity their identity, ending with an intense trial in 1977 to see if they of such a process. were “really” Native, according to the government. e trial is a representation for a people that must reconcile a pre-colonial e Archaeology of the Frontier War in Northeast Australia: identity destroyed by war with an imposed colonial one. Aer A Case Study in Meaningful Engagement with Indigenous being forced through genocide, it can be dicult to understand how Natives are neither old-world (extinct or lost in the past), Australians nor new-world (“Americanized” casino owners), but some Bryce Barker, University of Southern Queensland, Col combination of both, who are seeking to reconcile and connect McLennan, Elder of the Jangga People of the Central with their lost past and move into a decolonized and post- Queensland Highlands and the CEO of the Jangga Prescribd colonial future. Body Corporate, Australia, Les Harrigan, Traditional Owner for parts of southern Cape York Peninsula and the Support Exploring the Indigenous Experience of Saipan in World War II Ocer of the Rinyirru Aboriginal Corporation, Australia, Stephanie Soder, East Carolina University Vincent Harrigan, Traditional Owner of the Dikarrba, Balganwarra, Dhuppiwarra and Dharrba Warra clans on the east During World War II in the Paci c, the Battle of Saipan became coast of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. one of the pivotal successes of the United States (U.S.) military Lynley Wallis, University of Notre Dame Australia, Heather to turn the tide of war. Unfortunately, this success came at a cost Burke, Flinders University, Noelene Cole, James Cook to the residents of the islands, and while the Japanese civilian University, Elizabeth Hatte, Director of Northern Archaeology experience has been studied, the indigenous experience has Consultancies in Townsville, Larry Zimmerman, Indiana been pushed to the side. Aer securing the island from Japanese University-Purdue University, Iain Davidson, University of forces, the U.S. military separated civilians from prisoners of war New England within a holding camp known as Camp Susupe. e Chamorro and Carolinian indigenous civilians stayed within these camps Since the 1980s, the archaeological profession in Australia for two years until released on 6 July 1946. e intent of this has undergone a fundamental shi in how they engage with research is to explore the untold stories of the Chamorro and Aboriginal communities and the types of projects that have Carolinian civilians particularly through their survival during the been pursued. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the battle and their experiences in the U.S. military holding camp. A realm of frontier con ict. In spite of the fact that the violence Phase I archaeological survey, collection of civilian oral histories associated with the British colonisation of Australia is rarely regarding the camps, and archival research form the basis of acknowledged ocially, massacre narratives are central to this research. is will serve to ll the academic gap regarding Aboriginal oral history and cultural identity. As communities the Battle of Saipan, one of the largest battles in the Paci c to and researchers have developed new engagement practices include civilians, and contribute to the elds of community and methodologies, opportunities have arisen for Aboriginal and indigenous archaeology within a con ict archaeological communities to help set research priorities. We are currently framework. engaged with Aboriginal communities across northeast Australia to investigate the archaeology of the Native Mounted Police, the Contested Heritage: Collecting and Memorialising Material key paramilitary force operating in the state from 1849–1904 Culture of e War to eliminate Aboriginal resistance and presence. In this paper Njabulo Chipangura, WITS University, National Museums & we discuss the complexities of undertaking research in this Monuments of Zimbabwe highly politicised part of history that has intergenerational and ongoing implications. We present a model for culturally sensitive Zimbabwe was a British colony formerly called Rhodesia, which engagement beyond super cial consultation that brings an obtained its independence in 1980 aer a protracted liberation Indigenous voice to the frontier war in Queensland. war (1976-1979). e National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) have of late, been involved in exhumation ‘Death and Burial? e Disposal of the Dead from Battles in projects in a bid to understand the painful histories of this England, 1400-1685’ liberation struggle. In this paper, I am going to speak on how Sarah Taylor, Hudders eld University NMMZ has championed the process of re-inscribing and recognizing the suering of people on the landscape where the One of the central, unanswered questions for many battle eld war was fought through declaring and making these spaces archaeologists has been: ‘where are the mass graves?’ is paper, liberation war heritage sites. e main argument that I am going to presenting the ndings from my Ph.D., will address this question 26 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 by looking into the historical accounts of a number of battles in the narrative of Lithuanian Partisan Commanders. During from a wide period of English history, in combination with the battle ve freedom ghters were killed, two of whom were reports of battle burials in order to see what light they can shed signatories of the 1949 Declaration. e battle had a strong eect on the subject. e common assumption has been that the dead on the leadership and the Lithuanian Partisan War in general. were buried on the centre of the battle eld, but this paper will Soviet security les, documents and recollections of partisans show that a more subtle, nuanced understanding is required for who had participated in the combat provide important data of the burial location of the dead. e historical evidence suggests, the battle. However, the exact location of the Užpelkiai Battle site for example, that the issue of consecrated ground for the pre- has not been located so far. e paper examines the data of the reformation period was important, thus at the three battle elds in eld research conducted in Užpelkiai Forest in 2014–2017. By the study where the dead were explicitly buried on the battle eld, analyzing archival data, the cartography, narratives of surviving chapels were also founded (in two cases over the graves of the witnesses, and archaeological data, a comprehensive battle eld dead) to commemorate and intercede for the souls of the dead. of the Užpelkiai Battle is presented. Based on the eld research Status also appears to have been an important factor, with the data, the analysis of armament and war strategy, the details of high-status likely to have been removed from the battle eld for the battle, the deployment of Soviet soldiers and Lithuanian burial. is paper will cover how and where the dead are likely to partisans, their ghting scenes are reconstructed. e author have been disposed of, as well as looking at who was responsible discusses the methodology of battle eld analysis, argues the for disposing of the bodies and what factors had an impact on the concept of modern Con ict Archaeology. treatment of the dead. is research is important as it will help battle eld archaeologists to understand where battle mass graves Vepryk - e Politics of History and Battleeld Archaeology are likely to be found. Adrian Mandzy, Morehead State University e siege and capture of the town of Vepryk during the Great Battleeld Studies North War (1700-1721) involved relatively few troops and was of limited strategic importance. In the decades that followed, Archaeology of the Spanish Civil War: e Battle at Monte the newly proclaimed Russian Empire oen repeated the tale of Bernorio (Palencia, Spain) how the brotherly Orthodox Slavs worked together against the Jesús F. Torres-Martínez, Complutense University of Madrid, “Western Invader.” During the Soviet period, the tale of “brotherly Manuel Fernández-Götz, University of Edinburgh, Alicia nations” was continuously underlined by the state through Hernández-Tórtoles, Complutense University of Madrid, parades, books, literature, lms, and public monuments. e Antxoka Martínez-Velasco defense of Vepryk became one of the central ideological themes within the Russian historiography of the Great Northern War, as e archaeology of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) has it highlighted the Ukrainian people’s delity to Moscow. In the experienced an important development over the last decade. modern town of Vepryk, a Soviet-era monument commemorates Several eld projects have studied aspects such as mass graves, the event and a small parcel of land is commonly referred to as forced labour camps, and battle elds. In this paper, we present the remains of the old Russian fortress. However, new research a case study from the so-called “North Front” (Frente Norte). and a battle eld survey suggests that the engagement did not e impressive mountain of Monte Bernorio, situated at the occur at this location, but rather a few kilometers away. In 2008, foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains, controls one of the main during the author’s work at the 1709 Poltava Battle eld, a group communication routes between the central Spanish plateau of local metal detectorists took the author, along with Ukrainian (Meseta) and the Cantabrian Sea. Due to this strategic position, and Swedish scholars, to Vepryk. Within a wooded area outside the site has played an important military role during two main of town, we mapped the remains of an earthen wall, fragments war episodes separated by nearly 2000 years: the Roman conquest of exploded hand grenades and musket balls. e recovered of northern Iberia under Emperor Augustus in the 20s BC, and grenade fragments appear to be Swedish, which suggests that the Spanish Civil War in the years 1936-1937. e ongoing the battle for Vepryk extended beyond the current settlement. archaeological excavations and surveys are uncovering abundant If this interpretation is accurate, then contact between the local remains of trenches, battering positions, barracks and munition Ukrainian population and the Muscovite garrison was more belonging to the Civil War period, when Bernorio was a highly limited than previously argued. disputed position in the confrontation between “Republicans” and “Nationalists.” Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the paper will combine archaeological evidence, oral history, written documents and photographic material that shows light on one of the main episodes of Franco’s conquest of northern Spain.
Archaeology of Modern Con ict: ‘ e War A er the War’ in Lithuania and Battle of Užpelkiai Forest, 1949 Gediminas Petrauskas, National Museum of Lithuania In 1944, aer Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union for the second time, Lithuanians began a partisan war. In 1944– 1953, more than 20,000 freedom ghters were killed, about 140,000 people were arrested and imprisoned in forced labor camps, and 118,000 persons were exiled to Siberia. In 1949, Meeting of Lithuanian Partisan Commanders was held, and Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters was established. As a result, a political declaration that proved the continuance of Lithuania’s statehood and struggle for independence was signed. e Užpelkiai Forest battle of August 13, 1949 plays a key role 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 27 Leipzig and the Battle of Nations more about the siege, the battle, and the military context, but Adrian Mandzy, Morehead State University, André Schürger aer the analysis of the written sources, we saw several elements that did not make sense. For that reason, we looked into these Within the span of the last thirty years, battle eld archaeology incongruities to give this research a new perspective. In order to has established itself as a growing eld of study. Much of this evaluate those elements, we have used GIS to carry out several research has been area speci c, focusing predominantly on North visibility studies to understand the most signi cant positions on America and Western Europe, with the overwhelming emphasis the battle eld and see the role that they had. rough physical being on Great Britain. roughout Central and Eastern Europe, analysis, we have studied the best position to establish the battle eld archaeology is still within its infancy and is conducted medieval siege engines because we disagree with the historical by only a handful of individuals. To illustrate the potential sources about the establishment of them. Additionally, we have battle eld archaeology has on furthering our interpretation visited the place and found archaeological materials which of past events, as well as the need to protect battle elds as proved the presence of activity from the Middle Ages. Finally, archaeological resources, a join research project was initiated we have used aerial photographs and Lidar images to evaluate in the summer of 2017 to study the largest Napoleonic battle the landscape. We have found a possible archaeological feature in ever fought – Leipzig. Also known as the Battle of Nations, this one of the most important locations on the battle eld. Our duty engagement was fought in eastern Germany in 1813 and changed is showing a right interpretation of the military engagement to the future of the continent. e defeat of Napoleon at Leipzig correct the historical sources. directly led to his resignation in Paris a few months later and his rst exile to Elba. Historically, the importance of the battle was e Study of Military Archaeology recognized by the major powers who took part in destroying Zhao Congcang, Northwestern University, Xi’an, Shaanxi the “Corsican Usurper” and continues to be commemorated through reenactments, public monuments and celebrations. Yet is paper is composed of three parts: “the de nition of military for all of its historical importance, the battle eld has escaped archaeology,” “the object of study of military archaeology,” and any serious academic archaeological study. ough much of the “the characteristics of military archaeology.” Military archaeology ghting occurred in urban areas, parts of the battle eld remain is a branch of archaeology which is the main object of study of agricultural and are well suited for conducting a metal detecting ancient military remains, it not only pays attention to material survey. Our initial research focuses on the southeast corner of remains, but also focuses on the interaction between ancient the battle eld, where the Austrians and Russians launched their military thoughts and material remains, so as to explain the rule attack on the French line. of ancient military development and its relationship with the evolution of human history. e research of military archaeology e Methodology Used to Identify the Battle Site of Fulford is very rich. Relics related to the ancient military are the object (1066AD) the research, and include the weapons, war relics, ancient relics Chas Jones, Independent researcher of the ancient city defense frontier, ancient military logistics remains, etc. Military archaeology plays a special role in revealing A formal method was prepared and subsequently followed which and restoring the history, understanding and interpretation of sought to maximize the chance of identifying an event whose ancient military thought in the history of the restoration and location was unknown and which lasted a matter of hours but development of ancient military aairs. took place almost 1000 years ago. e iterative method, that constantly revisited the early literary sources to refocus the e Battle of Cheriton: the Analysis of Lead Finds From an investigations, culminated in four season’s excavations aer a English Civil War Battleeld decade investigating the landscape and surface nds. e project Kevin Claxton, University of York covered an extensive area, including all alternative sites that had been suggested. e bene ts that result from investigating what e Battle of Cheriton in 1644 was the rst major victory for the emerged as the surrounding area will be explained. is allowed Parliamentarians in the English Civil War and turned the tide the project to conclude it had not found ‘the most likely’ but the of the war against the Royalists. However, despite its importance only possible site for the battle. A peer-reviewed paper proposing in English history, the Battle of Cheriton has not received the the site’s registration was lodged with Historic England last year. attention of scholars in the way that battles such as Marston is location is supported by several new classes of nd that were Moor, Edgehill, and Naseby have. Only one historian has studied identi ed, which will be discussed. e nds were unexpected the battle, and the exact site of the battle eld has been disputed. and have a possible relevance to research on other sites of this e area of the battle eld was subject to extensive amateur metal- era. Some can argue that this does not amount to archaeological detecting and a large number of artifacts recovered, but until proof so the restrictions such pedantry imposes on battle eld now only a fraction of the Cheriton battle eld assemblage has research will be addressed. been studied. is paper discusses the analysis of the complete assemblage, including the methodology used, with the aim of e Battle of Alcala la Vieja: Location and Understanding of a gaining a new understanding of the events of the battle. is Medieval Battle. paper presents the results of the analysis, which con rm the Mario Ramírez Galán, University of Portland, Rafael site of the battle eld and shed new light on the interpretation Montalvo Laguna, University of Alcalá, María Benítez Galán, of the events of the battle. e paper also presents the potential CSIC (Centro Superior de Investigaciones cientí cas/Superior for further research using this collection, and the impact this Center of scienti c researches) study can have on the local community and the protection of the battle eld site as an area of historical importance. e battle and siege of Alcala la Vieja took place in Alcala de Henares (Spain) in the XII century. It has been a forgotten City Walls in the Levant: Physical and Intangible Muslim and military engagement by archaeologists and researchers. Until Christian Defense in the Medieval Mediterranean now, there has not been any attempt to study this battle. We have Amanda Charland, Independent Researcher started to research the battle development to nd out more about this historical fact. Our project started with the goal of knowing City walls, oen considered second-rate defensive structures, 28 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 traditionally receive perfunctory analysis. e pre-conceived River Heritage Consulting and accepted roles of city walls, broadly that of protection and practicality, bias interpretations toward military function. Much, Following almost any military engagement, wounded soldiers if not all, of the decorative and non-defensive evidence is ignored in various stages of mutilation littered not only the battle eld or disregarded as irrelevant in these military readings. Military site proper but could frequently be found for miles around. interpretations are further in uenced by a focus on Frankish Interspersed with them lay the corpses of men who were killed material rather than the sites’ full biographies; eurocentrism in city in the battle or had died during the pursuit of the enemy. Yet wall research oen disregards pre-existing Muslim architectural methods of battle eld cleanup, such as taking care of the wounded elements as well as subsequent architectural reuses, alterations, and and disposal of corpses, are topics rarely covered in written destructions. is paper addresses identi ed biases and expands accounts of battles and their aermath during the American War existing analyses by exploring the function of city walls found for Independence. Treatment of the dead and wounded following within the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Particular attention is battles of the American War for Independence varied according given to an examination of Ascalon’s Muslim and Christian walls to a range of factors. e location of the battle, weather, time (1150-1153 and 1153-1187, respectively) from both a social and a of year, who controlled the battle eld, how much time was military perspective. Using the theoretical concepts of biography available for battle eld cleanup, the character of the surrounding and memory, Fatimid inscriptional evidence, Frankish primary community, and the customs and attitudes regarding the dead of source information, and surviving mosque and church structures those responsible for burial all in uenced the ways corpses were either incorporated into the city walls themselves or located in treated. Utilizing historical documentation and archaeological close proximity, it is argued that the urban forti cations were examples derived from several Revolutionary War battle elds in used for more than physical defense. City walls were also viewed the northern and middle Atlantic regions, including Princeton, as religious structures providing intangible forms of protection Bennington, Hubbardton, Brandywine, Paoli, and Red Bank, this for both medieval Muslim and Christian occupants. paper oers a historical and archaeological context for eighteenth century battle eld burial practices. Native American Fortications during the Con icts of European Settlement Historical Narrative and Cultural Landscape Analysis – Jason Warren, U.S. Cyber Command, Department of Defense, Revealing the American War of Independence Battle of Chelsea United States Creek Victor T. Mastone, Massachusetts Board of Underwater Native American groups all along the eastern seaboard utilized Archaeological Resources advanced forti cations to defend territory, resources, and most critically, people. While historians have detailed the adaptation Overshadowed by the iconic battles at Concord/Lexington and of native forti cations, they have overlooked the extent and Bunker Hill, the Battle of Chelsea Creek is oen overlooked as rapidity of these military modi cations. I intend brie y to part of the siege of Boston. On May 27-28, 1775, American militia elucidate this process of change. Still relevant for today is the forces raided British forage and supplies on the northern shore danger in underestimating an adversary’s ability to adapt, just as of Boston Harbor. A running engagement with British marines the colonists did here with the Indians. and armed vessels ensued. e British forces were unsuccessful; a major result of the battle was the capture and destruction of the schooner HMS Diana. Today, the area is a heavily modi ed American Revolutionary War urban-industrial landscape. With funding from the National Park Service’s American Battle eld Protection Program, a “Running the Gauntlet: Locating the Battle of Parker’s Ferry, geospatial and temporal assessment of the location, extent, and South Carolina” preservation potential of the Chelsea Creek battle eld and its Steven D. Smith, James B. Legg & Brian Mabelitini, South associated cultural resources was undertaken. By re-examining Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology the documentary record and using GIS analysis, a digital elevation On August 30, 1781, General Francis Marion set up an ambush model, and a military terrain model (KOCOA), this investigation in a wooded swamp a mile down the road from Parker’s Ferry, created a high resolution spatial and temporal dataset of Boston’s South Carolina, hoping to entrap a body of British troops on historical landscape during the time of the American Revolution. their way to join a band of Loyalists camped at the Ferry. A Loyalist patrol from the ferry camp came down the road and “Of War, But Not At War:” Con ict Archaeologies of spotted Marion’s men, but the noise of that encounter was Prisoner of War, Internment and Labor Camps heard by the British and drew their mounted Queen’s Rangers up the road and into the trap. Unable to turn around on the Grey Ghosts: Searching for Confederates at Camp Lawton, narrow road while Marion’s militia blazed away from the woods, Georgia, USA American Civil War, POW Archaeology the Rangers were forced to run the Gauntlet through Marion’s Ryan McNutt, Georgia Southern University ambush. Or were they? Archaeological evidence points toward a dierent interpretation. Since 2004 the South Carolina Institute e sites of former prisoner of war camps were transitory, of Archaeology and Anthropology has been attempting to make ephemeral and temporary places, existing in a liminal state sense of the contradictory historical and archaeological record during warfare—neither civilian, nor combatant, guards of this poorly documented battle of the American Revolution, and prisoners experienced the camps in an indeterminate located in a swamp with heavy understory. A 2015 American state, engaged and connected to the con ict emotionally, Battle eld Protection grant has greatly assisted in this research. while removed and distanced physically. Yet, this ephemeral nature makes prisoner of war camps—as well as other sites of “In the Morning We Began to Strip and Bury the Dead:” A interment—ideal sites to examine myriad aspects of human Context for Burial Practices During the American War for behavior, such as issues of power and dominance. Moreover, Independence especially for American Civil War POW camps, a comparison Robert A. Selig, Independent Historian, Wade P. Catts, South between the historical and archaeological evidence for dominant 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 29 and subordinate, POWs and Confederate, can reveal some key the town of Blackshear. e prisoners were then marched into aspects about past experiences, and present interactions. Camp the woods and put under guard where they remained for several Lawton was a Confederate camp for Union POWS that was built weeks before being moved again. An intensive archaeological in 1864, inhabited for six weeks, and abandoned in advance of survey across the prison site looks to revel evidence of the lived Sherman’s march to the sea. Previous research has documented experiences of both the POWs and guards who once occupied the dense deposits of archaeological material related to the POW area. Due to the chaotic nature of these evacuations little evidence occupation; however, until recently, areas related to Confederate of the layout of the camp or the daily routines of the prisoners can guard occupation were unknown. For a holistic comparison be found in the historic record. Because the camp was established of the lived experiences of POWS and guards at the camp, as a temporary stop along the railroad no stockade or earth Confederate assemblages are essential for answering questions works were constructed to contain the prisoners, which would about treatment of POWs, access to goods and resources, and the require a change in the prisoner guard dynamic. Evidence of this social relationship between the dominant and the subordinate, change may be represented in the material remains of the camp. and how these were negotiated. is paper summarizes recent POWs were no longer under strict observation from guards in research and excavations of Confederate areas, explores the towers and the closer proximity could have resulted in increased results, and oers some initial comparisons between excavated illicit behavior, such as bartering. By identifying the sections of assemblages to begin to untangle the liminal nature of groups at the camp occupied by the POWs and guards researchers can war, but not in war. visualize the proximity between the two groups and develop a better understanding of how the prison functioned. Form over Waretype: Ceramics from Idaho’s Kooskia Interment Camp, a World War II Japanese American Public Engagement with POW Sites: e Camp Lawton Internment Camp Archaeological Project Stacey Camp, Michigan State University Rhianna Bennett, Ryan McNutt, Georgia Southern University Ceramics recovered from Idaho’s Kooskia Internment Con ict and battle eld sites have long been popular draws Camp, a World War II internment Camp that imprisoned a for heritage tourism. e nding of Camp Lawton, a Civil predominantly Japanese American population, provide insight War prison camp located in Millen, Georgia, was no dierent. into how prisoners adapted their dietary preferences and needs Created with public outreach in mind, the Camp Lawton amid unjust incarceration. An analysis of ceramics found during Archaeological Project is a partnership between the Georgia excavations of a trash dump associated with prisoners at the Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kooskia Internment Camp suggest that a ceramic’s waretype and Georgia Southern University Department of Sociology and such as stoneware, improved whiteware, and porcelain; and Anthropology. Located on a state park, the stewardship of the site the ceramic’s place of production such as the United States or helps to stimulate the local economy as well as educate visitors Japan - were less important than the ceramic’s vessel form. on internment and POW experiences during the Civil War. e preponderance of institutional whiteware bowls found e Camp Lawton Archaeological Project utilizes K-12 STEM at Kooskia along with archival and photographic evidence of events, lectures, and public archaeology days to educate a variety prison food practices provide evidence that Japanese Americans of audiences. is paper will use Camp Lawton as a case study to were able to access some of the foods to which they had been explore the potentials and impacts of con ict sites to engage and accustomed prior to their imprisonment during World War II. educate the public. us, while prisoners were consuming foods in predominantly Euro-American manufactured vessels, they were able to maintain “Andersonville All over Again”: An Archaeological Comparison some of their pre-World War II food practices because of the of Union POW’s and eir Confederate Guards during the availability of institutional whiteware bowls at internment camps. American Civil War Lance Green, Wright State University ‘Life in the Bag: Scenes from a WWII POW Camp in Scotland’ Iain Banks e treatment of prisoners during the American Civil War was a controversial topic during the con ict, and continues to Archaeological Investigations of a Civil War Prison Camp Site be to the present day. Both sides, practicing a war of punitive (9PR26) at Blackshear, Georgia violence, mistreated POWs, but oen in dierent ways. Union Colin Partridge, Georgia Southern University POWs in Confederate prisons claimed that abuse included withholding of basic resources such as food, clothing, shelter, In the closing months of 1864 Confederate authorities were and medicine, in addition to physical violence perpetrated by forced to evacuate the large stockade prisoner of war camps Confederate guards. In contrast, Southern leaders claimed that at Millen and Andersonville, Georgia in the face of General the lack of adequate provisions was due to a lack of resources Sherman’s ‘march to the sea.’ While attempting to evade Union for all, including Confederate soldiers. Camp Lawton in Georgia forces, approximately 5,000 POWs were sent along the Atlantic and Florence in South Carolina were Confederate POW camps and Gulf railroad in south east Georgia, stopping just outside of established in the fall of 1864. Both contained massive prison stockades holding thousands of Union prisoners. Archaeological investigations at these two sites enable a comparison of the daily lives of Union prisoners and their guards near the end of the war, as Southern supply lines were stretched to their thinnest. Dierences in archaeological features and material assemblages related to housing, food and dining, hygiene and medicine, and clothing reveal signi cant disparities in the material quality of life between these two groups. 30 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Roman Con ict Archeology we need to apprehend the place of the weaponry within each society, given by the analysis of the archaeological context. e Ancient Con ict Landscape of Kalkriese (Varus Battle 9 We also need to understand how the weapons were used and AD): New Insights into the Course of the Battle and the Post- in which purpose. is second approach can be conducted battle Processes through morphological analysis and use-wear observations. e Achim Rost, Universität Osnabrück, Susanne Wilbers-Rost, development of 3D technology allows us to approach the warfare Varusschlacht im Osnabrücker Land gGmbH Museum und practices in a dierent way. is paper will present a new way Park Kalkriese to tackle the warfare practices, especially the gestures associated with the swords. is paper will focus on the Western Europe For 30 years archaeological and multidisciplinary research has during the last centuries BC, an area occupied by several peoples been done at Kalkriese Hill north of Osnabrück in Northwestern who had their speci c swords. It will include the roman army, Germany. Investigation of the military con icts between Romans its impact on late prehistorical societies, and its adoption of a and Germans in 9 AD focused on the events at the main site Gladius Hispaniensis. rough the 3D reconstruction of the today called “Oberesch” with its numerous Roman nds and swords, we can approach the similarities of use whereas the special features such as a rampart and pits with bones of the morphology is very dierent. rough this method, we can Roman soldiers killed in action. But this site is not isolated: metal approach the ghting technics from the artifacts themselves. detecting and excavations revealed Roman coins and military Furthermore, we can use the method to larger issues, especially equipment at many places in an extended battle area of nearly the warfare interactions. e exchanges of weapons are submitted 10 km in east-west direction. In recent years the settlement to social practices within and between societies. e weapons, structure of the indigenous population and the development of particularly the swords, are tools which are necessarily used in the landscape by the inhabitants have been investigated more a speci c way on the battle eld. e way to use the weapons intensively. Against this background, the Roman objects found is important to understand the exchanges and adoptions. is o the Oberesch site have now been analyzed in more detailed. paper will propose a large scale analysis on the interactions of is lead to new insights in the course of the battle and events warfare artifacts through speci c methodology involving 3D immediately succeeding the ghting’s. Dealing with Roman recreation. objects, discovered in the area of Germanic settlements which were inhabited in the decades around Christ’s birth, has yielded e Lusitanian Wars, a Faceless Con ict of the 2nd Century new aspects for the understanding of looting, the removal and BC in Western Iberia from an Archaeological Approach. stay of booty, but also the treatment of captives. e paper will Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid give an overview of the nds, together with a short explanation of methodological basics. e main aim of the paper, however, is According to Greco-Latin ancient writers, the Lusitanian Wars to present considerations and new models that try to explain the were a series of military con icts between Celtic peoples from events during and aer the battle at Kalkriese. Western Iberia (Lusitanians, Celts and Vettons) and the invading Roman legions, from the beginning of the 2nd Century BC Indigenous Resistance and Imperial Violence: Reassessing the to middle 1st Century BC. e main events of these con icts Archaeology of the Roman Conquest in Western Europe happened from 150 to 138 BC, when Hispanoceltic tribes were Manuel Fernández-Götz, University of Edinburgh, Nico commanded by a historical leader, known with the name of Roymans, University of Amsterdam Viriatus, who achieved great goals against Roman legions. ese victories were ought to the war strategy, imposed by indigenous e last decade has witnessed important advances in the eld of Con ict Archaeology related to the Roman conquest of troops, and the guerrilla warfare, according to Greek and Latin Western Europe. Several eldwork projects in dierent countries writers. ere were some attacks to hill forts, but usually they and regions have provided unexpected evidence for Roman were solved quickly by treason or stratagems. erefore, the military camps, sieges of indigenous settlements, and even some con icts were swi movements and these le few and small battle elds and massacre deposits. For the rst time we have direct marks. In contrast, later Civil Roman con icts (i.e. the Sertorian archaeological evidence for the brutality of the Roman conquest War) had major battles, permanent camps and defensive fronts. in regions such as northern Gaul, northern Iberia, and Scotland. Consequently, they le more archaeological marks: destroyed is is due to several factors. First, the impact of post-colonial ramparts, burned sites, new weapons, hidden depots, etc… In research agendas has placed greater interest in the destructive addition, Greco-Latin ancient writers described the Lusitanians and more negative aspects of Roman imperialist expansion. as light troops. ese facts make more dicult to identify earlier Second, the widespread use of remote sensing technologies and Lusitanian con icts. In this paper, we oer an approach to the geophysical surveys has allowed the discovery and exploration Landscape Archaeology and defensive Architecture of Late Iron of a large number of new sites, including numerous marching Age in Western Iberia, which ts with this whole picture. Just camps and indigenous forti cations. Finally, some case-studies by the study of contemporary forti cations and weapons, we have investigated the demographic impact of the conquest at a can attest that the Lusitanian wars were not an invention of the regional level on the basis of excavated settlement evidence and Roman writers, as a propaganda mechanism, and then to propose environmental data. is paper will summarize some of the main conclusive suggestions to understand this faceless con ict. trends in recent research, which provide evidence for both the resistance opposed by indigenous communities and the strategies Material Culture of Roman militarism. e Social Signicance of Weapons – Taking Chinese Bronze Beneath Rust and Dust: A Study of Warfare Interactions. e Weapons as an Example Use of 3D Technology to Approach the Warfare Practices and Guo Yanli, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China Exchanges in Western Europe During the Last Centuries BC. Alexandre Bertaud, Bordeaux Montaigne University Weapons are the materialized form of war, representing violence and the will of the country. Weapons carry technical, social, In order to understand the warfare practices in ancient societies, political and military meanings and symbols. Combined with 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 31 unearthed items, bronze weapons represent the hierarchical material culture assemblages, and in particular, a site where etiquette system, funeral customs, social customs, cultural French trade items as well as French military artifacts (a portion traditions and material exchanges. According to the excavation of a cannon/mortar, lead balls, gun ints) have been recovered in of the tombs, dierent grades of people used dierent quality, association with indigenous artifacts? Recent historical research dierent sizes and dierent combinations of bronze weapons. on this battle site (47Wn9) and potentially submerged adjoining e phenomenon of funerary weapons and the destruction of sites suggest that ‘Les Renards’ depicted on an early modern weapons may be related to the inadequacy of the user’s nancial French military map may not necessarily refer to an indigenous resources and man’s idea of ghosts and gods at that time. e tribal group, as has been assumed. is paper presents a types and styles of bronze weapons in the central kingdoms is discussion of how and why this archaeological site, located on highly consistent and the ones in the surroundings areas vary what was the western frontier of New France, is most adequately greatly, which is related to the geographical environment, their interpreted within its broader global context of intercontinental respective cultural traditions and the recognition of the etiquette early modern period con ict. system. In the Chinese Bronze Age, dierent kinds of weapons are from various places, and cultural exchanges including direct Assessing Optimal Lethality of Early Eighteenth Century Hand input and the transformation of the style of weapons can be seen. Grenades Stephen Lacey Battleeld, Home Front, Factory, Forced Labor Camp André Schürger, Phoinix Archaeology, Lawrence Babits, East In the rst half of the eighteenth century, navies doubled the Carolina University number of hand grenades in a ship’s arsenal and transitioned from clay and glass to cast iron. Historical records make no is presentation reports on observations made during a contract mention as to the reason for this transition but an intensi ed archaeology project at Gablingen, Bavaria, Germany, during eort for standardization of cannon and shoulder arms is 2016. e site had been, successively, a Royal Bavarian Air eld, a contemporaneous. Apart from standardization, an assumed Luwae Air eld, an auxiliary/outlying forced labor camp for a increase in the potential lethality of cast iron over glass or clay Messerschmidt development and production facility, a US Army may have contributed to this shi. is study compares data from base/listening post, and nally public property associated with the the blasts of a cast iron grenade to that of a hand-blown glass Bavarian maximum security prison and Bundesnachrichtsdienst. grenade of similar size with conventional adaptations from naval e team consisted of Phoinix Archaeology, a professional accounts. e blast provides quanti able factors such as shrapnel contract rm, volunteers, and local historical groups. Excavation spread, magnitude of concussive force, and decibel levels. An consisted of uncovering features ranging from antiaircra gun assessment of these factors renders an optimal lethality level of positions, labor camp housing/oces, bomb craters, and the each grenade type, to be used to reinterpret historical accounts of site perimeter. e artifacts ranged from military and civilian blasts to determine discrepancies. material culture associated with the various periods to structural elements, and complex, multicomponent artifacts. Insights into Elemental Analysis of 18th Century Cast Iron Projectiles: military and civilian material culture during total war are oered. Georgia and South Carolina Evidence Daniel T. Elliott, e LAMAR Institute Con ict on Two Continents: Archaeology and the Culture e use of elemental analysis is a relatively new method for History of frontier New France studying Con ict Archaeology sites and reports on its use in Linda Naunapper, Wisconsin and Illinois Archaeological identifying the elemental composition of cast iron artifacts Surveys is quite rare in the academic literature. In an eort to remedy e temporal period of approximately AD1600 – 1780 in the this problem, the LAMAR Institute launched a study to begin Great Lakes and Midwest USA has historically been characterized a database for 18th century cast iron projectiles-Case shot and from a number of dierent disciplinary perspectives. While cannonballs from military sites in Georgia and South Carolina historians have focused on such Euro-centered themes as colonial were systematically analyzed with a Bruker Tracer III-V device in history of New France, the Age of Exploration and fur trade 2017 and yielded intriguing results. e initial research focus was studies, anthropologists have concentrated on reconstructing two cast iron balls, both attributed to having been removed by indigenous lifeways by scanning archives in search of historical Surgeon James Lynah from Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski’s cultural data and through using ethnohistoric methods to infer body at Savannah in October, 1779. is eort quickly snowballed cultural identities. Anthropological archaeologists have, in turn, to include a sample of 83 cast iron projectiles from Revolutionary borrowed from these works, using them as a basis to develop War contexts at Savannah, New Ebenezer and Kettle Creek, interpretations of past lifeways and events that occurred at Georgia; and Beaufort, Camden, Charleston, Eutaw Springs, Fort archaeological sites of the period. is interpretive framework Motte, Ninety-Six, Purysburg, Stono River, and Tar Blu, South works suciently for sites where cultural aliation is fairly well Carolina. Elements of particular interest for cast iron ordnance known because material culture remains are of either indigenous include arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), or Euro manufacture. But what about sites that yield mixed lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)
32 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 rubidium (Rb), silver (Ag), strontium (Sr), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn) young adult human male skeleton was exposed. e cranium had and zirconium (Zr). Careful study of these impurities promise been decapitated and severe attacks with sharp metal implements to reveal secrets relating to intrasite and intersite interpretation. were exhibited on the vertebrae and long bones. At that time, the A larger sample size may allow the separation of balls cast in State Medical Examiner ruled the discovery a homicide, but that Europe versus those cast in frontier settings. e author presents the trauma was in icted well over 100 years ago and not part of a the results of this pilot study and encourages its expansion to modern criminal investigation. As a result, the case was dropped con ict sites and museum collections worldwide. and the skeletal remains were boxed and placed in storage for 30 years. Due to renewed interest, the case has been reevaluated with permission from CT Chief ME, Dr. James R. Gill. e degree of mutilation, well beyond death, may suggest a “ritual” killing. e site location is purported to have been the scene of a late-17th century battle between the local Tunxis tribe and the Stockbridge Indians of Massachusetts. In addition, Revolutionary Battleeld Preservation War French General Comte de Rochambeau’s army bivouacked his army nearby in 1781. is paper will present the results Welcome: Introduction to the American Battleeld Protection of a biological pro le based on forensic osteological studies, Program Path to Preservation computed tomography to produce high-resolution sectional NPS Sta images of cut marks to determine weaponry, radiocarbon (AMS) dating and DNA sequencing to determine mitochondrial and Mapping Battleelds with GIS and GPS-Inventory and History haplotype identi cation, all of which we apply to a number of for a Military Terrain Components of Battleeld Archeological varied historical outcomes. and Cultural Landscapes NPS Sta Ritual and Raiding: Recording Interpersonal Violence in California Preservation Planning: Elements of the E ective Battleeld Joseph B. Curran, Tetra Tech Plan Registering your Battleeld is research focuses on the eects of interpersonal con ict NPS Sta on social organization in Californian indigenous groups. Speci cally, the focus is on the transition of combat in forager Battleeld Grants societies to its institutionalization among horticulturists and NPS Sta complex hunter-gatherers. One of the challenges in archaeology is in recognizing steps in the evolution of violence in formative Health & Trauma and less strati ed societies. To achieve this end, the transition of con ict needs to be operationalized. is investigation Trauma and Fracture on the Neolithic Age skeletons from analyzes the impact of specialized weaponry (i.e., clubs), Wanggou Site in Zhengzhou, Henan, China indicative of the earliest signs of escalating warfare in California. Yan Qi-peng, ShaanXi Normal University Experiments were conducted in collaboration with forensic e analysis includes frequencies and pathogenic factor on scientists and biomechanical engineers to derive quanti able trauma on the skeletons of Wanggou residents in Neolithic Age. data on lethality caused by traditional war clubs. Weapons e incidences of trauma were observed among 194 skeletons of were reconstructed from descriptions in historic accounts and the Wanggou sites. Results show that among the group of 194 analysis of museum specimens. Specimens analyzed were from individuals, 13.40% had fracture and trauma. e pathology was ethnographic collections of A.L. Kroeber and Robert L. Heizer. present in twenty of 105 Prime (24-35 years) (19.04%), ve of the e reconstructions were then tested using biomechanical 33 middle-aged persons (7-14years) (15.15%). Sixty-one percent engineering methods to measure force, pressure, and strike of the trauma found was in males, and 38.46% of trauma found patterns. Test results were related to the bioarchaeological record on female. is was lower than those from modern skeletons in and speci c case studies (i.e., Channel Islands, Central California, China, and the frequency of the fracture and trauma have age and Playa Vista) for blunt force trauma in prehistoric California and sex dierences. e site of trauma is focused on the bones to connect the ethno historic record to data from prehistory. is of the four limbs, vertebra, clavicle and ribs. Only two examples comparison allows for the charting of the early development of are found on the skull and tibia with blunt force injury. Wanggou con ict centered, social organizations. residents may not have had too much warfare, instead, they may have a stable life and carried out agricultural labor. At the same Facing the Unseen Enemy: e Experience of the First World time Hunter-Gatherer & Cultivation may have gave them enough War Underground Soldiers food and not too dangerous activities such as violence and war. Anthony Byledbal, GUARD Archaeology From the rst months of the First World War, the belligerents A Possible “Ritual” Killing from Farmington, Connecticut reintroduced the mine, an underground organization dug to Nicholas F. Bellantoni, University of Connecticut, Kristen destroy an enemy position by blowing up an explosive charge, Hartnett-McCann, CT Oce of the State’s Chief Medical and in which the military engineers, from all the Armies, were Examiner, Gerald J. Conlogue, Quinnipiac University, Jaime poorly trained in. From one side to another of the frontline, the M. Ullinger, Quinnipiac University, Rachel O’Neill, University eort was important to nd specialists who could manage this of Connecticut, Bo Reese, University of Connecticut, Julianna blind and secret combat. ese men from all over the world were Crivello, University of Connecticut, Gabrielle Hartley, soon engaged in a general underground warfare in Belgium and University of Connecticut France, trying to chase and destroy the enemy tunnels before they During the construction of a stone retaining wall along the eastern blew up their trenches. e soldiers who fought underground, bank of the historic Farmington Canal in 1985, a dismembered didn’t chronicle their experience aer the War. e secret nature 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 33 of their activities on the Western Front kept them silent. Most eorts of the Mashantucket Skeehch Wuyeekan (Good Medicine) of them, civilian miners, quickly came back from France, soon Project. aer the Armistice, because they were needed in the mines. No more than twenty books or memoirs were written by a few Becoming Evil: e Psychology of Perpetrator Behavior in veterans from the countries engaged in the con ict. None of Fields of Con ict these testimonies clearly details what they experienced in the James Waller, Keene State College small tunnels deeply dug in the clay or in the chalk. Studying the archives and excavating the underground galleries give Far too oen, elds of con ict include, and may be a cover for, clues which one by one enlighten the subterranean wartime crimes of mass atrocity – war crimes, crimes against humanity, experience from an anthropological perspective. us, how these and genocide. Much of the research regarding mass atrocity special soldiers managed the intense and nervous underground crimes focuses, as it should, on the victim and survivor experience operations? How their bodies supported the physical eort in the – including the preservation of those traumatic experiences as tiny tunnels? What was the resultant health and trauma issues well as their treatment. A new perspective in the eld of atrocity they contracted? studies, however, focuses on the victimizers – the men and women who perpetrate the atrocities in elds of con ict. For a A Hell of Disguring Violence: e Trauma and Consequences robust understanding of con ict, the physical remains of what of Colonial Wars perpetrators leave behind on elds of con ict – their victims Ashley Bissonnette, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research – must be complemented by a psychological excavation of the Center, Eastern Connecticut State University factors that drive perpetrator behavior. is presentation is based on over two decades of eldwork regarding perpetrator behavior In 1675 New England, one of the bloodiest wars in the United in Germany, Israel, Northern Ireland, the former Yugoslavia, States broke out. e violence dis gured communities, and Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and the resulting starvation and disease took more lives than those Guatemala. e resulting work was published as “Becoming lost in combat. e experience of those living through war and Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing” deadly epidemics has in many ways have been lost to historians (Oxford University Press) and will soon be released in a third and its eects underscored for centuries. Community health revised and updated edition. is presentation, with a particular pro les, risks-factors, public health action, cultural stigmas and focus on atrocity crimes committed against Indigenous peoples the toll of disease have been reconstructed in part using 17th around the globe, will explore cultural in uences of worldview on century documentation, histories, archeology and community perpetrator behavior, how perpetrators come to de ne the “other,” involvement. During the archeological investigations of the Battle and the group dynamics involved in the social construction of of Great Falls/Wissantinnewag-Peskeompskut, a genocidal event cruelty. Recapturing the experiential history of perpetrators is and intensely contested battle eld of King Philip’s War (1675- necessary in order to prevent the crimes from occurring as well 1677), researchers worked with Native experts to add a Native as to inform strategies for re-integrating perpetrators into post- voice, challenge norms, and engage the community of Western con ict societies. Massachusetts. e project highlights Colonial trauma, and the importance of public archaeology and cultural resources for Inter-generational Trauma, Justice, and the Armenian Genocide community engagement and empowerment, and preservation of Marian Mesrobian MacCurdy, University of Massachusetts at historic battle elds. Amherst Historical Trauma in New London County CT: Generational e year 2015 marked the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Impacts on Youth Substance Abuse and Mental Health Trends Genocide, a comprehensive eort by the Ottoman Turks to Angela Rae Duhaime & Christine Miskell, Southeastern annihilate their Armenian population. By the time the genocide Regional Action Council was over in 1923, approximately a million and a half Armenians had been killed and most of the rest of the approximately 2 e Southeastern Regional Action Council is a regional nonpro t million population forcibly removed, their assets con scated by organization that provides prevention services for communities their oppressors. While some of the Turkish leaders responsible in the areas of substance abuse, mental health, and problem for the Genocide were convicted of capital crimes in post-war gambling awareness. For more than a decade Southeastern tribunals, they escaped across the Black Sea on a German boat Regional Action Council has collected youth survey data (grades and were never extradited to Turkey to face their punishment. e 7th through 12th) on the rates of substance use and various Armenians suered a personal and collective trauma born not associated risk factors, perceptions, and beliefs. is presentation only of genocide but of its denial, the silence that followed, and will utilize the existing database of self-reported youth responses speci cally among the population of native youth residing in New the resulting lack of justice. Crucial to the Armenians’ recovery London County CT. Several local towns have contributed to this as a people was the creation of a communal social remembrance dataset including (not limited to) Ledyard, North Stonington, that goes beyond the fact of victimhood and relies on individual Stonington, Montville, and Norwich. is proposal has three and collective memory and resistance, including Operation intended goals: (1) to present ndings on the analysis of data for Nemesis, a covert Armenian eort to locate the escaped Ottoman Native American youth in Turkish leaders and to mete out the punishment their crimes New London County, had earned. Such actions within a community play a key role in (2) to discuss the trauma mitigation since they can help build resilience, personal importance of agency, and a sense of justice. is presentation examines the the ndings in phenomenon of inter-generational trauma, the “bleeding” from the context of the one generation to the next, which may rest partly on epigenetic eory of Historical modifications that can aect the way we respond to our world. Trauma and (3) to e presentation will then focus on elements of remembrance highlight the goals and and resistance in the Armenian community, particularly how action can help build resilience and counteract trauma. Not only 34 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 can the sins of the fathers be visited upon their children but their project combined best practices in archaeological investigations, responses from being sinned against as well. If so, this means commitment to public engagement, and strategic planning that in some ways the genocide is still happening—to both the for site access and preservation. e project has engaged in survivors and the perpetrators—but eorts to make the truth community collaboration using archaeology as a gateway to known hold the Armenian community together in its quest for science fully incorporating the inherent STEM principles of this recognition, reparations, and justice. discipline in eld research, planning for outreach programming, and site rehabilitation. Northeast Region National Park Service Projects Dividends for Our Investment: Applying Con ict Research Con ict Stewardship in the Northeast Region National Park Methodology within the ARPA Program Service In the Northeast Region Margaret Watters Wilkes, Northeast Region U.S. National William A. Griswold, Northeast Region Archaeology Program Park Service, James W. Kenrick, Intermountain Region, U.S. e adoption of Advanced Metal Detecting for the Archaeologist National Park Service (AMDA) metal detector methodology has forever changed our e Northeast Region Archaeology Program of the National view of how battle eld research should be done on NPS sites, Park Service works with a diverse range of con ict sites from especially for sites in the northeast. Work at Minute Man National Maine to Virginia. irty of the National Parks and Battle elds Historical Park (Parker’s Revenge), Fort Necessity National in the Northeast Region have been founded to commemorate, Battle eld, Gettysburg National Battle eld, and Saratoga National interpret, and preserve signi cant battle elds, political events Historical Park document just a few parks that have experienced and individuals, and military structures. e National Parks an enormous payout as a result of integrating new methodologies contain a diverse history and landscape of Con ict from the into projects. Integration of this new methodology, as well as French and Indian War, the American Revolutionary War, the the use of other geophysical instruments, has also aided the War of 1812, the American Civil War, to con ict landscapes Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) program in the created for training during World Wars I and II. e theme of Northeast Region. Especially on battle eld sites, or in areas of con ict in the Northeast region is not solely located or focused contention, battle eld investigative methodology is aecting how on the battle eld but runs through the history of occupation. ARPA Permits are being issued (even when primarily Section 106 Con ict can be seen in the movement of people, the battle for in nature), how eld documentation is collected for ARPA related resources, and in the interpretation of freedom. NRAP works violations, and how battle elds can be surveyed to provide a base with the Parks, contractors, collaborators, volunteers, and map with which to evaluate future ARPA incidents. stakeholders to help accomplish eective, ethical, respectful, and cutting edge research and interpretation of its Con ict resources. Declaring Slow Violence and Native American Presence in the ese paper and poster sessions are grouped to highlight the Northeast’s National Parks research being done in the National Parks and Battle elds in the David Goldstein, Tribal and Cultural Aairs-Northeast Region, Northeast Region and to provide insight not only to the history U.S. National Park Service and archaeology of battles, but to better understand the landscape e public lands of the National Park Service’s Northeast of Con ict, the people ghting, and impacted individuals and Region are some of the most substantial public holdings east communities. ese papers discuss the methods through which of the Appalachian Trail. Yet, the cultural presence of Native we are able to explore and interpret our elds of Con ict and American Indian sovereignty is dicult to see on this post- provide snapshots of clashes between opposing forces, and colonial landscape. rough a combination of tribal engagement, intimate moments of bravery, heroism, suering, and death. historical research, and geographical information systems we are working on nder’s tools to assist both native peoples and land Parker’s Revenge Revealed managers understand and locate their tribal partners. Discussing Margaret Watters Wilkes, Northeast Region U.S. National Park and interpreting colonial history in public space in areas of Service tribal sovereignty is a form of ‘slow violence’ that overwrites and eectively erases sovereign histories. We will illustrate this idea April 19, 1775, at the border of the towns of Lexington and and the introduction of counter-narratives to colonial history at Lincoln in Massachusetts, Captain John Parker and the Lexington National Park sites within the Northeast. Militia met the British Regular troops for a second time as the British column retreated to Boston following the exchange “On great elds, something stays” Archaeology and Prescribed of re that marked the start of the American Revolutionary Burning on Little Round Top, War at Concord’s North Bridge. A long time focus of the Gettysburg National Military Park local reenactment community and the Minute Man National Joel Dukes, NPS Northeast Region Archaeology Program Historical Park, the location and details of the battle were not known despite the robust body of historical research. Using an e incredible events that occurred at Little Round Top on July integrated archaeological approach the historical landscape 2nd, 1863 during the Battle of Gettysburg and the iconic views was reconstructed enabling targeting and identi cation of not and rugged terrain that directly contributed to its strategic and only the location of the battle, but also insight into the tactics historic signi cance make it one of the most heavily visited utilized during that engagement. e Park has used the results sites within Gettysburg National Military Park. In an attempt from the archaeological project for landscape refurbishment to maintain the unobstructed view for the bene t of the and exhibition development to more eectively engage the visiting public, the park recently proposed utilizing prescribed public in the events that took place at Parker’s Revenge. Visitors burning. is paper reviews the results of archaeological surveys can view the exhibit in the visitor’s center and see the musket performed in 2017 by the National Park Service Northeast Region balls red during the battle then walk the Battle Road trail Archaeology program and an amazing group of volunteers in through the Nelson farmstead, accessing pathways and Waysides support of NHPA Section 106 compliance for the Little Round describing the battle. From its inception, the Parker’s Revenge Top prescribed burn. e study utilized shovel testing, pre- and 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 35 post- burn metal detection surveys, and experimental placement constructed their earthworks progressively, starting with small of selected artifacts within the 52 acre burn area. e survey shelters and gradually strengthening them during the course of sample identi ed what types of battle related artifacts are present, the battle while staying under cover the entire time. Now, for the what methodology is best suited to archaeological compliance rst time, units could securely entrench themselves even while and research projects, and how terrain and vegetation aect engaged in combat—a critical feature of the new trench warfare. those methods. ere is also evidence that recoverable artifact With the help of LiDAR imagery, contemporary photographs, patterns survive that re ect the actions and speci c events that and GIS surveys, this paper will discuss these developments and produced them on the eld of battle. As a result of the survey, the describe their signi cance for the Civil War battle eld. park has current baseline information to move forward with a prescribed burning program that not only has minimal potential ‘…a ne ri ed cannon from Liverpool’ an Archaeological to impact battle related archaeological resources, but can also Biography of (four) Fawcett Preston Cannon Made for the enhance future battle eld research. Confederacy. Peter Norris, University of Liverpool e Archaeology of Mutiny: Excavations at the Connecticut e Confederacy did not have a signi cant heavy industrial Line’s 1779-1780 Camp, Morristown, New Jersey base at the start of the American Civil War. erefore, it was Richard Veit and Casey Hanna, Monmouth University forced to seek armaments from outside North America. Europe e winter of 1779-1780, saw troops from the Pennsylvania Line and especially Great Britain became principal suppliers of cantoned at Jockey Hollow, near Morristown, New Jersey, mutiny the Confederate needs. In particular, Whitworth ri es from over back pay, poor housing and provisions, and the involuntary Manchester, Armstrong ri es from Newcastle upon Tyne extension of their enlistments. In the summer of 2017, Monmouth and Blakely ri es, principally made in Liverpool. All of these University’s Department of History and Anthropology, Rutgers manufacturers supplied both naval and eld ordnance. It is the University Newark’s Department of Earth and Environmental actions and manufactures of Fawcett Preston & Co. Ltd, who Sciences, and the National Park Service began a collaborative undertook engineering and armaments production that will study of sites associated with the mutiny. Research focused on be the subject of this paper. ey made guns under the Blakely Fort Hill, a poorly- documented forti cation built to General patent and also designed by themselves. ese guns armed the Anthony Wayne’s designs, and the log hut city where the troops Confederate surface raiders, were placed in the forts guarding the were housed. e project was designed to determine the extent ports, and took part in many land engagements. Nevertheless, and integrity of archaeological deposits at the site and tested a it is a legacy that has received neither wide acknowledgement variety of remote sensing techniques, most notably induced nor understanding. Over thirty examples of the cannons polarization, a form of resistivity. Surveying, photogrammetry, manufactured by Fawcett Preston remain in North America on shovel testing, excavation units and metal detecting were display, in museums, on battle elds and other open-air sites. employed to document the archaeological remains. Forti cation A few also survive in Britain and Peru. is paper will explore and hut remains were identi ed and a small but evocative the biography of four Fawcett Preston guns, from procurement, collection of Revolutionary war era artifacts was unearthed. Most to operational history, and nal resting place. ey have been importantly, the eldwork highlighted the usefulness of metal selected with regard to their particular signi cance to historical detecting, oen a go-to technique for investigating battle elds, events, and provide a clear illustration of the signi cance of an as a highly eective technique for investigating military camps. Engineering company, and Liverpool, to Confederate war eort. e opening shots of the American Civil War (Fort Sumter) were American Civil War claimed as being red by a gun made in Liverpool and the last combatant (CSS Shenandoah) surrendered there. As the quote Digging In: Combat Engineering and the Rise of the from the governor of South Carolina in the title highlights, Fawcett Entrenched Battleeld in the American Civil War Preston made a signi cant contribution to the Confederate war Philip L. Shiman, Marine Corps University, David Lowe, U.S. eort, but there was also a price to pay. National Park Service Cultural Resources GIS, Julia Steele, Petersburg National Battle eld Diversion or Massacre: A Cautionary Tale Lawrence Babits, East Carolina University e nal campaigns of the American Civil War witnessed a is presentation reports on a December 1862 engagement at remarkably rapid evolution in tactics as open- eld ghting gave White Hall, North Carolina. A large Federal force engaged in way to trench warfare, culminating in the nine-and-a-half month an artillery bombardment against a much smaller Confederate deadlock of Petersburg (June 1864-April 1865). is phenomenon defense across the Neuse River. Later accounts and interpretations has never been adequately described or explained. To do so, have suggested that a friendly re incident occurred that may have our interdisciplinary team, which includes two historians and been a virtual massacre of Union infantry by Federal artillery. an archaeologist, is applying an innovative methodology that Documentary and artifactual evidence are used in conjunction combines the traditional and modern tools and techniques of our with the landscape to oer a better explanation of what may have respective elds. We have discovered that much of the tactical happened. evolution of this period was driven by previously unrecognized developments in combat engineering, especially improvised “ e O Forgot but Indispensable State: Evaluating Florida battle eld entrenchments. During the last year of the war, eld Civil War Archaeology” forti cation, once the province of technical specialists, became Janene Johnston & Brianna Patterson, University of West an integral part of infantry tactics and a required skill for the Florida common soldier. Faced with the need to protect themselves quickly in a highly lethal environment, the troops applied their ough far from the major engagements of the Civil War, events ingenuity and experience to create new engineering forms and in Florida played a signi cant role in its outcome. While the procedures not taught at the United States Military Academy majority of Florida remained under Confederate control for or described in the eld manuals. Most importantly, they the duration of the war, tensions quickly arose as the Union 36 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 took hold of key positions across the state and established the and Breymann’s Redoubts. However, here, we focus on a smaller Gulf Blockading Squadron. As a result, there is a rich history assemblage of battle eld material recovered at the western ank of the Civil War in Florida. is paper explores this history by of the two battles, on a commanding overlook. Using KOCOA synthesizing all archaeological research conducted throughout analysis and historical documentation, we consider how and why the state. It includes a diverse array of con ict sites such as these materials may be part of a small (but signi cant) skirmish battle elds, forts, hospitals, saltworks, and shipwrecks. ese that ultimately aected the larger progression of the battle on investigations will provide insight into potential avenues for September 19. future research while also instituting a prioritized list of sites that need further investigation before they are impacted by factors Fortications such as development, sea level rise, severe weather phenomena, and continued private collecting. Hypothetic Reconstruction of the Development of the Defensive Structures of the Middle Town of Rohatyn In 15-17th Centuries “150 Years a er the Battle of Franklin: Archaeological Mykola Bevz, Polytechnic National University, Lublin Investigations of the Federal Defensive Lines and Carter Hill University of Technology Cotton Gin” Nathan Allison, University of Idaho e town of Rohatyn belongs to the oldest urban locations that existed according to the German law in the territory of Western e focus of this paper is the continuing multi-year archaeological Ukraine. e great chronological depth of the town’s urban project related to the American Civil War Battle of Franklin, structure has been oen mentioned by researchers. However, Tennessee, and the subsequent search for the Carter Hill Cotton academic literature does not yet fully cover the changes made to Gin, which played a role in Federal Troop’s defensive works the planning of the town’s structure during the 15-17th centuries. during the Battle. Aer Confederate forces marched overnight Similarly, the stages of development of the town’s defensive lines from Columbia, Tennessee, the Army of the Tennessee sprung were not identi ed, although historical documents contain a morning attack on Union forces on November 30, 1864. One many references to the existence of forti cations around the Hundred and y years later the Confederate failure to dislodge middle town and the castle. Existing documentation only Union forti cations at Franklin and subsequently capture describes the urban changes in general terms, with researchers Nashville is known as one of the most devastating defeats of the not yet having organized them into speci c planning schemes. War. As the Sesquicentennial anniversary approached Battle of In our present work, we set our goal as the reconstruction of the Franklin Trust and Franklin’s Charge formulated plans to reclaim dierent stages of development of forti cations in the middle and preserve any surviving evidence of the Battle eld from the town of Rohatyn. We use the following methodology: analysis urban landscape and incorporate it into the Carter Hill Battle eld of the town’s planning structure based on both historical and Park. Contracted under Franklin’s Charge, Nashville oce contemporary maps, studies of the remains of forti cations in of TRC Environmental Corporation carried out a multi-year the current landscape, comparison of eld studies with data archaeological investigation to uncover remnants of the Federal from cartographic analysis to references to the defensive objects Troop’s defensive lines associated with the Battle of Franklin and found in historical documents, studies of analogical landmarks, determine the precise location of the Carter Hill Cotton Gin. and graphical reconstruction of stages of development of An existence questioned due to succeeding urban development forti cations. across the project area. is paper explores the 2014 and 2015 eld seasons when TRC sta were successful in locating stone Frontier Warfare in the Argentine Pampas from an foundations of the Cotton Gin as well as intact preserved Federal Archaeological Perspective: Late XIXth Century Military Sites defensive lines. Relying on eye witness accounts and other in Carlos Casares County, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina documentary sources to guide eld work, this paper further Juan B. Leoni, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones examines how memory of con ict can corroborate and or dier Cientí cas y Técnicas) Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Diana from archaeological evidence. S. Tamburini, CEAR (Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos Regionales) Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Teresa R. Acedo, “…also attacked, tho. partially”: e Right Flank of Dirección de Patrimonio, Museos y Turismo de Carlos Buenos Burgoyne, New Archeological Evidence Aires, Graciela Scara a Casares, CEAR (Centro de Estudios Matthew Kirk, Justin DiVirgilio, Elizabeth Gregory & Adam Arqueológicos Regionales)Universidad Nacional de Rosario Luscier, Hartgen Archeological Associates roughout the XIXth century, Argentina underwent a process In the fall of 1777, General Burgoyne and his army of soldiers of territorial expansion aimed at incorporating extensive tracts of from Great Britain, Canada, and Europe, along with Native land -favorable for cattle herding and agriculture- in the region American allies marched south from Canada in an eort to known as the Pampas. is process was ercely contested by join with other British forces at Albany in a strategic gambit to indigenous societies, transforming the frontier areas into a locus sever New England from the American interior. e American of a complex interethnic dynamic in which peace and con ict forces, initially assembled by General Philip Schuyler, and later alternated. In this paper we discuss a temporally and spatially led by General Horatio Gates made a determined stand near localized part of this process, the territory of what is now Carlos Stillwater, New York. Two battles, later known as the Battle of Casares County (Buenos Aires Province) between 1869 and Freeman’s Farm (September 19) and Bemis Heights (October 7), 1877. e local landscape was then marked by the presence of checked the British advance and eventually forced Burgoyne to the military frontier line, which included both small forward capitulate. Today, the majority of the battle elds are preserved outposts and a larger fort. We focus our discussion on two and interpreted as part of the Saratoga National Historical Park. speci c military frontier facilities, Fort General Paz and Fortín Recent archeology for park improvements, which included Algarrobos, which have been archaeologically investigated in systematic metal detecting, led to recovery of 359 artifacts that recent years. eir architectural characteristics and artifact could be associated with the 1777 battles. e majority were assemblages are presented, pointing out the low degree of recovered near the British forti cations known as Balcarres’ standardization shown by the heterogeneous military materials, 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 37 Gustoweh by Sharif Patterson on display in “Katahshayooôkanun Mákooôkanash” — Our Family Gis: a Pequot Art Exhibit in the Mashantucket Gallery, MPMRC
as well as discussing logistical and supply issues through the in the eld of general history, military history, forti cations, as analysis of glass containers, ceramic wares, and faunal remains. well as the history of literature and biographies, published in two e picture emerging from the archaeological record is then volumes. e project “Reduta Ordona” was accompanied by huge contrasted with contemporary and later folk and historical public interest. Hence the numerous popular publications, radio narratives about life and warfare in the frontier. and television programs as well as presentations and lectures and papers of participants. During its implementation three Time in the Battle. Could We Measure It? Case of Archeological promotional exhibitions and a number of didactic classes were Investigation at Ordon’s Redoubt in Warsaw, Poland prepared. Wojciech Borkowski, State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, Poland & Michał Paczkowski Fort Nya Goteborg and the Printzh of (36DE3): Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the First European Structure Built in e “Redoubt of Ordon” project, implemented by the State Present Pennsylvania. Archaeological Museum in 2010-2015, was aimed not only at Marshall Joseph Becker, West Chester University determining the actual location of the famous Ordon’s Redoubt, archaeological examination of the object, interdisciplinary Fort Nya Göteborg (New Gothenburg) is the rst European development of research results and their publication, but also structure to have been built in what is now the state of conservation and educational activities. e survey of the same Pennsylvania. e establishment of a Swedish outpost in Dutch sconce carried out in 2013 covered the area of 30 acres. is territory on the South (Delaware) River in 1638 was centered at allowed recognition of the layout of forti cations relics. During Fortress Christina, located where Wilmington, Delaware now the research, all elements of the forti cations were identi ed. stands. e third Swedish colonial governor, Johann Printz, ese were: lines of wolf pits, moats, and the foundation of established his home and trading post upstream on Tinicum the embankment. In the half of discovered wolf pits have been Island, parts of which now lie below Philadelphia International found the remains of soldiers killed in battle. ey were burials Airport. e rst construction was a palisaded enclosure, given common to soldiers of both sides. A total of over 2,300 artifacts the name Fort Nya Göteborg. Printz’s house, located just behind were gained, including items from organic raw materials: the fort, was identi ed as the Printzhof. Until excavations in the pouches, caps, shoes and fragments of uniforms, as well as 1980s recognized that these were two separate constructions, metal elements of uniforms, weapons and equipment. A team their separate identities remained uncertain. Details of palisade of 48 Polish and Russian scientists developed the results of the construction at this site reveal a pattern of forti cation previously research. In addition to the results of archaeological research, the unknown in North America. project “Reduta Ordona” included a number of historical studies
38 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 BIOGRAPHIES Timothy J. Abel, Ph.D., earned for 21 years as a professional archaeologist. interests include the mapping of battle eld Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees from Mr. Adams has been working in sites through metal detector survey, the University of Toledo, Ohio, and a archaeology for well over 30 years in both military history, GIS applications, and Ph.D. from the University at Albany, the private sector and well as with the community outreach. He is the team SUNY. In three decades of research and U.S. Forest Service. Mr. Adams received leader for the American Battle eld Trust’s consulting he has directed more than his B.A. from Arizona State University. grant to PAF for the GIS mapping of all 215 projects involving Phase 1, 2 and 3 Mr. Adams has been using metal sensing Revolutionary War/War of 1812 battle eld archaeological investigations for research technology for over 40 years in North sites in the National Park Service’s ABPP and construction projects ranging from America and is considered to be one of the les. bridge replacements to large block leading experts in the Spanish Colonial developments. He has authored more Period and Apache Indian War Period Lawrence (Larry) Babits, Ph.D., has than 60 conference papers, 30 professional in the Southwestern U.S.A. Christopher excavated battle elds, forti cations, ships, articles, and a monograph. He is an Adams has worked on battle eld projects and a World War II POW camp. Babits active member of twelve professional in New Mexico, Arizona, Montana, served in the US Army’s B Company, 1st organizations, including the New York Wyoming, Colorado, Alaska, Missouri, Battalion, 21st Infantry (Gimlets). He has State Archaeological Association, Eastern Arkansas, Texas, and Virginia. been a Revolutionary War and Civil War States Archaeological Federation and the reenactor since 1961, sailed tall ships, New York Archaeological Council. His Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Rahman and traveled extensively, including Egypt, academic specialties and interests include Ibrahim Enab, Ph.D., is working as a Afghanistan, Iran, and Europe. Currently prehistoric ceramics, Northeast and Great lecturer of Islamic architecture – faculty involved with researching smoothbore Lakes prehistory and ethno history, the St. of archaeology – department of Islamic musketry, he shoots competitively with Lawrence Iroquoians, War of 1812 military archaeology- Fayoum University. He has the First Maryland Infantry. He last played sites and political economy. He has lived a Ph.D. degree in Islamic Architecture, rugby in 2017. His publications include and conducted archaeological research in Faculty of Archaeology- Cairo University Fort Dobbs on the Carolina Frontier and northern New York area for 24 years. (2014), with his thesis title being: Archaeological Investigations at Causton’s “Remaining ottoman mosques in Sana’a Blu, Chatham County, Georgia. He was Sara Abriola, is a recent graduate from comparative architectural archaeological named McCann-Taggert Lecturer for the Eastern Connecticut State University. study.” He is interested in Islamic American Institute of Archaeology, George Sara majored in Health Sciences with a Architecture and art especially in Yemen. Washington Distinguished Professor by concentration in public health. Sara now He has a special interest in the preservation the NC Society of the Cincinnati, and wants to put a large amount of eort into of endangered cultural heritage through a Fellow of the Company of Military public health issues in order to make con icts. He has attended many courses Historians. His most recent book, Long, a positive and an impactful dierence. on how to manage archaeological sites and Obstinate and Bloody, about the Battle of During the summer Sara will be working Risk Management. Also he participated Guilford Courthouse, was co-written with at YMCA Camp Hi Rock as a counselor in many conferences and workshops. He Josh Howard. for children aged 7 to 15. Sara’s goal was the Deputy Director of Crisis and throughout the summer is to assist in the Disaster Management Unit, Faculty of Joanne E. Ball, Ph.D., aer taking an development of campers mind, body, and Archaeology, Fayoum University. undergraduate BA degree in Ancient spirit. History & Archaeology at the University Nathan Allison, currently ABD perusing of Liverpool, and an MA in Ancient World Teresa R. Acedo, is the Director of a Ph.D. in Historical Archaeology at the Studies at the University of Manchester, Patrimonio, Museos y Turismo (Heritage, University of Idaho (UI). In addition to his she completed a Ph.D. in archaeology at Museums, and Tourism) of Carlos doctoral work, he serves as adjunct faculty the University of Liverpool in 2016. She Casares town (Buenos Aires province, for the Department of History at UI where is currently an independent post-doc Argentina). She has degrees in Museum he teaches courses in early American scholar associated with the University of Studies and in Cultural Tourism from the history and the history of crime and Liverpool. Her research interests are Greek Universidad del Museo Social Argentino punishment. His research interests focus in & Roman battle eld archaeology, theory (Buenos Aires, Argentina). She also public space in the early modern Atlantic & methodology in battle eld archaeology, has a degree in Historical Museums world, con ict archaeology, and funerary and con ict site formation. Studies from the Escuela Nacional de archaeology. He has an undergraduate Museología–Complejo Museo Histórico degree from Metropolitan State University Robert T. Ballard, USN, ret. and Professor Nacional (Buenos Aires, Argentina). She of Denver in History and Anthropology of Oceanography at the University of has developed a project for the Protection and, and a master’s degree in European Rhode Island and Maritime Archeologist. of Cultural Heritage and an Education and Atlantic World History and graduate Program as part of the Cultural Circuit of certi cate work in GISci from Eastern Bryce Barker, is an archaeologist Carlos Casares (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Illinois University. Prior to Ph.D. studies, specializing in Australian and Melanesian, She carries out research in historical Nathan lived in Nashville, Tennessee indigenous archaeology, focusing on archaeology of frontier military sites where he worked as an archaeologist for ‘pre’-historic societies as well as the (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). TRC, Solutions. colonial contact period in the Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Christopher Adams, has been with the Josh Anderson, serves as a eld director Queensland. Recent projects include, Gila National Forest Heritage Program for in the Public Archaeology Facility at research in Papua New Guinea on trade ten years and with the U.S. Forest Service Binghamton University. His research networks in the Gulf of Papua, and an
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 39 Australian Research Council funded 1985. As a historian, he has conducted Commission); of the European Association project on colonial frontier con ict in research on the history of Polish Jews of Archaeologists and the Bronze Age Studies Queensland, entitled ‘ e Archaeology of and other groups of Gdańsk Pomerania’s Group; and the Scienti c Committee of the the Queensland Native Mounted Police.’ population in the 20th century. He is the Association Française pour l’Étude de l’Âge author of approximately 90 scienti c du Fer (Les espaces forti es à l’âge du Fer Marshall Joseph Becker, Ph.D., was publications and over 30 popular science en Europe 2019). He is a main Researcher trained at the University of Pennsylvania publications. His scienti c achievements of the Spanish Governmental project Late in all four elds of Anthropology. He include three independent monographs Prehistory Architecture in the Western now applies archaeology as well as other and the co-authorship of seven books. He Spanish Plateau. Archaeotecture and approaches to gather information about has investigated the history of the Gdansk Archaeometry about the built heritage of the Lenape (“Delaware Indians”) and region. His recent scienti c projects focus the Vettones hill-forts (HAR2016-77739-P) their various neighbors. Dr. Becker has on the extermination of Jews and Polish- and editor of the scienti c journal published two books, a number of book Jewish relations during the Holocaust. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología chapters, and nearly 200 articles on the He is a member of the Polish Historical de la UAM (CuPAUAM). He is author Lenape, Colonists, and other peoples Society, the Gdańsk Scienti c Society and of more than one hundred of scienti c of the Americas in scholarly journals as the Kashub Institute. He is the chairman papers and a dozen of books. well as popular magazines. Dr. Becker’s of the Stutthof Museum Council and research has been supported by grants a member of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Alexandre Bertaud, Ph.D., studied from the National Science Foundation, the Museum Council, the Scienti c Council Archaeology at the University of Toulouse National Endowment for the Humanities, of the Jewish Historical Institute and the Jean Jaurès from 2005 to 2009. He the American Philosophical Society and Historical and Program Collegium of the then joined the University of Bordeaux the National Geographic Society. European Solidarity Centre. In the years Montaigne to nish his MA and to 2002-2007, G. Berendt was the head of prepare for his Ph.D. He conducted his Nicholas F. Bellantoni, Ph.D., Emeritus the Postgraduate History Study at the Ph.D. research on the warfare practices Connecticut State Archaeologist, serves Faculty of Philology and History of the in Western Europe during the last three as the emeritus state archaeologist with University of Gdańsk. In October 2006, he centuries BC, when the late prehistorical the Connecticut State Museum of Natural took up the job at the Gdańsk branch of societies met the roman armies in their History and Archaeology Center, and as the Institute of National Remembrance- territories. He was focusing on the Adjunct Associate Research Professor in KŚZpNP. ere, he coordinated the interactions around the warfare practices, the Department of Anthropology at the INDEX scienti c project, dedicated to the exchanges of weapons as the exchanges University of Connecticut. He received his Polish citizens who were repressed by the of ideas associated with warlike behavior. doctorate in Anthropology from UConn in German Nazi invaders for helping Jews. In To do so, he worked on the gesture through 1987 and was shortly thereaer appointed October 2008, the President of the Institute 3D reconstructions. He was appointed state archaeologist. His duties were many, of National Remembrance entrusted him to teaching assistant from 2013 at the but primarily included the preservation with the position of head of the Branch University Bordeaux Montaigne where he of archaeological sites and the protection Oce of Public Education of the Institute teaches archaeology from Material Culture of unmarked human burials in the state. of National Remembrance-KŚZpNP in studies, Artifacts, and Productions Studies He is a former State Commissioner for Gdańsk . During the period of oce he to Prehistory in Mediterranean and Culture and Tourism and sat on the State launched, among others, the so-called Continental Europe. He was co-organizer Historic Preservation Council for over branch publishing series. To date, more of workshops on metallic artifacts (2012), twelve years. He is a past president of the than 50 volumes have been published. At objects biographies (2014-2015) and in Archaeological Society of Connecticut the beginning of 2014, he focused mostly a European scale, he was a coordinator and the National Association of State on scienti c research on the extermination of a session during the EAA meeting Archeologists. He has provided technical of Jews in the Borderlands of the Second in Maastricht (2017), and the 4th and assistance to the State’s Medical Examiner’s Polish Republic. From the beginning of 5th European School of Protohistory of Oce and the CT State Police on modern January to the end of April 2017, he was Bibracte (2017-2018). To complete his criminal investigations. His research the head of the Branch Oce of Historical Ph.D., he worked on the warfare practices background includes zooarchaeology and Research of the Institute of National and interactions in the eastern Atlantic the analysis of human skeletal remains. Remembrance in Gdańsk. area during late Prehistory and the He has been excavating in North America Since May 2017, Grzegorz Berendt holds interactions with the great material culture for over 40 years. the post of the Deputy Director of the areas. e excavations he co-conduct Museum of the Second World War in since 2017 in Geloux (France, Nouvelle- Rhianna Bennett, is a graduate student in Gdańsk, Poland. Aquitaine, Landes) show the in uence the Master of Social Sciences program at of La Tène material culture in south Georgia Southern University, conducting Luis Berrocal-Rangel, Ph.D., is Professor Aquitaine, especially the penetration of her thesis research on the relationship of European Prehistory in the Autonomous Gallic weaponry in the Aquitani people, between archaeology and public education University of Madrid. Member of the Real that have been considered since Cesar as in the state of Georgia. During her time Academia de la Historia of the Kingdom dierent from the Celts. at Georgia Southern, she has worked as of Spain (2002). He is a specialist in Celtic Graduate Assistant to the Camp Lawton Archaeology, mainly in Forti cations Mykola Bevz, Professor, Sc. D., architect, Archaeological Project. and Warfare of the Celts in the Iberian is currently the Head of Department of Peninsula, and in Late Bronze Age and Architecture and Conservation at the Grzegorz Berendt, has been associated Iron Age Architecture. Member of the Institute of Architecture, L’viv Polytechnic with the Institute of History of the International Union of the Prehistoric and National University in L’viv, Ukraine. University of Gdańsk, Poland, since Protohistoric Sciences (Metal Ages in Europe Here he is also the chief of the Scienti c 40 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Research Laboratory of Regeneration of Director of the Center for Archaeological Director of the Campus Archaeology Historical Towns. He also is a professor Research (CAR) and Associate Professor Program at Michigan State University. Her in the Department of Conservation of of Anthropology at the University of research has centered on the experiences Build Heritage at the Lublin University Mississippi. He has over 25 years of of immigrants living in the late 19th of Technologies in Lublin, Poland. He is experience in the archaeology of the century and early 20th century West. a member of the Ukrainian Committee Southeast with an emphasis on Native of ICOMOS and the Vice-President Americans during the Late Pre-contact David Capps-Tunwell, MBE, Ph.D., is of “Association of Castles and Palaces and Contact periods. He recently co- retired from the Royal Navy aer a career Researchers.” ese being only a few organized the Mid-South Archaeological in aircra engineering and now lives in of the many committees he is a member Conference, the theme of which was Normandy, France. He is an associate of. He has written two books and more Native Societies during the Early member of the Centre de Recherche than 200 articles in the eld of protection Contact period in the southeastern U. d’Histoire Quantitative (Université de and conservation of the built heritage of S. His recent publications include: “ e Caen-Normandie) and founder member Ukraine. Mississippian Community at Town of Con ict Landscapes Research. He is Creek” in Reconsidering Mississippian currently researching German logistical Ashley Bissonnette, Ph.D., M.P.H., is the Households and Communities, edited by support and the impact of Allied Senior Researcher at the Mashantucket Elizabeth Watts Malouchos and Alleen tactical bombing during the battle for Pequot Museum & Research Center and Betzenhauser, University of Alabama Normandy using archive sources and Assistant Professor of Public Health, Press (co-authored with Paige Ford and geoarchaeological analysis of landscape Department of Health Sciences at Eastern Heidi Rosenwinkel, in prep.); and “Early evidence. Connecticut State University. She has been Mississippian in the North Carolina involved in the Battle elds of the Pequot Piedmont” in Mississippian Beginnings: Toni L. Carrell, Ph.D., has worked on War and Battle elds of King Philip’s War Variability, Inequality, and Interaction submerged battle eld sites in the Paci c projects since 2007. She is working on in the Southeast and Midwest, edited by since the 1980s. She is the editor of her latest publication Pestilences of New Gregory D. Wilson, University of Florida Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment England’s First Wars, an examination of Press, 2017. of Micronesia (1991) and Maritime History War Epidemics and trauma that challenged and Archaeology of the Commonwealth Native and Colonial people in their ability Habiba Boumli, is an Associate Professor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2009). to heal and look aer their most basic at LaGuardia Community College, and McKinnon and Carrell are the recipients needs, lending to death and a downward founder of NYFAF. She holds a Ph.D. in of six WWII-related American Battle eld spiral of poor health for generations. Her Social and Cultural Anthropology and Protection Program (ABPP) grants (2009, interests include historical archaeology, M.A. in Arabic and Islamic Studies. She 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017). ey are also public programming, historical teaches Arabic and French language and the editors of Underwater Archaeology of preservation and health policy. literature, and linguistics. Her academic a Paci c Battle eld: e WWII Battle of background and teaching experience Saipan (Springer Press 2016) based on Matthew Bjorkman, is currently include Arabic, French language and work under the ABPP grants. involved with the Indiana University of francophone cultures and literatures, Pennsylvania Applied Archaeology M.A. Cultural Anthropology, Women Cross- Wade P. Catts, is the Principal with Program and worked in various capacities Culturally, Middle Eastern History, South River Heritage Consulting, on the Fort Necessity National Battle eld and Arab Cinema. Her most recent LLC. He is an historical archaeologist survey. Bjorkman is currently completing publications include: “Female Activists in specializing in history, archaeology, his MA and worked as a eld technician Tunisian Socio-Political Movements. e and historic preservation. His work on the project. Case of Amira Yahyaoui,” E. Maestri and experience includes cultural resource A. Profanter, eds., in Arab Women and the management, preservation planning, Joel Bohy, is the Director of the Historic Media in Changing Landscapes (Springer, and teaching. He holds a graduate Arms & Militaria Department at Skinner 2017). Doris H. Gray and Habiba Boumlik. degree in American History from the Auctions and a frequent appraiser of “Morocco’s Islamic Feminism. Contours University of Delaware and is a Registered Arms & Militaria on the PBS series of a New eology?” Gray and Sonneveld, Professional Archaeologist. He is a past Antiques Roadshow. He has worked as a eds.,in Gender, Laws, Social Change president and currently Vice President material culture consultant on numerous (Cambridge University Press, 2018). for Membership of the American Cultural historical projects and has a passion for Resources Association, a past president the basic objects worn or carried by a Heather Burke, is an Associate Professor of the Delaware Academy of Science, soldier and civilian during the American in Archaeology in the College of and currently serves on the board of the Revolutionary War period. Picking up a Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences at Old Swedes Foundation in Wilmington, detector for the rst time while working Flinders University of South Australia. the Dennis Farm Charitable Land Trust on the Parker’s Revenge Archaeology in Pennsylvania, the Advisory Board project at Minuteman National Historical Anthony Byledbal, Ph.D., is Project for Indiana University of Pennsylvania’s Park, sparked a passion for battle eld Supervisor for GUARD Archaeology in Masters in Applied Archaeology Program, archaeology which lead to participating Scotland. He carries his research on the and as a Trustee for Preservation with AMDA on a number of research war underground and the soldiers engaged Delaware. In 2016 Mr. Catts was the projects. Bohy now volunteers with other in these peculiar operations during the recipient of the Archibald Crozier Award battle eld archaeology projects nationally First World War. for Distinguished Achievement and and internationally. Contributions to Archeology from the Stacey Camp, Ph.D., is an Associate Archeological Society of Delaware. He Edmond A. Boudreaux, Ph.D., is the Professor of Anthropology and the has authored or co-authored articles in 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 41 Historical Archaeology, North American in aviation archaeology. He joined Temple Conlogue’s work with mummi ed remains Archaeologist, Northeast Historical University as the Defense POW/MIA led to appearances in several Discovery Archaeology, Delaware History, Advances Accounting Agency’s (DPAA) Historian- and Learning Channel productions in in Archaeological Practice, and e Bulletin in-Residence in 2017. His work involves 2000. From 2001 to 2003 he and Beckett of the Archeological Society of Delaware. His conducting archival research, creating co-hosted e Mummy Road Show Revolutionary War experience includes site identi cation and interpretation on the National Geographic Channel. multiple battle elds and military sites in tools, constructing and interrogating During the series, they traveled to South New Jersey (Raritan Landing, Beverwyck, GIS products, and producing analytical American, Europe, and Asia employing Short Hills, Princeton, Fort Mercer/Red reports in support of DPAA’s mission. His imaging techniques to reveal clues to tell Bank), Pennsylvania (Brandywine, Paoli, academic research primarily focuses on each mummy’s life story. His appearances Valley Forge, Camp Security, French Second World War and Cold War aviation in documentaries have continued on the Creek Powder Works), Delaware (Cooch’s history and archaeology, the development Science and Smithsonian Channels. Since Bridge), New York (Schuylerville, of site recording methodologies, and the 2002, he has also been a consultant and, Bennington), and Vermont (Hubbardton). conception and application of historic along with other Quinnipiac Diagnostic He has worked with the Civil War Trust preservation initiatives for con ict sites. Imaging faculty, volunteer to x-ray cases at in its successful preservation eorts at Currently, he is working on his rst book, the Oce of the Chief Medical Examiner Princeton and Brandywine battle elds. an expansion of his doctoral thesis, and in Farmington, Connecticut. serves on the editorial board of Federal Amanda Charland, Ph.D., received History, the journal of the Society for Iain Davidson, Iain Davidson is an her doctorate in archaeology from the History in the Federal Government. Prior Emeritus Professor in Archaeology in the University of Glasgow in 2014. During to undertaking his postdoctoral research School of Humanities at the University of her doctoral research, Amanda travelled with Temple University, Dr. Christian was New England, Australia. to Israel to survey and to study the ruins the Military Historian for the National of Crusader-era city walls. Her particular Park Service’s American Battle eld Robert de Hoop M.A., since October 2017, interest lies in the interaction between Protection Program in Washington, D.C. he has served as maritime and underwater dierent groups of people and how they alter archaeologist and works at the Maritime walls through destruction, reconstruction, Charles Cobb, holds the James E. Programme at the Cultural Heritage incorporation, ornamentation, or new Lockwood Chair in Historical Archaeology Agency of the Netherlands (RCE). Robert construction. Other research highlights at the Florida Museum of Natural History, completed a bachelor in Archaeology with include: exploring the function of Cyprus’s University of Florida. He has 40 years Honour’s at Saxion University of Applied Frankish castles; surveying and excavating of experience in archaeology, recently Sciences in the Netherlands. Robert’s Second World War aircra wreckage in focusing on Spanish missions. His recent undergraduate thesis about predicting Scotland’s Highlands and Islands; and publications include “Ackia and Ogoula underwater cultural heritage was linked to exploring the history of the University Tchetoka: De ning Two Battle elds of an internship at the Maritime Programme of Glasgow’s 19th and 20th century the 1736 French and Chickasaw War of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the architecture. Most recently, Amanda has in Southeastern North America,” in the Netherlands. He completed his masters co-authored a book with the American Journal of Field Archaeology (with Steven at the Maritime Archaeology Programme Philosophical Society, the oldest learned Smith, James Legg, Brad Lieb, and Chester at the University of Southern Denmark society in the United States. e book DePratter, 2017), and “All Consuming during which he obtained his commercial investigates the life of a Pennsylvania farm Modernity,” in Material Worlds, diving IDSA level 1 ticket, Commercial from colonial times to the present. Archaeology, Consumption, and the Road SCUBA Diver. His thesis on the dierent to Modernity, edited by Barbara Heath, values and on the signi cance of WWII Njabulo Chipangura, is employed by the Eleanor Breen, and Lori Lee, Routledge, shipwrecks was nominated for the National Museums and Monuments of 2017. W.A. van Es prize. Robert participated Zimbabwe as an archaeologist and is based in several national and international in Eastern Zimbabwe at Mutare Museum. Noelene Cole, holds an Adjunct Research projects including the excavation of the His research interests include looking at Fellowship as an archaeologist in the East Indiaman (VOC) ship the Rooswijk, the con guration and recon guration College of Arts, Society and Education at and writing the process and best practice of museum collection and exhibition James Cook University, Australia. guidelines for the EU-project SASMAP. practices within colonial and post- colonial settings. He is currently a Wenner Gerald J. Conlogue, is an emeritus Chester DePratter, Ph.D., is a Research Gren Ph.D. Fellow in the Anthropology professor of Diagnostic Imaging at Professor at the South Carolina Institute Department at the University of Quinnipiac University. Although his of Archaeology and Anthropology, Witwatersrand in South Africa. His Ph.D. primary task has been to teach students University of South Carolina. He has over research looks at the archaeological, how to use x-rays to produce images of 40 years’ experience in prehistoric and ethnographic and historical characteristics living patients, his research has not been protohistoric archaeology, with a focus on of artisanal and small-scale mining of gold restricted to a medical setting. For over the Spanish presence in the New World in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. y years he has focused on applying including Santa Elena, at Parris Island, medical imaging techniques to non- South Carolina. He has spent many years Terence Christian, Ph.D., is a military medical areas, such as art conservation, researching the Spanish in the New World, historian and con ict archaeologist wildlife management, archaeology, including the DeSoto Entrada and the specializing in post-medieval armed anthropology and forensics. In 1999, along 16th century Spanish site of Santa Elena. con ict. Dr. Christian received his Ph.D. in with Ron Beckett, professor of Respiratory His publications include: “ e Hernando con ict archaeology from the University of Care, they founded the Bioanthropology de Soto Expedition: From Apalachee to Glasgow (Glasgow, Scotland) with a focus Research Institute at Quinnipiac. Chiaha,” in Southeastern Archaeology, 42 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 1984, with Charles Hudson and Marvin employed at SERAC, a regional nonpro t eld investigations in Israel (1993-1994), Smith; “ e Hernando de Soto Expedition: for community-based prevention in Jordan (1994) and Greece (1995). He From Mabila to the Mississippi River,” in behavioral health. She also currently works has organized archaeological collections Towns and Temples along the Mississippi, as an Adjunct Professor of psychology from the Nubia region (1996) and Cyprus edited by David Dye, 1990, with Hudson at Eastern Connecticut State University. (2000-2001). In 1999, Tomas got his B.A. and Smith; “Re nements in Hernando de Her previous experience includes city in Classical Archaeology and Ancient Soto’s Routh rough Georgia and South and statewide advocacy work for youth History. His B.A. essay deals with the Carolina,” in Columbian Consequences, and families in the area of mental health forti cations in Palestine during the volume 2, Archaeological and Historical and substance abuse and treatment. Her Iron Age. At the same year Tomas also Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands professional and academic background got his M.A. in Archaeology science at East, edited by D.H. omas, 1990, with encompasses the eld of mental health and the Archaeological Research Laboratory. Charles Hudson and John E. Worth. substance abuse across the spectrum of His M.A. essay deals with archaeological prevention, intervention, and treatment. prospecting methods as phosphate and Michael Derderian, M.A., graduated electromagnetic mapping. In 2000, from the University of Rhode Island in Joel Dukes, M.A., is an archaeologist with Tomas began specializing in battle eld 2015 with a B.A. in History with a minor in the NPS Northeast Region Archaeology archaeology in an attempt to locate Anthropology. In May 2017, he graduated Program. He is the archeological two battle elds from the Viking-era. from Hawaii Paci c University with a advisor for several parks in the northeast He has been an expert consultant for a M.A. in Diplomacy and Military Studies. including Gettysburg NMP, Statue of Polish battle eld project at Kalisz (1706) Michael currently is employed with the Liberty NM and the Appalachian Trail. 2002-2004. Since 2003, Tomas runs the National Park Service at Adam’s National Prior to working with the NPS he was the interdisciplinary project Baggensstäket Historical Park and the Mashantucket archaeologist for the Homochitto National (1719) Battle eld Project. e aim with the Pequot Museum & Research Center as a Forest in Mississippi. He received his M.A. project is to increase the knowledge about historical researcher and archeologist. He from the University of Georgia where the Russian landing operation at the strait has been involved in the Battle elds of the he specialized in the analysis of faunal of Baggensstäket closed to Stockholm Pequot War and Battle elds of King Philip’s remains from coastal sites. 1719. In 2005, he and his colleague Niklas War projects since 2013. Ytterberg initiated the battle eld project Daniel T. Elliott, is an archaeologist with 41 Badelunda 1520. Tomas is the initiator of Justin DiVirgilio, is the President and years of experience. He serves as President the rst battle eld museum in Sweden, part-owner of Hartgen Archeological of the LAMAR Institute and has been HAMN which opened in 2014. Since 2018, Associates, a cultural resource actively studying 18th century material he is a part of the marine archaeological management rm based in New York. A culture for more than three decades and project Mars (1564) Scienti c Research life-long love of history and archeology engaged in Con ict Archaeology since Group. inspired him to make an early career 2001. His experience with Elemental change from engineering to anthropology. Analysis (pXRF) of military ordnance Christopher Espenshade M.A., is a What started as a part-time eld started in 2014 with a study of early lead Registered Professional Archaeologist engagement with Hartgen unexpectedly projectiles and expanded in 2017 and 2018 with more than 33 years of supervisory became a career, during which Justin with the study of cast iron military objects. experience in cultural resource has been fortunate to learn from management. He currently works for many wonderful people. His proudest Steven Elliott, is a retired RAF engineer New South Associates, Inc. Chris has an contributions to the eld are his work on and graduate of the University of M.A. degree in Anthropology from the urban sites in Albany, NY, including a Hudders eld’s Arms and Armour University of Florida, and a B.A. degree remarkably well-preserved rum distillery Institute. He is currently undertaking in Anthropology from Wake Forest established during the French and Indian a doctoral research scholarship under University. He has supervised battle eld Wars, a group of row-houses in an Irish- the supervision of Dr. Glenn Foard research on the following engagements: American neighborhood in Sheridan investigating the potential applications for Resaca, GA (US Civil War); Newnan/ Hollow; Albany’s 18th-century waterfront, Forensic Ballistic in 20th century con ict Brown’s Mill, GA (US Civil War); and comparative studies investigating archaeology. His work is primarily focused Blountville, TN (US Civil War); the health indicators and the medicinal use of on the interpretation impact scars, Brodhead Expedition, PA/NY (American heavy metals. trajectory analysis, the ballistic testing of Revolution); Bennington, NY (American target materials and the interpretation of Revolution); Fort Donelson, TN (US Civil Carl Drexler, is a Research Assistant recovered projectiles. ese are being used War); and Credit Island, IA (War of 1812). Professor with the University of Arkansas to challenge existing narratives within a Chris is a co-founder and instructor of and heads the Arkansas Archeological modern battle eld setting. Steve is due to the continuing education class, Advanced Survey’s research station in Magnolia. complete his studies in September 2019. Metal Detecting for the Archaeologist.
Angela Rae Duhaime, M.A., received Tomas Englund, is a third-year Ph.D. Manuel Fernández-Götz, Ph.D., is her master’s degree in Psychology from student in archaeology at the Maritime Reader in Archaeology at the University Central Connecticut State University and Archaeological Research Institute of Edinburgh and winner of the Philip her bachelor’s degree in Sociology and (MARIS) at Södertörn University. In the Leverhulme Prize. He has authored Applied Social Relations from Eastern ongoing dissertation work, he makes a more than 150 publications on Iron Age Connecticut State University. She also has critical review of the battle at Baggensstäket societies in Central and Western Europe, a graduate certi cate from the UCONN (1719) based on the archaeological results. the archaeology of identities, and the Community Medicine and Health Center He started his career as an archaeologist archaeology of the Roman conquest. Key in Addiction Science. She is currently by studying ancient forti cations through publications include the monographs 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 43 Identity and Power: e Transformation Indian. He once had the honor of bearing of battle eld sites through metal detector of Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul the Olympic torch. He resides on Oneida survey, con ict archaeology, working (Amsterdam University Press 2014), and Territory with his wife, the singer Joanne with descendant communities, and the the edited volumes Eurasia at the Dawn of Shenandoah. interpretation of battle eld landscapes. History: Urbanization and Social Change He recently completed the survey, analysis (Cambridge University Press 2016) and David Givens, M.A., with more than 20 and reporting for the Revolutionary War Con ict Archaeology: Materialities of years of archaeological experience, David era Battle of Fort Anne (Battle Hill). Collective Violence from Prehistory to now serves as a Senior Sta Archaeologist Late Antiquity (Routledge 2018). He has at Jamestown Rediscovery and is directing William A. Griswold, Ph.D., RPA, directed eldwork in Germany, Spain and the eldwork at the Angela Site. He currently serves as the Northeast Region’s Scotland. received a Bachelors’ degree from Virginia ARPA Coordinator for the National Park Commonwealth University and a Masters Service. He has been with the NPS in Ben Ford, is currently involved with in Cultural Anthropology, Historical various archaeological positions since the Indiana University of Pennsylvania Anthropology, and Post Medival 1993 and serves as archaeological advisor Applied Archaeology M.A. Program and Archaeology from Leicester University, for 20+ parks within the region. Griswold works in various capacities on the Fort Leicester, UK. was a co-editor with Donald Linebaugh Necessity National Battle eld survey. for the 2016 book e Saratoga Campaign: Ford is the Chair of the Anthropology David Goldstein, is an Anthropologist Uncovering an Embattled Landscape and Department and the project principal working for the National Park Service in the (2012) book Saugus Iron Works, the investigator. the Northeast Region. He is trained in Roland W. Robbins Excavations, 1948- ethnobotany, archaeology, and human 1953. María Benítez Galán, received her response to climate change. He works Bachelor’s degree in physics and master’s as a community facilitator between Charles Haecker, since 1973 he has been degree in nuclear physics. She wrote Native American Indians and the engaged in archaeological research, her master’s dissertation at the Centro federal government, and has worked in directed survey and excavations, and Superior de Investigaciones cientí cas/ community driven research projects for Section 106 projects along the southern Superior Center of scienti c researches. the past 25 years. As a NPS Urban Fellow, and mid-Atlantic states and in the he spent 2015-17 in Detroit, Michigan southwest. From 1992 to 2000, Charles was Mario Ramírez Galán, Ph.D., is currently building community projects for children a program archaeologist with the National working for the University of Portland and adults that promote healthy open Park Service-Intermountain Region, and as an Adjunct Professor. He has a Ph.D. spaces, support neighborhood vitality, in 2000 was the Archaeologist for the in archaeology and history, with a and recognize cultural resources. He is National Historic Landmarks Program specialization in battle eld archaeology. a Charter Member of the Children and in the NPS Intermountain Region. Since In Spain, he has participated in several Nature Network, and lives with his four retirement in 2016 Charles continues archaeological research projects from children, spouse, and various animals in investigation of Spanish Colonial period dierent periods: pre-Roman, Roman Rumney, NH. con ict sites in New Mexico and is an and Middle Ages. Some of them are instructor for Advanced Metal Detecting very important, like the geophysical Lance Green, Ph.D., an Associate Professor for the Archaeologist (AMDA). survey of the battle of Baecula. He has in the Sociology and Anthropology given lectures in several of the most Department at Wright State University. Casey Hanna, B.A., is a graduate important museums in Spain, like Museo He received an M.A. from the University student in Monmouth University’s Arqueológico Nacional and Museo del of Tennessee, Knoxville, and a Ph.D. from Anthropology program. Her research Ejército. Likewise, he has given lectures in the University of North Carolina at Chapel focuses on educational outreach and the United States (Willamette University, Hill. His research includes investigations advocacy, cemetery studies, and historical Western Oregon University, University of into the Cherokee Removal in North archaeology of the mid-Atlantic region. Portland and Archaeological Institute of Carolina, Shawnee settlements in Ohio America Society). Furthermore, he has during the American Revolutionary War, Les Harrigan, is a Traditional Owner for written dierent research papers about and Union POWs during the American parts of southern Cape York Peninsula battle eld archaeology, museology and Civil War. and the Support Ocer of the Rinyirru heritage management. Aboriginal Corporation, Australia. Elizabeth Gregory, earned a B.A. in Doug George-Kanenti, was born and raised Anthropology and a B.S. in Biological Vincent Harrigan, is a Traditional on the shores of the Kaniatarowanenneh Sciences from the University at Bualo and Owner of the Dikarrba, Balganwarra, (St. Lawrence) River on the Akwesasne began her career with UB Archaeological Dhuppiwarra and Dharrba Warra clans on Mohawk Territory. An award-winning Survey. She completed her Master’s degree the east coast of Cape York Peninsula in writer and journalist, he has served the at SUNY Bualo State in 2015 and shortly Queensland, Australia. Mohawk Nation in numerous capacities, thereaer began working with Hartgen including as a land claims negotiator, a co- Archeological Associates, where she has Stephan Harrison, Ph.D., is a climate founder of Radio CKON, and the editor of quickly established herself as a valued scientist working in the College of Life the news journal Akwesasne Notes. He is member of the team. and Environmental Science at Exeter the author of the books Iroquois Culture University in England. His main research and Commentary and Skywoman: Tales of Brian R. Grills, M.A., serves as a senior is on the response of glaciated mountain the Iroquois. From 1996 to 2002, he was project director in the Public Archaeology systems to climate change and climate a member of the Board of Trustees for Facility at Binghamton University. His change policy. He also has a long- the National Museum of the American research interests include the mapping standing interest in the ways in which 44 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 geomorphological systems interact with Michael Jacobson, Ph.D., previously African origins living in France. He is combat situations. served as a project director in the interested in questions of religion, gender Public Archaeology Facility (PAF) at and sexuality in lm. He is also interested Gabrielle Hartley, obtained her Bachelor’s Binghamton University and is currently in topics related to visual alterity and degrees in Forensic Science and Biology a Research Development Specialist in the postcolonial subjectivity. He published an from the University of New Haven, and Oce of Strategic Research Initiatives article in the Journal of Religion and Film: graduated in 2017. She is currently a Ph.D. at Binghamton University. He continues “From Marseille to Mecca: Reconciling student in the Molecular and Cell Biology to collaborate with PAF on battle eld the Secular and the Religious in Le grand program, University of Connecticut, and community outreach projects. He voyage” ( e Big Trip) (2004). He also Storrs. specializes in historical archaeology, published several lm reviews in e speci cally sites of con ict, Revolutionary French Review Journal such as Nabil Kristen Hartnett-McCann, Ph.D., is a War sites, and landscape archaeology. Ayouch’s Muched Loved, Hicham Lasri’s board certi ed Forensic Anthropologist at C’est eux les chiens, Boris Lojkin’s Hope and the Oce of the Chief Medical Examiner Janene Johnston, she received her Danielle Arbid’s Peur de rien. He has also in Farmington, CT, where she performs Bachelor’s in Anthropology from Eastern published a review of Maazouzi, Djemaa’s forensic anthropological casework and Kentucky University and received her book Le partage des mémoires: la guerre scene response. Prior to her employment Master’s in Historical Archaeology from d’Algérie en littérature, au cinéma et sur le in CT, she was the Assistant Director of the University of West Florida. Her web. Forensic Anthropology at the Oce of primary research interests are in con ict Chief Medical Examiner in New York City. archaeology, plantation archaeology, and Rafael Montalvo Laguna, graduated in While in NYC, Dr. Hartnett-McCann was public archaeology. Her thesis examined History at the University of Alcalá, where active in casework and participated in the the Civil War Battle of Natural Bridge near he studied his postgraduated studies about recent recovery and identi cation eorts Tallahassee, Florida. archaeology, heritage and education. at the World Trade Center. She is also Rafael has pariticpated in the research the consulting forensic anthropologist Chas Jones, is an independent researcher group of Doctor Gómez Pantoja, lecture of for Dutchess County, Rockland County, focusing on European battle elds of the University of Alcalá. is group is focused Suolk County on Long Island as well as 10 and 11th centuries. Aer a career in on roman archaeological sites and the use other counties in New York. In addition to chemistry, he is interested in developing of new technologies applied in the eld of teaching undergraduate classes at Hofstra ways of extracting information from heritage management. He has been part University and casework, Dr. Hartnett- ferrous evidence from battle elds. He is of an excavation in Complutum, El Llano McCann is an appointed member of the based in Oxford, England. de la Horca y Titulcia. His studies focus Crime Scene/Death Investigation Scienti c on preroman and roman archaeological Area Committee (SAC) Anthropology Matthew Kirk, is the Principal Investigator sites from the Iberian Peninsula. At Subcommittee, within the Organization of and part-owner of Hartgen Archeological the present time, Montalvo is part of Scienti c Area Committees (OSAC) under Associates. With 22 years in cultural the research group of Doctor Ramirez the National Institute of Standards and resource management, he has managed Galán of the University of Portland. It is Technology (NIST) as well as the co- hundreds of projects including many of a multidisciplinary group who develop Vice Chair of the Academy Standards Hartgen’s most complex studies. He has archeological studies about the battle eld Board (ASB) Anthropology Consensus worked on a wide variety of precontact of Alcalá la Vieja, a medieval fortress and Body. Her research and applied interests and historic sites. One area of particular its environment. He is a member of Alcalá include the estimation of age and sex interest to him is battle eld and military de Henares World Heritage Advisory from the adult skeleton, taphonomy, blunt archeology. He has conducted studies of Board, who collaborates in the advice and and sharp force trauma, expert witness the King William and King George’s Wars follow-up of the heritage management in testimony, crime scene response, and mass Battle elds, Saratoga Siege Battle eld, this city declared World Heritage Site by disaster preparedness/response. Sacketts Harbor War of 1812 Battle eld, UNESCO. Fishkill Supply Depot, Valley Forge, and Elizabeth Hatte, is the Director of defensive works in the City of Albany. Ti any Lazur, is an undergraduate student Northern Archaeology Consultancies in Mr. Kirk has long been active in the at Eastern Connecticut State University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. local community as a board member and working towards a B.S. in Health Science volunteers with several historical groups, with a concentration in Public Health. Jim Hollister, has a career in museum and regularly engages in a variety of She is in the midst of her internship at education and interpretation which began outreach activities targeting youth and the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & at the Old Manse in Concord, a property the general public. Mr. Kirk’s publications Research Center where her research of the Trustees of Reservations, and at the include “ e Retreat to Victory Woods” focuses on dierent aspects of the Pequot Concord Museum where he presented for e Saratoga Campaign: Uncovering an War and the traumas and community programs from Native American and early Embattled Landscape, edited by William health that resulted from the con icts. colonial settlement to the Revolutionary A. Griswold and Donald W. Linebaugh War, and the 19th century Concord (2016). Peter Leach, is a technical trainer and authors. In 2002, he entered the National archaeology and forensics application Park Service as a park ranger at Minute Yahya Laayouni, is an Associate Professor specialist at Geophysical Survey Systems, Man National Historical Park. He of Arabic and French at Bloomsburg Inc (GSSI). Leach has his B.A. in currently serves as the park’s Education University of Pennsylvania, and lm Anthropology and his MSc in Quaternary Specialist, Historic Weapons Supervisor curator of NYFAF. His research focuses and Climate Studies from University and Living History Coordinator. on the complexity of identity formation of Maine and is currently pursuing his in “French” lms of children of North Ph.D. in Anthropology at the University 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 45 of Connecticut. Formerly employed participate in archaeological research an adjunct lecturer at Schenectady County in the cultural resource management tracing the Chickasaw Migration and Community College and a published industry as a Geoarchaeologist, Leach has seeking the 1541 site of Chicasa, where author and artifact illustrator. worked on four continents specializing Chickasaws hosted and later battled with in archaeological, geomorphic, and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Lieb Brian Mabelitini, is a Ph.D. graduate geophysical surveys with a focus on has also worked successfully with the student in the Department of submerged prehistoric archaeology and public to identify, preserve, and study Anthropology, University of South GIS analysis and predictive modeling. Chickasaw village, burial, and battle eld Carolina. He has over ten years’ experience Leach has a graduate certi cate in GIS. sites as well as artifact collections in in cultural resource management. His the original Chickasaw Homelands of thesis was on a Civil War battery in Florida James B. Legg, is an Archaeologist with the Northeast Mississippi. Several major and has presented his con ict archaeology South Carolina Institute of Archaeology artifact collections have been donated experience at the Society for Historical and Anthropology, and is a material back to Chickasaw Nation through this Archaeology. His dissertation topic will culture expert with a focus on military work. Lieb serves as the Native American focus on the Revolutionary War in South artifacts. With some 40 years’ experience Aairs Liaison Committee Chair for the Carolina. in archaeology, he is widely published in Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Civil War, Revolutionary War, and World and has been president of the Mississippi Marian Mesrobian MacCurdy, Ph.D., War I archaeology. His publications Archaeological Association and the writer, teacher, and singer, is retired include, “Camden: Salvaging Data from a Mississippi Association of Professional professor and former chair of the Heavily Collected Battle eld,” with Steven Archaeologists. Brad and wife, Caroline, Department of Writing at Ithaca College and D. Smith, in Fields of Con ict: Battle eld sons Henry, 10, and Emmett, 7, reside in currently visiting professor in the medical Archaeology from the Roman Empire to Mississippi. humanities program at the University of the Korean War, edited by Douglas Scott, Massachusetts at Amherst and a fellow in Lawrence Babits, and Charles Haecker, Matthew Liebmann, is a Professor in the the University of Massachusetts Institute Potomac Books, 2009. Department of Anthropology at Harvard for Interdisciplinary Studies. She earned University. He is the author of Revolt: An her Ph.D. in Humanities from Syracuse Juan Bautista Leoni, is an Adjunct Archaeological History of Pueblo Resistance University and studied under Jacqueline Researcher for CONICET (National and Revitalization in 17th Century New Rose in Cornell’s School for Criticism Council for Scienti c and Technological Mexico (University of Arizona Press and eory. e article that resulted Investigations), Argentina, he also teaches 2012), and the co-editor (with Uzma from her work at Cornell was published archaeology at the Universidad Nacional Rizvi) of Archaeology and the Postcolonial in Literature and Medicine in 2000. She de Rosario, Argentina, where he has Critique (Altamira Press, 2008) and (with gave the keynote address at the PEN New been the director of its Archaeology Melissa Murphy) of Enduring Conquests: England summit on Writing and Trauma Department. He got his undergraduate Rethinking the Archaeology of Resistance to in November of 2015, and she and Charles degree from Universidad Nacional de Spanish Colonialism in the Americas (SAR Anderson organized a national conference Rosario, Argentina, and his MA and Press, 2011). on Writing and Healing for NCTE in June Ph.D. from Binghamton University- 2002. She has oered writing workshops State University of New York, USA. His David W. Lowe, is a historian and in juvenile detention centers, veterans archaeological research includes both cartographer for the U.S. National Park hospitals, and public schools, as well as prehistoric archaeology in the Andean Service, specializing in military history and for writing professionals, and her work Area (Central Peru and Northwestern engineering. He was a sta historian for has been used in the Columbia University Argentina), and historical archaeology the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Narrative Medicine program. She has (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), (1990-1993) and has since conducted GPS published scholarly articles as well as specializing in con ict archaeology surveys at national battle elds, publishing personal essays, poetry, and three books: (XIXth century military frontier outposts numerous reports and maps of cultural Writing and Healing: Toward an Informed and Argentinean civil war battle elds). resources. Lowe edited for publication Practice, co-edited with Charles Anderson, Meade’s Army: e Private Notebooks e Mind’s Eye: Image and Memory in Brad R. Lieb, is a native of Jackson, of Lt. Col. eodore Lyman (Kent State Writing About Trauma, and Sacred Justice: Mississippi, who grew up in Madison University Press, 2007). e Voices and Legacy of the Armenian County along the old Natchez Trace Operation Nemesis. She has given many near the 1811 Choctaw Agency site, a Adam Luscier, attended eld school at the talks on Operation Nemesis and inter- setting which inspired a lifelong interest University Massachusetts, then moved to generational trauma for Armenian in history, archaeology, and Native Troy New York to study Anthropology communities and colleges and universities Americans. Lieb currently works as and Archeology at the University of in Providence, Detroit, Toronto, New York the Director of Chickasaw Archaeology Albany. Passionate about nature, history City, Boston, etc. for the Chickasaw Nation Heritage and the study of the human past, Adam Preservation Division, and coordinates has excelled as a Project Director at Martijn Manders, is a maritime and archaeological research in collaboration Hartgen Archeological Associates for underwater archaeologist and head of with several regional universities and 22 years. He has discovered a number of the Maritime Programme at the Cultural institutes across the Southeast. eir important archeological sites, including a Heritage Agency of the Netherlands research has resulted in publications 1660s trading post on Van Schaick Island (RCE). e projects within this on the 1736 French-Chickasaw battles in Cohoes NY and the homestead of programme deal with Dutch maritime of Ackia and Ogoula Tchetoka. He also Cornelis Van Buren (Martin Van Buren’s heritage overseas and shared cultural leads the Chickasaw Explorers program great-great-great Grandfather) that was heritage. One of the main projects at this in which Chickasaw college students destroyed by a ood in 1648. Adam is also moment is the research and excavation 46 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 of the East Indiaman (VOC) ship the and Wars, Warsaw-Szczecin, 2017, 197- this project he has focused on applying Rooswijk, o the coast of England. His 213; Oral Testimony and Battle eld Battle eld Archaeology and remote research interests also include underwater Archeology: A Multi-Disciplinary Study sensing techniques to the region. Kevin cultural heritage management on a global of a Ukrainian Ambush from 1945, is the author of several articles and book scale, speci cally on in situ preservation, Preserving Fields of Con ict: Papers from chapters and lead author of all ABPP sedimentation erosion processes and the 2014 Fields of Con ict Conference research projects. monitoring. e latter is strongly and Preservation Workshop, University connected with geophysical research, a of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 2016, Jennifer F. McKinnon, Ph.D., has very important discipline for maritime 199-202; On the Frontier of Europe, not researched and written extensively on archaeologists because it enables them to all Musket Balls were Round, Journal of heritage and con ict sites in the Paci c. explore, monitor and manage underwater Con ict Archaeology, vol. 10, no. 3, 2015, In 2011, she was awarded the Governor’s heritage sites. Within Europe, Martijn 154-176; Nationalism and the Ideological Humanities Award for Preservation of has initiated and worked on several Identities of Svoboda and the Right Sector, CNMI History for the development of the innovative EU projects to develop new e Maidan Uprising, Separatism and “WWII Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle methods and techniques for geophysical Foreign Intervention, Klaus Bachmann of Saipan.” She has served as an expert and underwater research. e results and Igor Lyubashenko eds., Peter Lang for UNESCO in the Paci c writing and contribute to making the Netherlands International Academic Publishers, 2014, contributing to two UNESCO publications one of the leading countries in managing 157-182; Using Munitions and Unit on underwater cultural heritage and maritime heritage and conducting high Frontage: New Evidence about the Russian WWII heritage in the Paci c. quality maritime archaeology research on Main Battleline at Poltava (1709), Fasciculi a professional level. As a maritime heritage Archaeologiae Historicae, Recent Research Col McLennan, Col McLennan is an expert, Martijn has travelled all over the into Medieval and Post Medieval Firearms Elder of the Jangga People of the Central world to cooperate with many countries and Artillery, vol. 25, Polish Academy of Queensland Highlands and the CEO of managing cultural heritage underwater. Science, Lodz, 2012, 67-76. the Jangga Prescribed Body Corporate, He also works for Leiden University Australia. where he teaches maritime archaeology Victor T. Mastone, received a B.A. in at the master’s level, and he trains young History and Anthropology from the Lucy R. McNair, is Associate Professor professionals worldwide, mostly in University of Massachusetts in Boston of English at LaGuardia Community cooperation with organizations like and his M.A. in Anthropology and M.B.A. College, the City University of New York, UNESCO and ICOMOS/ICUCH. Martijn in Arts Administration from the State and co-curator of NYFAF. Her scholarly has a special interest in emphasizing the University of New York at Binghamton. focus is North African literature and lm. social and cultural importance of studying He serves as both the Director and Chief Her literary translations from the French maritime heritage as a source to learn Archaeologist of the Massachusetts Board include Mouloud Feraoun’s Algerian more about our past: ‘Shipwrecks are of Underwater Archaeological Resources. classic, e Poor Man’s Son (University of like time capsules. ey oer us small Vic joined the Board in 1987 as its rst Virginia Press, 2005), Samira Bellil’s inner peepholes, looking into our past. Learning sta archaeologist. He also served as city memoir To Hell and Back (University about this unique heritage and telling Assistant Secretary for Administration of Nebraska Press, 2008), and short the stories which we literally bring to the and Finance for Massachusetts’ Executive works by Laabi, Khabiti, and Jacobiak in surface, help us to understand who we are.’ Oce of Environmental Aairs from SOUFFLES-ANFAS: A Critical Anthology 2000-2004. He is a Visiting Instructor at from the Moroccan Journal of Culture Adrian Mandzy, Ph.D., is Associate Salem State University where he teaches and Politics (Stanford University Press, Professor of History at Morehead State a summer maritime archaeology eld 2015). Her article, “Towards an Ethics of University (Morehead, KY). A Fulbright school. He is Vice President of the North Traumatic Memory: Mouloud Feraoun’s Scholar, Professor Mandzy has spent the American Society for Oceanic History La Cité des roses and Zahia Rahmani’s last twenty years studying former elds of and Vice President of the Massachusetts France, récit d’une enfance” has recently con ict in Europe and the United States. Archaeological Society. Vic was an appeared in the Journal of North African His body of work includes studies of the appointed member and parliamentarian Studies. Siege of Zbarazh (1649) and the Battles of of the Federal Advisory Committee Zboriv (1649), Poltava (1709), Blue Licks on Marine Protected Areas (2008- Ryan K. McNutt, Ph.D., earned his B.Sc. (1782), the Crater at Petersburg (1864), 2011) co-chairing its Cultural Heritage in Anthropology from Middle Tennessee Makivka (1915), Lysonia (1916), Skoliv Resources Working Group. He has been State University in 2006, and his MLitt and (1943) and Kosmach (1945). His most a Guest Investigator with the Woods Hole Ph.D. in Archaeology from the University recent monograph, co-written with Bo Oceanographic Institution. of Glasgow, where he specialized in con ict Knarrstrom and J. P. Nilsson, is Poltava, archaeology. His research interests include Karl XII:s karoliner och stormaktens Kevin McBride, Ph. D., is the Director utilizing technology such as LIDAR and undergang. Professor Mandzy also serves of Research at the Mashantucket Pequot GIS to answer questions about battle eld on the editorial board for the series Museum & Research Center, and and con ict sites, power and dominance in Current Issues in Research, Conservation Associate Professor of Anthropology at the landscape, and the impact of violence and Restoration of Historical Forti cations, the University of Connecticut. Kevin on non-combatants. is includes the (L’viv, Ukriane). Additional recent has worked as the Project Director archaeology of internment and POW publications include: A Hundred Years of the Battle elds of the Pequot War camps, where place becomes transformed of Memory of the Great War in Western project since the project began in 2007. through social interaction into a space Ukraine: Case Studies of the Battle elds Dr. McBride specializes in the Colonial of the dominant and dominated, with at Makivka and Lysonia, e Materiality & Native American Archaeology in landscapes and architecture spatially of Troubled Pasts: Archaeologies of Con ict the Northeast and during the course of arranged in a grammar of control and 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 47 constant observation. of historic information that contributes Colin Partridge, is currently in his second signi cantly to our understanding of the year of Georgia Southern University’s Christine Miskell, aer earning her complicated cultural, social, economic M.A.S.S. program pursuing his Masters Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree and political milieu of New France and in Anthropology. His interests include from the University of Florida, Christine the diversity of stakeholders involved in historical archaeology, the archaeology of went on to earn a Master of Public Health New World exploration and struggles for con ict, and the American Southeast. He in Epidemiology from the University of sovereignty. By considering early modern received his B.A. in Anthropology from the Alabama at Birmingham. She spent ve period primary source material from a University of South Carolina, Columbia years working in the pharmaceutical culturally French perspective, she argues and worked two years as a eld technician industry where she was responsible for that academic translation of imperial in cultural resource management. collecting, tabulating, analyzing and sources may have been too literal and reporting on data from ecacy trials. taken out of its proper period context. Dr. David Passmore, Ph.D., teaches Christine joined SERAC in 2006 and in Naunapper regularly shares her research Geography in the Department of her current role as an Epidemiologist, she at national and international conferences Geography, University of Toronto is responsible for tabulating, analyzing in history and archaeology, and currently Mississauga, Canada and is a founder and reporting data from a variety of local works in research grant administration at member of Con ict Landscapes and regional youth and adult surveys the University of Chicago. Research. His research interests include across the state of Connecticut. Christine con ict archaeology, military geography, has experience with data management Peter Norris, M.A., is an alumni of the environmental change and cultural and analysis using a variety of statistical University of Liverpool. ere, he gained resource management. His current work is programs. the following academic quali cations; B.A. on Second World War landscapes with a (Hons) Ancient History & Archaeology, particular focus on the forests of northwest Greg Mitchell, is the retired Senior M.A. Ancient History. He is currently a Europe. Researcher for NunatuKavut Community board member of the Ordnance Society. Council, Labrador, Canada, and for the Brianna Patterson, she received her past fourteen years has been researching Rachel J. O’Neill is Director of the Bachelor’s in Anthropology from indigenous land uses and the ethno- Institute for Systems Genomics, Center Lindenwood University in St. Charles, historical background of Southern Inuit. for Genome Innovation. She also serves Missouri and is currently working on her He has authored a number of related as Professor of Genetics and Genomics Master’s in Historical Archaeology at the papers and is co-author of the land in the Department of Molecular and Cell University of West Florida. Her primary claims document, entitled, “Unveiling Biology at the University of Connecticut, research interests are con ict archaeology, NunatuKavut: Describing the Lands and Storrs. French colonialism, and public People of South/Central Labrador.” He archaeology. Brianna’s thesis investigates lives at Gillams, NL, Canada. Matthew Palus, Ph.D., is a Senior the 1862 Confederate raid in Pensacola, Archeologist with e Ottery Group. He Florida. David Naumec, Senior Military holds a doctoral degree from Columbia Historian & Archaeologist. David has University (2010) and a Master of Applied Gediminas Petrauskas, Ph.D., is a worked with Battle elds of the Pequot Anthropology degree from the University modern con ict archaeologist and War since 2007. He completed a B.A. of Maryland College Park (2000). He museologist at the National Museum of from University of Connecticut in Public has been an archeologist in the Middle Lithuania. In 2017, he acquired Ph.D. History, a Master’s Degree in History & Atlantic region for nearly 20 years, in History at Vilnius University. His Museum studies from Tus University focusing on historical sites pertaining to research is focused on the archaeology of and is currently a Doctoral Candidate at urbanization and modern infrastructure, Lithuanian Partisan War (1944–1953), as Clark University in Worcester, MA where post-Emancipation African American well as medieval cremation practices in he specializes in early American history. life, and military sites. He is an Adjunct the South-East Baltic. Since 2010, he has David currently assists with historical Assistant Professor at the University of conducted eld research of Anti-Soviet research, the interpretation of battle eld Maryland. partisan bunkers, battle elds, and partisan events, material culture research and courier homesteads in Lithuania. archaeological excavations. Colin Parkman, Colin Parkman graduated from the Ohio State University Jacklyn Rogers, is a recent graduate of Linda Naunapper, Ph.D., is an in 2008 with a BA in Anthropology, where Dickinson College where she earned a anthropological archaeologist, specializing he focused on bioarchaeology and forensic B.A. in archaeology and history. is in the time period bridging the historic anthropology. In 2011, he graduated from project was started as part of a senior year and prehistoric periods in the Great the University of Bradford with an MSc in internship with PKSOI at the U.S. Army Lakes region USA (AD 1600-1780). Human osteology and palaeopathology, War College in Carlisle, PA. Her dissertation project centered upon his dissertation was on the use of cadaver analysis of prehistoric/pre Columbian dogs to locate mass graves on elds of Bill Rose, has a degree in organic ceramic vessels recovered from a site con ict. In 2014 he began his Ph.D. at chemistry from Brown University and an located on what was the western frontier the University of Hudders eld titled M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School. of New France, but her more recent Experimental ring, and analysis of He is a former ocer in the U.S. Navy and research interests have evolved towards impacted 17th-18th century lead bullets. retired entrepreneur. He concentrated on developing a broader, global historic From 2011- 2018 he has worked on buying mid-market companies needing context within which to situate the site multiple battle eld surveys in North turn-around attention using private equity and its culture history. Delving into the America, England and Belgium. capital. His current interests involve archives, she has tapped into a wealth acting as a lead volunteer for a nationally 48 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 recognized organization delivering care to ranging from Paleo Indian campsites to various human rights organizations in El Veterans suering Post Traumatic Stress Archaic structures, from early ancestral Salvador, Croatia, Rwanda, Cyprus, Iraq, and Traumatic Brain Injuries. He also puebloan pit houses to classic period and on an animal welfare case in Canada. delivers lectures on strategy, particularly petroglyph sites and pueblo villages, and naval strategy, throughout the northeast. from Spanish contact/colonial sites to the Robert A. Selig, Ph.D., is a historical is interest led him to study the issues historic red light district in downtown consultant who received his Ph.D. in and social pressures leading to the Albuquerque. His current research history from the Universität Würzburg in outbreak of the American Revolution in interests are the transition from foraging Germany in 1988. He is a specialist on the Massachusetts. As a result of those eorts, to horticulture, and the contact period in role of French forces under the comte de he was a prime mover in the investigations the American southwest. He is Adjunct Rochambeau during the American War related to the Parker’s Revenge Associate Professor of archaeology at the of Independence and serves as project Archaeology Project. He has received the Department of Anthropology, University historian to the National Park Service for the Director’s Partnership Award from the of New Mexico. Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary National Park Service. He continues to Route National Historic Trail Project. pursue con ict archaeology investigations André Schürger, studied archaeology of the For this project he researched and wrote at numerous sites around the country. Roman provinces and history in Cologne surveys and resource inventories for the (Germany) and essaloniki (Greece) and nine states and the District of Columbia Achim Rost, Ph.D., has studied Prehistoric was awarded Magister Artium in 1997. through which American and French Archaeology, History of Art and Since then he worked as eld archaeologist forces marched in 1781 and 1782. He also Ethnology at the University of Göttingen and eld director on sites in Germany serves as Project Historian for numerous where he got his doctor’s degree (1988) and Austria. Recently he excavated a American Battle eld Protection Program with a dissertation about the development 2nd World War forced labor camp from projects such as the “Battle of Princeton,” of settlements from late palaeolithic until Messerschmitt near Augsburg. From 2006 “Battle of Green Spring and Spencer’s late antiquity in a mountainous region. to 2012, he became project manager of Ordinary,” the “Paoli Massacre,” “Battle of In the early 1990s he organized the rst the ‘Lützen-Project’, a battle eld research the Clouds,” “Battle of Red Bank,” “Battle large exhibition about nds and results of project on the irty-Years-War Battle of of Bennington,” “Battle of Hubbardton,” investigations at the ancient battle eld of Lützen. is project led to a Ph.D. thesis. and the “Battle of Brandywine.” Kalkriese. For more than 15 years he has He was awarded Ph.D. in 2015. been working on methodological aspects Philip L. Shiman, Ph.D., is a historian of battle eld archaeology. As a research Douglas D. Scott, Ph.D., retired in 2006 whose primary interest has been fellow at Osnabrück University he was from the National Park Service aer more military engineering of all periods, but responsible for a project to investigate the than 30 years of with the Department of especially focusing on the evolution of con ict landscape at Kalkriese. the Interior, his last position was as Great eld forti cations during the American Plains Team Leader, Park Programs, Civil War. During the 1980s, Dr. Shiman Srishti Sadhir, is a third-year Honors Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, invested six summers as a seasonal student at the University of Connecticut Nebraska. He is currently a Visiting interpreter at Petersburg National completing a double major in Anthropology Research Scientist at Colorado Mesa Battle eld, where he designed and oversaw and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. University and maintains an aliation the construction of a full-scale replica Her research experience encompasses with the Department of Anthropology, of the Union siege line that the park still faunal analysis in the Zooarchaeology University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Doug maintains as a permanent exhibit. In 1992 Lab for her Honors thesis project and received his Ph.D. in 1977 in Anthropology he cofounded the Civil War Forti cation musket ball impact analysis in the North from the University of Colorado, Boulder. Study Group, a nonpro t organization American Archaeology Lab. With a broad He has worked throughout the Great Plains dedicated to promoting the interpretation interest in archaeology and biological and Rocky Mountain West on a variety of and preservation of Civil War earthworks. anthropology, Srishti hopes to continue archeological projects. Doug specializes During his career he has lectured in public her research interests into graduate in 19th century military sites archeology and professional military forums and studies and a professional career. Srishti and forensic archeology. He is particularly participated in numerous engineering- is also Vice President of Native American noted for his expertise in battle eld related living history demonstrations. Cultural Programs and the Anthropology archeology and rearms identi cation He has been described as the “Master of Mentor for e Major Experience (TME) having worked on more than 60 battle eld the Gabion.” Although in his other life he at UConn. She was named a Babbidge sites, including Palo Alto, Sand Creek, Big studied the history of modern military Scholar in March of 2018. Hole, Bear Paw, Wilson’s Creek, Pea Ridge, technology for the US Department of Centralia, and Santiago de Cuba. He was Defense, he has recently shied his career Graciela Scaraa, is an undergraduate awarded the Department of the Interior’s emphasis to cultural resource management student at Universidad Nacional de Distinguished Service Award in 2002 and battle eld archaeology. Dr. Shiman Rosario, Argentina. She is involved in for his innovative research in battle eld holds degrees in history – a B.A. from Yale historical archaeological research of XIXth archeology that started with his work at College and a Ph.D. from Duke University. century military frontier sites in Buenos the Little Bighorn Battle eld National Aires Province, Argentina. Monument. His 2013 book Uncovering Dan Sivilich, is a battle eld archaeologist History, on the archaeology of the Little with more than 30 years in the eld. He Matthew F. Schmader, Ph.D., has Bighorn battle, has received several book has conducted numerous battle eld worked for 39 years in southwestern of the year awards. Doug has also been excavations both in the US and abroad. archaeology, principally in the middle involved with human rights and forensic He is well known for the Sivilich Formula Rio Grande valley. He has worked on sites investigations since the early 1990s. He which is used worldwide to calculate the of virtually every cultural time period, has worked with the United Nations and original diameters of non-spherical musket 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 49 balls based on their weight. He is the include warfare and internment during of experience throughout the Southeast, author of the book Musket Ball and Small the 20th century. Her thesis work focuses Middle Atlantic, and Northeast. He holds Shot Identi cation: A Guide. He has written on indigenous studies in Saipan, and the a bachelor’s degree in Anthropology from numerous articles on Revolutionary War- paper to be presented at the Fields of Wake Forest University, and a master’s era historical archaeology. Con ict Conference are extensions of this degree in Applied Anthropology from research. the University of South Florida. Lyle is a Michelle Sivilich, received her Ph.D. from frequent speaker on various archeological the University of South Florida where she Julia Steele, grew up near Washington topics to community organizations as well studied the role standardized education Crossing, PA, and developed an early as at professional conferences. His research ocers received at the Military Academy interest in the American Revolution interests include cemetery preservation, at West Point, NY played on the outcome which expanded to the Civil War aer military archeology, and colonial town of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). family trips to Gettysburg. At the start of development. is is the rst time large numbers of her professional career she recorded and ocers who were West Point trained assessed WWII and Cold War sites in Mark Axel Tveskov, Ph.D., is a Professor were put in the eld during combat. Since Alaska. She joined the U. S. National Park of Anthropology at Southern Oregon Florida was unlike any environment Service Northeast Region Archeology University, and is interested in historical they had trained for, this unknown Program in 1994 and worked on Civil War memory, colonialism, and con ict environment hampered their ability to era projects at Petersburg, Gettysburg, archaeology. His current research focuses conduct successful operations. In addition Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania and Cold on the Rogue River War of the early 1850s to her research with the Seminole Wars, she Harbor. She was part of a ve year research in southern Oregon. Tveskov is co-host has over 15 years’ experience in a variety project at Valley Forge, which lead to of the monthly Jeerson Public Radio of archaeological settings ranging from reinterpretation of signi cant aspects of the program Underground History and is 17th century Maryland’s rst Capital of encampment. She served as archaeologist a member of the Governor of Oregon’s St. Mary’s City, to Revolutionary War sites for other Virginia parks and is now Chief State Advisory Committee on Historic throughout the Northeast United States, of Resource Management at Petersburg. Preservation. He received his B.A. and to omas Jeerson’s home of Monticello. Steele has a B.A. in Anthropology M.A. from the University of Connecticut She also received her M.S. from Indiana from the University of Pennsylvania and his Ph.D., from the University of State University studying molecular and a masters in Anthropology from Oregon. archaeology and used a novel approach Binghamton University. She has to genetic ngerprinting to assess levels contributed publications, grey literature Yves Ubelmann, is an architect who of relatedness within cemeteries which and presentations on military archaeology graduated from the architecture school of relates to the changing cultural practices and other archaeology topics. Versailles in 2006. From 2006 to 2010, Yves regarding the cemetery layout in the mid- Ubelmann has worked as an independent 1800s. Diana S. Tamburini, is a researcher and architect in Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, and professor at the Universidad Nacional Pakistan, focusing on the survey, study and Steven D. Smith, Ph.D., is the Director of de Rosario, Argentina. She obtained the interpretation of archaeological sites. the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology her undergraduate degree from the In this context, he has developed since and Anthropology, at the University of Universidad Nacional de Rosario, where 2009 a new approach to photogrammetry South Carolina. He has over 40 years’ she also is a doctoral candidate at present. for the survey of archaeological sites. From experience in historical archaeology She carries out research in historical 2010 to 2011 he has worked as a specialist largely focused on con ict archaeology, archaeology of XIXth century military engineer in the joint center Microso widely publishes on the topic, and teaches frontier sites in Buenos Aires Province, Research INRIA, with the IT department Con ict Archaeology ANTH 535 in Argentina. of the ENS (Ecole Normale Supérieure) for the USC Department of Anthropology. the development and use of 3D digitization Steve hosted the 2014 Fields of Con ict Sarah Taylor, is currently in the third year tools based on recent photogrammetric Conference in Columbia, South Carolina of her Ph.D. and plans to have submitted reconstruction algorithms. In 2013, he and is the editor of Preserving Fields of her thesis by September 2018. Her Ph.D. cofounded Iconem, a company specialized Con ict: Papers From the 2014 Fields has been supervised by Dr. Glenn Foard in the 3D digitization of world heritage of Con ict Conference and Preservation at the University of Hudders eld and with sites, using aerial and terrestrial data Workshop, SCIAA, and the American funding from the Heritage Consortium. capture techniques. Based in Paris, Battle eld Protection Program, 2016. She presented a poster at the 2016 Fields ICONEM now operates in 21 countries of Con ict Conference in Dublin and for UNESCO, the Aga Khan Trust for Stephanie Soder, is currently enrolled was part of the team that organized the Culture, museums (Louvre, British in the Maritime Studies Graduate Hudders eld Postgraduate Fields of Museum), universities (MIT, Sorbonne) Program at East Carolina University. Con ict Conference in 2017. Prior to and governments (Oman, Afghanistan). She received my Bachelor’s degree in starting her Ph.D. at Hudders eld, She did ICONEM has produced over 250 digital Criminal Justice with a concentrated a masters in Medieval History at Durham copies of monuments and sites worldwide, minor in Anthropology from York University and a bachelor’s degree at with a focus on Syria Palmyra, Crac des College of Pennsylvania. Aer completing Cardi University in Medieval History Chevaliers, Iraq, Afghanistan, and also an underwater research expedition in and Archaeology. Sudan, Libya, and Greece. Cambodia and bioarchaeology digs in Ireland and Belize, she decided to focus Lyle C. Torp, is the Managing Director Jaime Ullinger is an Associate Professor on maritime archaeology, where she of e Ottery Group, a Maryland-based of Anthropology at Quinnipiac University completed maritime projects in Bermuda cultural resource management rm who specializes in bioarchaeology and and North Carolina. Her research interests established in 1998. He has over 25 years dental anthropology. 50 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 E. Smith Umland, is a graduate of continues to research native colonial was subsequently promoted to Assistant Wheaton College and looking to pursue con ict in both the UK and New England; Professor. His research focuses on warfare a masters and eventually a Ph.D. in and is working on several publications, in early colonial America. In 2014, Anthropology, speci cally in cultural including a book version of her Ph.D. Oklahoma University Press published heritage preservation. She became research – ‘Archaeological Landscapes of LTC Warren’s Connecticut Unscathed: interested in researching Native American Con ict in Twelh-century Gwynedd.’ Victory in the Great Narragansett War, museums aer securing an internship Jackie is currently at the University of 1675-1676. e Army War College, where at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum Connecticut where she serves as NAGPRA he also served as an Assistant Professor, & Research Center. is eventually Coordinator. recognized Connecticut Unscathed with blossomed into a 50-page undergraduate the Colonel John J. Madigan III Award thesis, which this paper is taken in part Nina M. Versaggi, Ph.D., RPA, is director for best faculty monograph. Routledge from. of the Public Archaeology Facility, a also published his chapter on King Philip’s research center at Binghamton University War and Bacon’s Rebellion in a diplomatic Vincent van der Veen, works at the Vrije in New York. Her research centers and military history handbook. He is Universiteit Amsterdam as a nds liaison on the conduct of Cultural Resource editor and contributor for Drawdown: ocer for PAN: Portable Antiquities of Management in the Northeast, including America’s Way of Postwar with New York the Netherlands. Vincent’s main areas policy review, professional standards, University Press, 2016. His other academic of expertise are the material culture community outreach, and Native interests include the military history of of the Roman period and of late pre- American consultation. Since 2008, she the ancient world and modern military industrial warfare. In this capacity he is has served as co-PI on Revolutionary aairs. His recent article “ e Centurion particularly interested in the distribution War battle eld preservation projects, Mindset and the Army’s Strategic Leader of militaria dating to the Napoleonic focusing on community outreach and Paradigm” in Parameters also earned a period. Alongside this he works at the collaborations with Native Americans. Madigan Award. In addition to over 30 Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen as an academic presentations and lectures, LTC external Ph.D. candidate. Vincent’s thesis James Waller, Ph.D., is Cohen Professor of Warren published “Beyond Emotion: is titled “Mapping the Flavian castra and Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Keene e Epidamnian Aair and Corinthian canabae at Nijmegen. A big data approach State College (NH-US), home to the only Policy, 480-421 BC” in the Ancient History to the analysis of a military community undergraduate major in the eld in the Bulletin in 2003. He currently serves as a and its activities.” Prior to this he worked US. In addition, he serves as Director of strategist and plans chief for a subordinate as a eld archaeologist. Vincent completed Academic Programs for the Auschwitz headquarters to U.S. Cyber Command. both B.A. and M.A. degrees in Classical Institute for Peace and Reconciliation, an Languages at the Radboud Universiteit International NGO dedicated to genocide Michael Whitehead, is currently Nijmegen and in Archaeology at the and atrocity prevention training for involved with the Indiana University of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium). government and security sector ocials Pennsylvania Applied Archaeology MA around the world. Waller is author of Program and worked in various capacities Richard Veit, Ph.D., is Professor Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People on the Fort Necessity National Battle eld of Anthropology and Chair of the Commit Genocide and Mass Killing survey. Whitehead completed his M.A. in Department of History and Anthropology (Oxford, 2nd ed., 2007) and Confronting 2014 and was the eld director throughout at Monmouth University. Dr. Veit is a Evil: Engaging Our Responsibility to the three-year project. North American historical archaeologist Prevent Genocide (Oxford, 2016). His whose research focuses on the Middle current work focuses on trauma, risk, Susanne Wilbers-Rost, Ph.D., has Atlantic Region between the late 17th and resilience in contemporary Northern studied Prehistoric Archaeology, and early 19th centuries. His research Ireland. Palaeoethnobotany and Ethnology at focuses on commemoration, symbolism, the University of Göttingen. She got her vernacular architecture, and military Lynley Wallis, is a Senior Researcher in doctor’s degree (1990) with a dissertation sites archaeology. He has authored or co- the Nulungu Research Institute at the about Germanic horse harnesses. Since authored numerous articles and reviews University of Notre Dame Australia. 1990 she has been working for the and eight books including Digging New Kalkriese Project. Since 2000 she is Jersey’s Past: Historical Archaeology in the Jason Warren, Lieutenant Colonel, head of the Archaeological Department Garden State (Rutgers Press 2002), New Ph.D., is a 1999 West Point graduate, of the “Museum and Park Kalkriese” Jersey Cemeteries and Tombstones History who was commissioned in the Military and responsible for the organization in the Landscape (co-authored by Mark Police Corps. He has served in various and interpretation of excavations and Nonestied, Rutgers Press 2008), and New military assignments including platoon coordination of multidisciplinary studies Jersey: A History of the Garden State (co- leader, battalion logistics ocer, company in Kalkriese. authored with Maxine Lurie, Rutgers commander, and provost marshal. In Press 2012). In 2007, he was the recipient addition to serving for four years in Margaret Watters Wilkes, Ph.D., is of Monmouth University’s distinguished Germany, LTC Warren served in the currently the National Park Service teacher award. He regularly presents on Sinai, Egypt, and Kandahar, Afghanistan, Northeast Region Archaeological topics relating to historical archaeology the latter deployment for which he was Site Management Inventory System and New Jersey history and has been a awarded the Bronze Star Medal. He Coordinator. Dr. Wilkes has worked in TED speaker. studied military history at Ohio State CRM, geophysical survey equipment University, and returned to teach military manufacturing, the development of the Jacqueline Veninger, Ph.D., received her history at West Point from 2009-2012. Visual and Spatial technology Center at Ph.D. in con ict archaeology from the While teaching at West Point, Ohio State the University of Birmingham, UK, and University of Exeter (UK) in 2015. She awarded LTC Warren the Ph.D., and he was the President of Visual Environment 2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 51 Solutions, LLC. She specializes in Guo Yanli, Ph.D., Master tutor, author, Province Bureau of Cultural Heritage applied non-invasive technologies for Deputy Director of e Museum of Project “ e Research of Museum archaeological landscape mapping, Shaanxi Normal University, and the Exhibition Yijiangdaibu Method.” He interpretation, and visualization. In this Deputy Director of WenBo Talent has also participated in the National role she has led survey missions in the Training Demonstration of the State Social Science Fund Project “ e study United States and internationally including Administration of Cultural Heritage. He of military Archaeology,” the National work in Central and South America, graduated from the Graduate School of Social Science Fund Project “ e study Africa, and Europe. Dr. Wilkes is a Trustee Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, of the ethnic interaction between Shang for the Massachusetts Archaeological majoring in the teaching and research of and Qin Dynasties,” the National Social Society and was a member of the Millis, museology and archaeology and has taught Science Fund “ e comprehensive study MA Historical Commission. Dr. Wilkes is postgraduate and undergraduate students. of the group of Shang Dynasty bronze the recipient of the U.S Department of the He teaches Introduction to Museums, in the Chengyang area of Shaanxi,” the Interior National Park Service Director’s Overview of Chinese archaeology, Chow National Social Science Fund “A study on Partnership Award for her work as lead Archaeology, Qin and Han Dynasties the path of history development in New archaeologist of the Parker’s Revenge Archaeology, Archaeology eory and China,” and the State Administration of Archaeological Project at the Minute Man Method, Chinese Bronze Weapons Cultural Heritage Project “Research on the National Historical Park. Appreciation, Heritage Appreciation and policies and measures of the social forces Exploration Archaeology. He has resided participating in the personnel training of Megan Willison, is a doctoral candidate at over the National Social Science Fund’s the Museum of cultural relics” and “ e the University of Connecticut. Her research Project “In the Eastern Guanzhong Plain research on the results of cultural relics focuses on how warfare in 17th century of Shang Dynasty archaeological data survey and social service.” southern New England impacted and and research,” the National Social Science continues to impact indigenous and Euro- Fund Project “Research of Shang Dynasty Larry Zimmerman, Ph.D., is a Professor American relations of power as viewed bronze weapons,” the State Administration of Anthropology and Museum Studies at through site settlement patterns, material of Cultural Heritage Project “Museum Indiana University-Purdue University, culture usage, and memorialization. Management Personnel Training Indianapolis, USA. Teaching System Research,” the Shaanxi
52 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 FINAL PAPER PROCEDURES
International Fields of Conflict Conference, Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
Full Paper Title in Title Case (Font: Arial 18 bold)
First Author Smith1, Second Author Smith2 and Third Author. Smith3 1 Full address of first author, including affiliation and email 2 Full address of second author, including affiliation and email 3 Full address of third author, including affiliation and email (use Times New Roman 10 typeface for author’s Affiliation)
ABSTRACT
The conference proceedings will be published in an electronic format. The full paper file must be written in compliance with these instructions. The author is asked to submit the paper in Microsoft Word and saved with the author’s full name “Last, first.” The abstract must not exceed 500 words, in English, should appear on the top of the first page, after the title of the paper in chapter titled "Abstract" (without chapter number), after the names of the authors and the contact information of the corresponding author.
Key Words: Maximum 6 Key words.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is expected that authors will submit carefully written and proofread material. Spelling and grammatical errors, as well as language usage problems, are not acceptable in the final submission. There is no strict limitation to the number of pages, but it is suggested that the paper length should not exceed 6000 words. Papers should clearly describe the background of the subject, the authors work, including the methods used, and concluding discussion on the importance of the work. Papers are to be prepared in English (British or American). Technical terms should be explained. Acronyms should be written out at their first appearance.
2. SUBMITTING THE PAPER
The Full paper has to be submitted electronically by e-mail to the following addresses: [email protected] and it should be submitted no later than August 15, 2018 5:00PM.
3. PAPER FORMAT
The uniform outlook will help the reader to follow the proceedings. This can be obtained most easily if authors use this template file to construct their papers. Please note the following details: all text paragraphs should be single spaced, with first line intended by 10 mm (0.4 inch). Double spacing should only be used before and after headings and subheadings as shown in this example. Position and style of headings and subheadings should follow this example. No spaces should be placed between paragraphs. Please do not change any of the above mentioned page, paragraph and font settings.
3.1. Fonts
Papers should use 12-point Times New Roman font. The styles available are bold, italic and underlined. It is recommended that text in figures is not smaller than 10-point font size.
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 53
1
3.2. Tables and Figures
Figure captions and table headings should be sufficient to explain the figure or table without needing to refer to the text. Figures and tables not cited in the text should not be presented. Styles Heading Table and Caption Figure are available in this template for tables and figures. The following is the example for Table 1.
Table 1 Title of Example Table 20 Story 30 Story Standard Error 3 Uniform ELF SRSS Uniform ELF SRSS 3 Modes Modes Displacement 29.53 44.58 41.05 23.81 27.4 43.6 40.87 20.65 Drift 60.4 60.92 60.47 38.24 60.91 63.83 63.53 26.19
Tables and figures should be placed close after their first reference in the text. All figures and tables should be numbered with Arabic numerals. Table headings should be above the tables. Figure captions should be centred below the figures. Minimum figures’ resolution: 150dpi.
Figure 1: 30 Floor Building’s Drift Ratios Percent
REFERENCES
List of references must follow Chicago Manuel of Style
FOC POSTER PROCEDURE 2018
Posters must be 4 feet (height) x 8 feet (wide), and it is requested that text be double spaced. Graphs, charts, and relevant images are encouraged. Please display title and author clearly at the top of the poster. You are responsible for printing your poster and your own mounting supplies: double sided tape and putty, and electricity will not be provided. Time spent with posters is not required, but interacting with the audience to answer questions and encourage further discussion is highly encouraged.
2 54 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 THE INTERNATIONAL FIELDS OF CONFLICT CONFERENCE DINNER
Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center
Saturday, September 29, 2018 5 - 6 pm Cocktail Hour 7 - 9 pm Dinner
Hors d’oeuvres Wild Rice Fritters Quahog Fritters Smoked Salmon Bites Cheese Board with Fruit
Soup Bread Quahog Chowder Butternut Squash Autumn Succotash Corn cakes with Cranberry Chutney
Salad Dandelion greens salad with sun chokes, pears, red pepper, black berries, & purple onion Mixed eld greens, vine ripened tomatoes, cucumber, orange pepper, topped with cranberry vinaigrette, & salted toasted pumpkin seeds
Entrée Seafood Stew Stripe bass, shrimp, scallops, mussels, little necks, & re roasted tomatoes Venison Roast With Beach plum reduction Stu ed Squash Wild rice blend, beans, walnuts, sun ower seeds, dried cranberries, scallion, sun chokes
Sides Dessert Garlicky Green Beans Sassafras Sorbet Butternut Squash Cranberry Pear Crisp Oven Roasted Potatoes Peach Shortcake ree Sisters Rice
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 55 AIRPORTS • DIRECTIONS
For your convenience here is a list of the closest major airports, along with directions from them to the Mashantucket Pequot Museum & Research Center should you need them. For further directions visit http://www.pequotmuseum.org/MuseumInfo.aspx.
Bradley International Airport (BDL), Windsor Locks, CT 1 hour & 12 minutes, 64.0 miles Follow Route 2 East, take Exit 28 South to I-395 South. From I-395 South, take Exit 79A to Route 2A East, crossing the Mohegan-Pequot Bridge. Turn left on Route 12. Take the first right onto Route 2A East. Follow Route 2A to Route 2. Turn right onto Route 2 East. Stay on Route 2 and take the Route 214 exit. At the Foxwoods Boulevard light, go straight, drive 3/10 mile to third light (including Foxwoods Blvd. light), turn right onto Pequot Trail. The Public Safety Building is on the left. Continue until you reach the Museum parking lot on the left.
John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Queens, NY 2 hours & 32 minutes, 141 miles From NYC/New Haven: Follow I-95 North, take Exit 92. Turn left onto Route 2 West. Stay on Route 2 West for 8 miles. Take the Foxwoods Boulevard exit; then move to the left lane for Route 214 West. At the Foxwoods Boulevard light, go straight, drive 3/10 mile to third light (including Foxwoods Blvd. light), turn right onto Pequot Trail. The Public Safety Building is on the left. Continue until you reach the Museum parking lot on the left.
T. F. Green Airport (TFG), Warwick, Rhode Island 47 minutes, 43.9 miles From Rhode Island and Points North: Follow I-95 South to Exit 92. At the exit, go to the second stop light and turn right onto Route 2 West. Stay on Route 2 West for 8 miles. Take the Foxwoods Boulevard exit; then move to the left lane for Route 214 West. At the Foxwoods Boulevard light, go straight, drive 3/10 mile to third light (including Foxwoods Blvd. light), turn right onto Pequot Trail. The Public Safety Building is on the left. Continue until you reach the Museum parking lot on the left.
Logan International Airport (BOS), Boston, MA 1 hour & 45 minutes, 104 miles From Worcester: Take I-395 South to Exit 85 in Connecticut. Go straight to the second traffic light and turn left onto Route 164 South. Follow Route 164 to the end, approximately 7 miles. Turn left onto Route 2 East. Stay on Route 2 and take the Foxwoods Boulevard exit; then move to the left lane for Route 214 West. At the Foxwoods Boulevard light, go straight, drive 3/10 mile to third light (including Foxwoods Blvd. light), turn right onto Pequot Trail. The Public Safety Building is on the left. Continue until you reach the Museum parking lot on the left.
56 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 HOTEL ACCOMODATIONS
Great Cedar Hotel 39 Norwich, Westerly Road, Ledyard, CT 06339
Rates: Single/double $129.00 per night Wednesday 9/26/18-Thursday 9/27/2018 and $199.00 per night Friday 9/28/2018.
Please be advised of additional taxes. Cut off reservation date is Wednesday September 5, 2018 5:00 p.m. Individuals are responsible for their own room, MPT Occupancy Tax, applicable Resort Fee and incidental charges upon departure.
Registrations link: Mashantucket Pequot Museum Room Block
Hilton Garden Inn Preston Casino Area, 5 Watson Road, Preston, CT
Rates: Single/double $129.00 per night Wednesday 9/26/18-Thursday 9/27/2018, and $199.00 per night Friday 9/28/2018 and $239.00 Saturday 9/29/2018.
Please be advised of additional taxes. Cut off reservation date is August 27, 2018 5:00. Individuals are responsible for their own room, Occupancy Tax, applicable Resort Fee and incidental charges upon departure.
Registrations link: Mashantucket Pequot Museum Room Block
Belissimo Grande Hotel 411 A & B Norwich Westerly Road, North Stonington, CT 06359
Rates: 9/26/18 Wednesday $89.00 plus tax and fee’s- $118.45, 9/27/18 Thursday $89.00 plus tax and fee’s- $118.45, 9/28/18 Friday $149.00 plus tax and fee’s-$187.45 9/29/18, Saturday $229.00 plus tax and fee’s-$279.45
Please be advised of additional taxes. Cut off reservation date is August 27, 2018 5:00. Individuals are responsible for their own room, Occupancy Tax, applicable Resort Fee and incidental charges upon departure.
Fields of Conflict Lodging as the group booking codeFOCL.
Registrations link: Mashantucket Pequot Museum Room Block
Other area hotels:
The Fox Tower at Foxwoods, 240 Fox Tower Drive, Ledyard Center, CT
Grand Pequot Tower at Foxwoods, 350 Trolley Lane Boulevard, Ledyard Center, CT
Two Trees Inn, 240 Indiantown Road, Ledyard, CT
2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 57 NOTES
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58 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 NOTES
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2018 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 59 NOTES
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60 \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018 Archaeologist David Naumec
Archaeologist Kevin McBride and Detectorist George Pecia
Detectorist Mike Horen and Archaeologists Kevin McBride and Ashley Bissonnette iv \ FOC CONFERENCE \ 2018