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Colonial Saratoga War and Peace on the Borderlands of Early America

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Colonial Saratoga War and Peace on the Borderlands of Early America National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Northeast Region History Program COLONIAL SARATOGA WAR AND PEACE ON THE BORDERLANDS OF EARLY AMERICA DAVID L. PRESTON HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY PRESENTED TO SARATOGA NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS/ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE COLONIAL SARATOGA WAR AND PEACE ON THE BORDERLANDS OF EARLY AMERICA HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY DAVID L. PRESTON PROFESSOR OF HISTORY THE CITADEL PRESENTED TO SARATOGA NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS/NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 2018 COLONIAL SARA TOGA: War and Peace on theBorderlands of Early America HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY David L. Preston U.S. Departmentof the Interior NationalP ark Service/ In Partnershipwith the Organizationo f American Historians NortheastRegion History Program September2018 Recommended: Cover image: “Hudson River from Albany to Fort Edward, shewing the situation of the several Posts between those places, 1757,” Huntington Library, HM 15409. Huntington Library permission/no known restrictions: https://www.huntington.org/library-rights-permissions 3/26/2019 Disclaimer: The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of this author and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. Shaun Eyring Date Chief, Cultural Resources NortheastRegion Date ational Historical Park TABLE OF CONTENTS Maps, Tables, and Illustrations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � vii Abbreviations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ix Timeline of Events on the Saratoga Borderlands � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xi Preface � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xvii Acknowledgments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �xxi Chapter One A Borderland World: French, Native, and Anglo-Dutch Paths to Saratoga, 1609–1745 � � � � � �1 Native Paths to Saratoga � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 French Paths to Saratoga � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 17 Anglo-Dutch Paths to Saratoga � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 28 Chapter Two A Borderland Destroyed: Saratoga during King George’s War, 1745–1748 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 49 Chapter Three A Borderland Conquered: Saratoga during the French & Indian War, 1754 –1763 � � � � � � � � � 89 The Destruction of Hoosick, 1754 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 92 The Crown Point Expedition of 1755 and the Origins of Fort Hardy � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 94 Lord Loudoun and the Transformation of Saratoga � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 101 The Construction of Fort Hardy, 1756–1757 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 111 New Discoveries: The Fort Hardy Maps, 1757 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 117 The 1758 and 1759 Campaigns and the Conquest of New France � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 124 Raiders and Rangers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 128 Conclusion: A Borderland Conquered � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 132 Epilogue: Toward 1777 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 137 Bibliography Archival and Manuscript Collections � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 145 Interviews � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 148 Contemporary Newspapers � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 148 Published Sources � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 148 Secondary Sources � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 153 v MAPS, TABLES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1�1� Colonel Philip Schuyler (1695–1745), by Nehemiah Partridge, ca� 1720–1725, New-York Historical Society, Bequest of Philip Schuyler, Obj� # 1915�9� Figure 1�2� Painting, miniature, Saint-Luc de La Corne, Anonyme – Anonymous, 1750–1761, 4�5 x 3�4 cm, M22334, McCord Museum, Montréal, Canada� Figure 1�3� John Trumbull, Captain Joseph Lewis or Louis, of the Oneida Indians, ca� 1785–1786, pencil sketch, Yale University Art Gallery� Figure 1�4� Map: The Borderlands of Colonial Saratoga, 1609–1775� Figure 1�5� Detail, Carte du lac Champlain avec les rivières depuis le fort de Chambly dans la Nouvelle France jusques à Orange ville de la Nouvelle Angleterre, ca� 1720– 1730, Bibliothèque nationale de France� Figure 1�6� Carte du lac Champlain avec les rivières depuis le fort de Chambly dans la Nouvelle France jusques à Orange ville de la Nouvelle Angleterre dressée sur divers mémoires, [ca� 1720–1730], Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département Cartes et plans, GE DD-2987, Collection d’Anville, #8682� Figure 1�7� Carte du Lac Champlain depuis le fort Chambly jusqu’au fort Saint frederic Levée Par le Sr Anger arpenteur du Roy en 1732 fait à Quebec le 10 Octobre 1748 Signé de Lery, Archives de Montréal, Fonds A�-Léo Leymarie, BM005-3-D01-P022� Figure 2�1� Governor George Clinton Letter, September 26, 1747, George Clinton Papers, WLCL� Table 2�1� Anglo-Dutch Colonists Captured at Saratoga, November 1745� Table 2�2� French Records of African Slaves Captured at Saratoga, November 1745� Table 3�1� Volume of Wagon Traffic from Saratoga, 1756� Figure 3�1� “Hudson River from Albany to Fort Edward, shewing the situation of the several Posts between those places, 1757,” Huntington Library, HM 15409� Figure 3�2� Detail, Posts from Stillwater to Lake George, from 1757 Map, Huntington Library, HM 15409� vii Maps, Tables, and Illustrations Figure 3�3� Patrick Mackellar, “A Sketch of the lower Falls and Ferry of Saratoga, thir- ty-six miles above Albany and nine miles below Fort Edward,” 1756, Huntington Manuscripts 15458, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�4� “Plan, and Sections of Fort-George� Built upon Hudson’s River: A�D� 1757,” Huntington Manuscripts 15454, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�5� “Plan of the Post at Saratoga in 1757,” MPH 1/5/6, The National Archives (U�K�), Kew� Figure 3�6� George Bartman, “A Rough Sketch of the Lines at Saratoga [ca� 1757],” Huntington Manuscripts 15438, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�7� Detail, George Bartman, “A Rough Sketch of the Lines at Saratoga [ca� 1757],” Huntington Manuscripts 15438, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�8� “Plan, Elevation, and Section of the Barracks at Fort-George, which contains 140 Men,” ca� 1757, Huntington Manuscripts 15457, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�9� Elevation of the Store-house built at Fort-George: which contains 2500 barrels of Flower,” ca� 1757, Huntington Manuscripts 15456, Huntington Library, San Marino, California� Figure 3�10� “Prospect of Saratogha, 1757” Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D�C�, <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647074/>� Figure 3�11� Robert Leake, “A General Account of Provisions Delivered by the Crown to the Contractors,” October 24, 1757, LO 6790, Huntington Library� viii Maps, Tables, and Illustrations ABBREVIATIONS AIHA Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, N�Y� AN Archives Nationales (Paris) BRH Bulletin des recherches historiques CO Colonial Office Papers, TNA DCB Dictionary of Canadian Biography DHNY E� B� O’Callaghan, Documentary History of the State of New-York� 4 vols� Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co�, 1849–1851� DRCHNY E� B� O’Callaghan, and Berthold Fernow, eds� Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (14 vols�, Albany: Weed, Parsons, and Co�, 1855) ERAR A� J� F� Van Laer, ed�, Early Records of the City and County of Albany and Colony of Rensselaerswyck, trans� Jonathan Pearson, 4 vols� (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1869–1919) HL Huntington Library, San Marino, Ca� LAC Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa LO Lord Loudoun Papers, Huntington Library LOC Library of Congress, Washington, D�C� MANA Stanley Pargellis, Military Affairs in North America, 1748–1765 (1936) NYCM New York Council Minutes, 1668–1783 (A1895), NYSA� NYCMSS New York Colonial Manuscripts, 1638–1800 (A1894), NYSA� NYHS New-York Historical Society, New York City NYPL New York Public Library, New York City NYSA New York State Archives, Albany, N�Y� NYSL New York State Library, Albany, N�Y� ix Abbreviations SWJP James Sullivan et� al�, eds�
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