DOCSLIB.ORG

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE REFINEMENT of COVELLITE Rature Method Basedon 32 Samplingpoints Within (2) Least-Squaresrefinement in P6g/Mnc of Aniso- the Crystal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE REFINEMENT of COVELLITE Rature Method Basedon 32 Samplingpoints Within (2) Least-Squaresrefinement in P6g/Mnc of Aniso- the Crystal American Mineralogist, Volume61, pages996-1N0, 1976 Crystalstructure refinement of covellite HowlRn T. EveNs,Jr. nNoJunrrH A. KonNenr U.S. GeologicalSuruey, Reston, Virginia 22092 Abstract : The crystal structure of covellite CuS [space Erotp P6"/mmc, a : 3.7938(5)4,c 16.341(l)Al hasbeen refined using 237 counter-measured (MoKa) intensitydata. The classic structureis confirmed,and z parametersdetermined as 0.10733(9) for Cu(2)and 0.06337(15) for S(2).The S-S bond lengthin the S, group is 2.071(4)A,and the Cu-S bond lengthsare 2.1905(2)Ain the CuSgtriangle and 2.302(1)(3 bonds),2.331(2)A in the CuSrtetrahedron. Introduction ville, Colorado,was of good quality as shownby precessionphotographs. The crystalstructure of covellite,CuS, was solved heavily exposed Buerger photographs 44 yearsago by Oftedal(1932). This structuredeter- These showed no trace of any Bragg glideplane mination is one of the classicsof the early era of reflectionsthat would violatethe c charac- group (or structureanalysis, and the atomic arrangement,al- teristicof the space P6r/mmc P6"mc),origi- (1932). though somewhatunusual from a crystal chemical nally determinedby Oftedal The cell dimen- point of view, has beenillustrated without further sions have been determinedby Potter and Evans powder questionin countlessreviews and textbookssince (1976)by least-squaresanalysis of datato be a : 3.7938(5)A, : 16.341(l)4.The crystal used for that time. The first attemptto verify the structureby " more modernmethods was madeby Berry (1954). intensitymeasurement was a plate0.021 by 0.045cm profiles His study,based on trial anderror adjustments using in.sizeand 0.00029cm thick. The scanning two-dimensionalphotographic data, served mainly to wereirregular and of varyingwidth, indicatingsome peaks confirm Oftedal's proposed structure and also, to texturaldistortions in the crystal,but no were (plus some degree,to refine it. Bernardini and Catani more than lo in width. With 0-?i scansof 3o (1968)again reaffirmedthe structure,but usedin- the a;a2 dispersion),the full integratedintensity tensitiesmeasured from powderpatterns, so that our was effectivelyregistered for all reflections. knowledgeof the structuraldetails was not much All data within one half of the Ewald spherede- furtheradvanced. Recently, Kalbskopf et al. (1975) finedapproximately by (sin 0)/X= 1.0,including re- havereported a newdetermination based on a least- flectionsforbidden by the spacegroup, were meas- squaresanalysis of 59 photographic single-crystal ured using Nb-filtered MoKa radiation.In fact, data, giving for the first time reliable interatomic becausein this structureall atomsare confined to x, y distancesin the structure.Unaware of the work of parametersof 0, 0; l/3, 2/3; and2/3, l/3, the glide Kalbskopfe t al. we havealso redetermined the struc- plane extinguishesnot only the reflectionshhl with I , : ture of covellite, using 367 independentcounter- odd, but all hkl reflectionswith h-k 3n and / odd. measureddata. Our resultsare in substantialagree- None of thesereflections showed significant intensity ment,but becauseof theimproved data we havebeen in the measurement,and they have beenomitted able to attain a considerablyhigher degreeof accu- from further consideration.The total of 1958reflec- racy. tions (276 forbidden)were reduced by averaging,af: ter corrections were applied, to 367 independent structureamplitudes. Of these,237 had valuesgreater Experimentalprocedure than 4o on the basis of counting statistics(that is, Covellitegrows in soft, thin, hexagonalplates, so wereabove a thresholdof lfl :6.2) andwere used for that it is difficult to find a crystalsufficiently free of the structureanalysis. distortionfor reliableintensity measurements. The Absorptioncorrections were applied to theindivid- crystalwe used,taken from a speclmentrom Summit- ually measuredreflections using a Gaussianquad- 996 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF COVELLITE rature method basedon 32 samplingpoints within (2) Least-squaresrefinement in P6g/mnc of aniso- the crystal. The calculated linear absorption tropic atoms, based on 2 structure and 8 thermal coefficient,determined from the atomicmass absorp- parameters,led to R : 0.054. tion coefficientsof Cromerand Liberman(1970), is 1i (3) Least-squaresrefinem ent in P6smcof isotropic : 165.7cm-l. The transmissionfactors A varied atoms,based on 5 structureand 6 thermal parame- from 0.35 to 0.95;75 percentof the measuredreflec- ters.led to R = 0.058. tionshad ,{ between0.85 and 0.95.Of the 367inde- (4) Leas-squaresrefinement in P6gmcof aniso- pendent reflections,six equivalentreflections were tropic atoms, basedon 5 structureand 12 thermal measuredfor 162.and threewere measured for 190. parameters,led to R = 0.045. Thus, a good internal estimateof the standarderror The convergenceof runs I and 2 was smooth and of lFl couldbe obtained.The overall standard devia- secure.lt is surprisingto find a considerableimprove- tion is 2.4.Thedeviations were uniformly distributed, ment in R in proceedingfrom 2 to 4, but in runs3 and showedno systematicvariation with lFl, andno con- 4 the convergenceis unstable.In both the last two nectionwith low I values,or any other parameter. cases,correlation factors greater than 0.95 wereen- On this basis.a minimum R factor of about 0.05 countered,especially between the z parametersof the could be expected.Comparison of the final F(obs) atom pairsoriginally related by the mirror plane.The and F(calc) values showed no evidenceof the in- noncentrosymmetricanalysis therefore cannot be fluenceof secondaryextinction, and no correction consideredreliable. has beenmade for it. Kalbskopf et al. (1975)suspected that the prolate The scattering functions for neutral atoms of anisotropyof thermalmotion for Cu(l) whichthey Doyle and Turner(196E) and the dispersioncorrec- found. and which hasalso been observed by us (Fig. tionsof Cromerand Liberman ( 1970)were used in all l), might actuallyrepresent a configurationin which structurefactor calculations.All computationswere this atom is at the vertex of a low pyramid with executedon an IBM370/155 computer using the respectto the coordinatedtriangle of S(2)atoms. We XRAY72 systemedited by J. M. Stewartand co- alsotested this hypothesis,as they did, by placingl/2 workersat the Universityof Maryland. Cu(l) at 0.24, and continuingleast-squares analysis. Keeping this atom isotropic, 2 cyclesled to U = Structureanalysis 0.029(1)A'and z = 0.2435(5)(0.106(8)A from the The structureanalysis began with Oftedal'sstruc- mirror plane)for Cu(l), with a correlationratio of ture and proceededthrough four stages: 0.64for these2 parameters.In 2 cyclesof anisotropic (l) Least-squaresrefinement in P6s/mmcof iso- refinement,this atom attained Ugs = 0.031(13)A'and tropic atoms, basedon 2 variable structureand 4 z : 0.2439(34),with a correlationratio of 0.991.In thermal parameters,led to a conventionalreliability both refinementsthe reliability factor remainedat R factor R = 0.072. : 0.054. Ftc. I . Stereoscopicview of thecrystal structure of covellite.The thermalellipsoids repres€ntthe 50 percentprobability surfaces. H. T EVANS, JR AND J, A KONNERT Thus, no valid evidencecan be found for either a The S, group has a bond strengthof 2.071(4)A, noncentrosymmetricor a split-atommodel for cov- whichis considerablyshorter than those found in the ellite. The resultsof the anisotropiccentrosymmetric polymorphsof FeS, by Brostigenand Kjekshus refinement(stage 2 above)must therefore be accepted (1969),2.177(4) in pyrite and2.223(3)Ain marcasite; as the best.These results are shownin TableI com- but longer than2.042(3)Aand 2.032(3)Aas found in paredwith theparameters obtained in previousstruc- patroniteV(Sr)z by Allmann et al. (1964).The aver- ture studies.The structurefactors are listed in Table2 agebond lengthin the Cu(2)tetrahedron is 2.3124, (in thistable, lF(obs)l is left blankwhen its measured slightlylarger than the bestrecent determinations of valuefalls below4o). tetrahedralCu-S bond lengths:2.302(l)A in chal- The possibilityof the existenceof a homometric copyrite (Hall and Stewart, 1973)and 2.305Ain structure(that is, a whollydifferent arrangement that cubanite(average; Szymanski, 1974). The Cu(l)-S(2) would yield the samestructure amplitudes as the clas- bond lengthsof 2.1905(2)Ain the triangulargroup sic structure)was explored. Many differentarrange- areconsiderably less than the averagevalue of2.33A mentsboth in P6r/mmcand P6rmc, especially those found for 24 independentCuS, triangles in low- basedon close-packedsulfur atoms in ABCACB chalcociteby Evans(1971). stacking,were tested without finding any that would The thermalmotion is markedlyvarying and ani- giveR(0.3. Sucha possibilitynow seemsextremely sotropicfor the differentatoms in covellite(Fig. l), unlikely. but the anisotropyis largelywhat would be expected, A AF Fourier synthesiscontaining 85 terms for consideringthe surroundings of eachatom. Thus, the which(sin 0)/\<0.4 showedmaxima of 0.4 electron triangularCu(l) has a largemotion along c [rz : (e)/A' at I/3,2/3,0.145and 0,3 (e)/As at 2/3, l/2, 0.203(4)Al,where no other atomsoffer any serious l/4; alsominima of -0.6 (e)/A' at2/3,l/3,O.fi 6 and restraint[the nearestCu(2) atom is at a distanceof -0.4 (e)/As at 0, 0, l/4. Thereappears to beno rea- 3.199(1)Al.Along the Cu-S bond rz : 0.170(3)A, sonableexplanation for thesefeatures, and we regard similar to the correspondingmotion of S(l), for them as spurious. whichu = 0.160(2)4.The S(l) atom,held betweer, The crystalstructure two Cu(2) atoms, has r.t : 0.100(6)Aalong these
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biofilm Adhesion on the Sulfide Mineral Bornite & Implications for Astrobiology
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2019 BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY Margaret M. Wilson University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wilson, Margaret M., "BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY" (2019). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1517. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1517 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY BY MARGARET M. WILSON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE THESIS OF MARGARET M. WILSON APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Dawn Cardace José Amador Roxanne Beinart Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 ABSTRACT We present research observing and documenting the model organism, Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens), building biofilm on a natural mineral substrate composed largely of bornite (Cu5FeS4), a copper-iron sulfide mineral, with closely intergrown regions of covellite (CuS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). In examining biofilm establishment on sulfide minerals, we investigate a potential habitable niche for microorganisms in extraterrestrial sites. Geochemical microenvironments on Earth and in the lab can also serve as analogs for important extraterrestrial sites, such as sheltered, subsurface microenvironments on Mars.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington State Minerals Checklist
    Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite
    [Show full text]
  • PHASE CHANGES in Cu 2 S AS a FUNCTION of TEMPERATURE 1. PREVIOUS WORK
    National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 364, Solid State Chemistry, Proceedings of 5th Materials Research Symposium, issued July 1972. PHASE CHANGES IN cu2s AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE William R. Cook, Jr. Gould Inc., Gould Laboratories Cleveland, Ohio 44108 and Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 The high-'copper phase boundary of Cu2s deviates from stoichiometry above 300 °C, first becoming copper deficient, then above - 1075 °C becoming copper rich. The maximum copper content occurs at the monotectic temperature of 1104 °C. The strong effect of oxygen on the hexagonal-cubic transition in Cu2S was confirmed; the transition was also found to be sensi­ tive to the type of pretreatment of the material. The high temperature tetragonal "Cu1 96s" phase is stable between Cu1.95S and Cu2s, at temperatures of - 90° to - 140 °C. The tr~nsi­ tion to the tetragonal phase is extremely sluggish. The true composition of djurleite has been shown to be approximately Cu1.93S. The phases near the chalcocite-digenite region of the diagram may be grouped into those with hexagonal close packing of sulfur atoms and those with cubic close packing of sulfurs. This is important in understanding rates of transformation among the various phases that occur in this area of the diagram. Key words: Chalcocite; cu2s; digenite; djurleite; nonstoichiometry; phase relations. 1. PREVIOUS WORK Fairly thorough explorations of the Cu-s phase diagram between cu2s and cu1• ,shave been made by a number of previous workers [1-8] 1 The resulting diagram may be seen in figure 1 taken largely from Roseboom [7] and Riu [8].
    [Show full text]
  • SAMPLING for COBALT at BORNITE, ALASKA Ry Jeffrey Y
    SAMPLING FOR COBALT AT BORNITE, ALASKA Ry Jeffrey Y. Foley %*9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Field Report - January, l9R 11. S. nEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR James S. Watt, Secretary BuREAuA OF MINES TARLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................ Economic Geoloqy............................................ Work by the Bureau.......................................... Recommendations............................................. References ................................................. SAMDLING FOR cnRALT AT RORNITE, ALASKA By Jeffrey Y. Foley 1 INTRODIICTION Carrollite (CuCo2S4), an ore mineral of cobalt, is known to occur in the Ruby Creek Cu-Zn deposit at Bornite (fig. 1), in northwest Alaska (5, q). 2 The events leading to mineralization of dolomite and argillite units and the distribution of these rocks in the Bornite district are among the topics covered in a PhD discertation by M. W. Hitzman of Stan- ford University (in progress). Hitzman has identified carkollite and cobaltiferous pyrite at numerous intersections in diamond drill core belonging to Rear Creek Mining Corporation, the present operator of the property. A brief visit to collect bulk samples was made by a Bureau geologist in July, 19R1, as part of the Alaska Critical Metals program. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Hitzman summarizes the distribution of cobalt as occurring: 1) "...as late cobaltiferous pyrite rims on earlier formed pyrite grains in pyritiferous, ferroan dolo- mite with disseminated sphalerite and massive siderite" 2) "...as carrollite in high-grade hornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite ore at higher levels in the deposit." 1 Geologist, U.S. Rureau of Mines, Alaska Field Operations Center, Fairbanks. 2 Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the end oF this report. ; - > . ; - .>;. -1,; g n/ /- ; > @ ! - xi #."R-: 3 2 vl- t 7:'i "^.
    [Show full text]
  • Raman Spectroscopic Identification of Surface Species in the Leaching Of
    Raman spectroscopic identification of surface species in group. The strongest Raman band at »293 cm-1 (Fig. 1) has the leaching of chalcopyrite been assigned to the symmetric anion A1 mode [4]. It is Gretel Parker, Gregory A. Hope and Ronald Woods clear from this figure that the other phases presented can School of Science Griffith University be distinguished from chalcopyrite using Raman Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia spectroscopy. Figure 2 shows selected spectra from a surface of It is well established that the rate of metal leaching chalcopyrite from Mt Isa that contained negligible from chalcopyrite [CuFeS2] under ambient conditions is inclusions of other mineral phases. Also presented is a limited due to the formation of a metal-deficient spectrum after the mineral has been immersed for one week passivating layer, the composition and formation of which in a solution containing 0.03 mol dm-3 iron(III) sulfate and -3 is poorly understood. Cyclic voltammograms in acid 0.1 mol dm H2SO4 (Eh = 0.865V vs SHE). It can be seen solution display an anodic pre-wave during which the that a covellite-like phase has developed on the mineral passivating film is formed [1]. Raman spectroscopy surface. Elemental sulfur was also detected in experiments provides an in situ method of identifying surface species, with chalcopyrite samples that contained inclusions of and spatial variations in composition, provided the layer is other minerals. Mapping showed that surface product >5 nm, the detection limit of this technique. The formation was heterogeneous and could be related to integration of Raman spectroscopy with potentiodynamic initial surface structure and composition of the sample.
    [Show full text]
  • AN OCCURRENCE of the ASSEMBLAOE, NATIVE SULFTIR- COVELLITE-"Cu5 6,Fe,S6.S"", AUCANQUILCHA, CHILE Aran H. Cr-Etr&L
    THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL. 55, MAY_JUNE, 1970 AN OCCURRENCE OF THE ASSEMBLAOE, NATIVE SULFTIR- COVELLITE-"Cu5 6,Fe,S6.s"",AUCANQUILCHA, CHILE AraN H. Cr-etr<, Deportmentof GeologicalSciences, Queen's U niaersity, Kingston, Ontario. AssrnA.cr A mineral with composition near to CusFeSo has been found associated with nzrtive sulfur and covellite in the volcanic sulfur deposit at Aucanquilcha. Microprobe, optical and X-ray powder diffraction data match closell'a previously reported occurrence at Nu- kundamu, Fiji. Comparison with equilibrium synthesis by Kullerud and others indir:ates formation in the temperature range 434-482"C. INrnonucrroN Electron probe microanalysis(L6vy, 1967; Sillitoe and Clark, lt69) of naturally-occurring,supergene idaite has cast considerabledoub1. on the equation (Frenzel, 1959) of this not uncommon sulfi.de with the phaseof generalformula Cur r,Fe,Se.s,1 (Yund, 1963), which has h,een synthesizedby Merwin and Lombard (1937), Roseboomand Kullerud (1958),and Yund and Kullerud (1966).Idaite has been shown to have the compositionCurFeSa, or Cu3FeS4-,1orrd there is as yet no evidence of solid solution in nature between this and more copper-rich comF,osi- tions.The well-establishedX-ray powder data"(a:3.772 A; c:11.1U A; Yund, 1963) for hexagonal Cus.s,Fe"Se.r, are only with difficulty recon- ciled with thoseof natural idaite (Frenzel,1959, 1963), and L6vy (I\167) has suggestedthat Frenzel'soriginal powder data may be adequately fitted to a stannite-type,tetragonal cell. A differencein crystal struclure between thesephases is supported by the dissimilar reflectivity disper- sion profi.lesof natural idaite (L6vy, 1967; Sillitoe and Clark, 1969) and the synthetic "Cu5FeS6"of Merwin and l-ombard (1937; inLlvy, 1967).
    [Show full text]
  • Article Benefited from Construc- Ering the Co Dominance Among the Non-Cu Metal Atoms, Tive Reviews by Jochen Schlüter and Taras Panikorovskii
    Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 637–644, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-637-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Gobelinite, the Co analogue of ktenasite from Cap Garonne, France, and Eisenzecher Zug, Germany Stuart J. Mills1, Uwe Kolitsch2,3, Georges Favreau4, William D. Birch1, Valérie Galea-Clolus5, and Johannes Markus Henrich6 1Geosciences, Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia 2Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abt., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria 3Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria 4independent researcher: 421 Avenue Jean Monnet, 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France 5independent researcher: 10 rue Combe Noire, 83210 Solliès-Toucas, France 6independent researcher: Im Großen Garten 3, 57548 Kirchen (Sieg), Germany Correspondence: Stuart J. Mills ([email protected]) Received: 13 April 2020 – Revised: 30 October 2020 – Accepted: 9 November 2020 – Published: 25 November 2020 Abstract. The new mineral gobelinite, ideally CoCu4.SO4/2.OH/6 6H2O, is a new member of the ktenasite group and the Co analogue of ktenasite, ZnCu4.SO4/2.OH/6 6H2O.q It occurs at Cap Garonne (CG), Var, France (type locality), and Eisenzecher Zug (EZ), Siegerland, Northq Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (cotype lo- cality). The mineral forms pale green, bluish green or greyish green, blocky to thin, lath-like crystals. They are transparent and non-fluorescent, with a vitreous, sometimes also pearly, lustre and a white streak having a pale-green cast. Mohs hardness is about 2.5. The crystals are brittle with an irregular fracture; no cleav- age was observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment-Hosted Copper Deposits of the World: Deposit Models and Database
    Sediment-Hosted Copper Deposits of the World: Deposit Models and Database By Dennis P. Cox1, David A. Lindsey2 Donald A. Singer1, Barry C. Moring1, and Michael F. Diggles1 Including: Descriptive Model of Sediment-Hosted Cu 30b.1 by Dennis P. Cox1 Grade and Tonnage Model of Sediment-Hosted Cu by Dennis P. Cox1 and Donald A. Singer1 Descriptive Model of Reduced-Facies Cu 30b.2 By Dennis P. Cox1 Grade and Tonnage Model of Reduced Facies Cu by Dennis P. Cox1 and Donald A. Singer1 Descriptive Model of Redbed Cu 30b.3, by David A. Lindsey2 and Dennis P. Cox1 Grade and Tonnage Model of Redbed Cu by Dennis P. Cox1 and Donald A. Singer1 Descriptive Model of Revett Cu 30b.4, by Dennis P. Cox1 Grade and Tonnage Model of Revett Cu by Dennis P. Cox1 and Donald A. Singer1 Open-File Report 03-107 Version 1.3 2003, revised 2007 Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-107/ Any use of trade, product or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 2 Box 25046, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Introduction This publication contains four descriptive models and four grade-tonnage models for sediment hosted copper deposits. Descriptive models are useful in exploration planning and resource assessment because they enable the user to identify deposits in the field and to identify areas on geologic and geophysical maps where deposits could occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Covellite) Probed by NQR
    Phase transition and anomalous electronic behavior in layered dichalcogenide CuS (covellite) probed by NQR R.R. Gainov 1*, A.V. Dooglav 1, I.N. Pen’kov 2, I.R. Mukhamedshin 1,3, N.N. Mozgova 4, A.V. Evlampiev 1, and I.A. Bryzgalov 5 1 Department of Physics, Magnetic RadioSpectroscopy Laboratory, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008, Russian Federation 2 Department of Geology, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 4/5, 420111, Russian Federation 3 Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 4 Institute of geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry (Russian Academy of Science), Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow 109017, Russian Federation 5 Department of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Vorob’evy gory, 119991, Russian Federation * Corresponding author: tel.: 7-843-2315175; fax.: 7-843-2387201. Electronic address: [email protected] (R.R. Gainov). Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) on copper nuclei has been applied for studies of the electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional low-temperature superconductor CuS (covellite) in the temperature region between 1.47 and 290 K. Two NQR signals corresponding to two non- equivalent sites of copper in the structure, Cu(1) and Cu(2), has been found. The temperature dependences of copper quadrupole frequencies, line-widths and spin-lattice relaxation rates, which so far had never been investigated so precisely for this material, altogether demonstrate the structural phase transition near 55 K, which accompanies transformations of electronic spectrum not typical for simple metals. The analysis of NQR results and their comparison with literature data show that the valence of copper ions at both sites is intermediate in character between monovalent and divalent states with the dominant of the former.
    [Show full text]
  • 149. Crystal Structure of Enargite (Cu3ass4)
    524 [Vol. 9, 149. Crystal Structure of Enargite (Cu3AsS4). By Katsutoshi TAKANE. Institute of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai. (Rec. Nov. 11, 1933. Comm. by S. Kozu, M.I.A., Nov. 13, 1933.) Recently, the crystal structures of copper sulphides such as covellite (CuS), wolfsbergite (CuSbS2), emplectite (CuBiS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and sulvanite (Cu3VS4), have been worked out by different authors. Among these minerals, sulvanite has been grouped in the mineral family to which enargite belongs, because of the similarity in their chemical compositions. However they are different in crystallographic nature, as sulvanite belongs the cubic system of the space group T1d, determined by Pauling and Hultgren, and enargite belongs to the orthor hombic system of the space group V12h,determined by the present author. Symmetry:-According to the morphological studies already made, enargite belongs to the orthorhombic holodedral class, the axial ratio being given as a : b : c=0.8694 : 1 : 0.8308 by Groth and Mieleitner. The Laue photograph taken from (001) shows no objection to taking the crystal as possessing the symmetry of the orthorhombic holodedral class. It is noteworthy that the photograph indicates a pseudohexagonal symmetry, of which a brief discussion has already been written in Japanese. Unit cell:-From three reflection photographs taken by rotation of three mineral rods parallel to [001], [010] and [100] respectively, immersing in the beam of the CuK ray, the distances of the layer lines were measured, and the results are The axial ratio obtained from the above figures is a : b : c=1.7341.7 1.674, which are double the values of a and c given by the goniometric method.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Geochemistry, and Mineralogy of the Ridenour Mine Breccia Pipe, Arizona
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology, Geochemistry, and Mineralogy of the Ridenour Mine Breccia Pipe, Arizona by Karen J. Wenrich1 , Earl R. Verbeek 1 , Hoyt B. Sutphin2 , Peter J. Modreski 1 , Bradley S. Van Gosen 11, and David E. Detra Open-File Report 90-0504 This study was funded by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in cooperation with the Hualapai Tribe. 1990 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. U.S. Geological Survey 2U.S. Pollution Control, Inc. Denver, Colorado Boulder, Colorado CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................... 2 Geology and structure of the Ridenour mine ................................. 5 Structural control of the Ridenour and similar pipes ....................... 7 Mine workings ............................................................. 11 Geochemistry .............................................................. 11 Metals strongly enriched at the Ridenour pipe ......................... 23 Vanadium ......................................................... 23 Silver ........................................................... 30 Copper ........................................................... 30 Gallium .......................................................... 30 Isotopic studies ...................................................... 30 Mineralogy ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]