e asics o AS E E AI y a icia oo e
Wa e amage om um i g eak
E ec icia amage 4 Ai i is coa e ami a io
a e as e
Misgui e e u e coa ‘,,,...... S uc u a c acki g
W A IS AS E ? as e ec o ogy a ec iques wou i a ig e ook. My u ose e e is o e ai w a as I o ouses, as e is mos o e a ee coa sys em o e is a w y i ai s, a o ou i e you o io s ime o gy sum ase , owe a e mo a a was a ie i ea i g wi o ems. oug ou , I assume we o e woo a s i s. e i s wo coa s co ai sa a 0% o you as e is sa agea e i o e (a e a s a ima ai e i is coa is i e a wo s, we e a ki g a ou a c i g a e ai , o em co ai s o agg ega e o i e . e ase coa o as e o i io a e aceme . as a mec a ica a a esi e o o e a : mec a ea i g is a ic e wo make you a as e e . ig o s, ica oug keys, o a e e s um s o as e a we es ecia y, equi e a o o ac ice wo ki g wi e ma oug e s aces e wee a i g s i s a esi e y i e ia s. u I i k you e co i ce a as e is usua y ue o suc io c ea e e wee e woo a a we sa agea e usi g sim e, i e e si e ec iques. E e i as e . you e a ea y a e e ie ce a e o a c as e e , a O ious y, as e ca ai ecause o im e ec io s i ew o e icks o o uc s esc i e i is a ic e may e ma e ia i se , o ecause o s esses i o ai u e o e ews o you. A e as e i g G ossa y a a ea s e s uc u a sys em a su o s i ( ouse ami g, s u s, o age 4 c ea s u co use oca u a y o a o us. a .
E O OUSE OU A 2 C ACKS Hairline cracks are no threat to the integrity of the wall or ceiling, but you'll want to patch them before painting. Open the crack with the point of a can opener or a putty knife, and fill it with spackling compound. Cracks may be cyclical — opening and closing with seasonal variation in humidity which causes the lath to swell and shrink. In that case, it's best to not "spackle" them with rigid plaster. Instead, bed fiberglass tape in joint compound and feather over with more compound. Structural cracks or large cracks usually happen early in the building's life. Dig them out, undercutting slightly to provide a key for the patch plaster. Vacuum out all debris. Patch with the appropriate patching plaster, finish with a layer of compound, sand or sponge, and prime.
a c i g c acks is ime co sum ig . . ca assi g Wall canvas or modern substitutes are used to line plaster walls before they are painted or papered. (Order it through wallpaper stores.) Decorative painters in the past used to canvas walls before stencilling to protect the fancy painting from hairline cracks. You can use it over patched walls or ceilings, as long as the plaster is basically sound. It's a good way to resurface if you've got less-than-perfect a c es, lots of hairline cracks, uneven paint layers, or other minor imperfections. Canvas can't bridge holes or disguise badly uneven patches, however, so do your stabilizing, taping, and patching first. as e was e s Plaster washers, also called repair discs or ceiling buttons, are an old-fashioned fix for pulling sound plaster back up to lath (when the keys have broken), or for pulling plaster and lath hack to the studs or joists. They are used in con- junction with flat-head wood screws or drywall screws, and u i you a e em, ey wo come ack. are subsequently covered with joint compound. They're
Se eme c acks o e a c as e e a a e . e same co e a e a c i g.
30 MARCH/APRIL 1988 use u o secu i g a eas o sou as e e o e you e mo e amage as e ea y. E e owe as e ca e sa e y a c o i g i wi as e was e s. e as e i se mus a e i eg i y — i ca e c um y o so ue o wa e amage. I e as e a a assem y oge e as se a a e om e s uc u e, o g woo sc ews ca e use o go oug e a a i o s u s o ois s. as e was e s may e a o i . We k ow o wo com a ies a wi s i em o you ia mai o e : C a es S . Su y Co., 4 C a es S ., e . O , os o , MA 02 4 as e a io , O o 64, e . O , Ma e ea , MA 0 4 .
A C I G O ES I e mi e o o a ig , a a ea o missi g as e was a c e wi a i io a ee coa as e (mo e o A plaster washer draws cracked plaster to the lath. is a e . A o e me o o a c i g o es a ge a ou i c es squa e is o use ywa as a ase ma e ia , as i e o om o o. is me o is usua y easie o o as e e s — you o a e o uy a mi a owe a i io a as e i g ma e ia s. A eas o a as e a e emo e . e e o e is squa e u so a a ea a c ca e cu om ywa o i e o e. Cu e as e ack o s u s o ois s so you a e some i g o sc ew e y wa o. e ywa mig a e o e s imme o i g i u o e su ace o e su ou i g as e . e ga e wee a c a as e is ea e us ike a S ee ock seam: a e a i is e wi oi com ou . You ca skim e e i e a c wi com ou , oo, i ecessa y o e e i o im a a owe e i is e u e. A a c es, a e c acks, a skimme a eas must e ime e o e ai i g. Washers secure the remaining old plaster around a hole that has sec e o e sc ew gu been patched. A sc ew gu comes i a y o i s a i g o as e was e s a ywa a c es. y e ime you a g ai s i o e ywa , e su ou i g as e wi a e c acke a c um e u e . A e is caug e i e a c wi kee i om ayi g a , A sc ew gu is a e ec ic sc ew i e wi a e ac a e s ee e a co o s e sc ew e . I s as , a e e a us me a ows e e y sc ew o e cou e su k us e ow e su ace o e ywa wi ou eaki g e a e ace. u i s g ea es a a age i a c as e i g is a i a oi s e amme im ac a wou amage agi e as e . a c as e i g e a e a i e o e ywa a c is a c as e i g. o o es ess a ou i c es i iame e , i o o qui e e e wi S uc o i e o a c i g as e , a i is (skim wi oi com ou . a ge o es ow o e a wi o a y equi e ee coa s. o e sc a c a ow coa s, use S uc o i e egu a (USG s e i e gy sum as e o e equi a e . When large chunks of plaster are missing, drywall patches can e o o i is coa is i is ime mi e wi gaugi g he used as a base. as e . ( e e o a e y e ai e a ic e o ow o a c
■■ E O OUSE OU A plaster in the July-August 1986 issue of OHJ ) Remove damaged plaster very carefully. You can't just bang it out unless you were intending to remove the whole wall and whatever is on the other side of it. Cut it with a chisel and pull it away with your hands. using a prybar gently. Anchor salvageable surrounding plaster with wash- ers as described previously. Resecure loose lath to the studs or joists, predrilling to avoid splitting lath. Vacuum out all debris. We suggest installing metal lath over the wood lath before patching with plaster: this makes the patch less likely to fail. I IS COA AI U E Buckling or delamination of the finish coat of plaster is a common problem in old houses. It can occur because of a bad original bond between the brown coat and the finish ai a as e ai u e om wa e e e a io . coat. Problems in the manufacture of the raw materials, or with the on-site mixing, application, or humidity, may have interfered with the chemical reaction that causes the plaster to cure. If failure is limited to small areas, joint compound (the restorer's best friend) can be used. Just be sure to remove all areas of loose finish coat, because it wi fail. If delam- ination is extensive, it makes more sense to replaster the finish coat; call in a plasterer unless you're willing to invest some time in learning the skill yourself. AM WA S, WA E AMAGE Plaster that was merely stained by a short-term water leak in the past can be sealed with shellac or a shellac-based primer. But if the plaster lost its integrity (becoming bowed and crumbly), it probably is unsalvageable. Remove only the damaged section, of course. Anchor edges of remaining sound plaster, and patch. Plaster badly damaged by water effloresces. The dry pow- aw ma e ia s a oo s o e a e. dery bubbles are salts in the plaster brought to the surface by the water. If it's minor, the efflorescence can be brushed away and the plaster sealed with shellac before painting. More often, efflorescence is not a good sign. Water-dam- aged plaster will not hold paint and, worse, it will even- tually fall.
. .S. 4040:• , _ . . -. ,.• E U E I IS EMO A ., , 4C 0" e i ■..... _ .....4 . a ai . W.* 4 _. A " ie. . p s "or 04INW's 0 4, • ..4.■ :i s. A .... ...... Textured wall finishes were popular from about 1920 to .4 64 ,2 :ii 0 the late '30s. They're often attractive, in good shape, and 0.,.....: . .. 4...... 0.... part of the character of the house. Then there's the over- done texture finish, sloppily applied and now failing in
areas, which was part of a "modernization of an older house. If you want to remove this stuff, you're in for a lot of work. Simple scraping with a putty knife or old chisel may remove much of the finish. A rented wallpaper steamer further breaks the bond of texture to original plaster, mak- ing it easier to scrape. If you get most but not quite all of Me a a as ee ie o e woo a o o i e e ia e keyi g it off, skim the wall with joint compound. Two thin coats, o e a c as e . applied at right angles, is best. Warning: A later texture
32 MARCH/APRIL 1988 i is may a e ee a as i c a em o " escue" ai i g as e , a w e you sc a e i o , e u e yi g as e ( i is coa o mo e may come wi it. O we ... e e you k ow ow.
S A I G O E W a i you i you as e cei i g o wa s a e u sa agea e? You a e ee asic o io s o e aceme : ea ee coa as e , ywa , o e ee as e . e a a ages o ea as e a e o aes e ic a ac ica . o i g e se ooks ike as e e o e e ui i g, e mo e im o a a ook is. ywa i a eig ee ce u y ouse ooks a ac o is ic. ea as e as e es i su a i g a sou ea e i g c a ac e is ics, oo. o ismiss e co ce o e aci g as e wi as e u i you ge ices. I you i e i a ace (usua y u a w e e you ca i a as e e , as e may e qui e com e i i e wi ywa . ywa (S ee ock is e usua c oice o o o i you se e a ge e a co ac o . e ma e ia s a e mo u a e s ee s go u quick y wi ess mess a is u io a as e i g. ( a i g akes aw i e, owe e . ess ski is ee e o o a a equa e ywa o a as e , o . O e o e a , o y ea y goo a e s ca make u y i isi e seams. ywa is e ec y a a egu a (c a ac e ess . W a makes a o ouse o is a su e i g. e s u i is way: A S ee ock cei i g i e ki c e o mois u e oo S ee ock o a oom wa s is oo muc o a com omise. u a w o e ouse wi wa s o ew ywa is a e y i e e a ima om e same ouse wi as e wa s. C a sma s i e is s o y i e a e . e ee as e is i e wee . e e, a ea owe e i is coa o as e is a ie o a e a ica e gy sum oa ase. (Some imes a ase coa a i is coa a e a ie o e e gy sum ase. Ge ices oca y e o e a oom wa s a e e io wa s a e wo commo si es o you decide which way to go. as e ai u e ue o wa e .
ai i g e u e i is a wi a e o e sc a e a e a s I e u e yi g as e is sou , a c ise ca e use o sc a e s eame . off u wa e e u e i is .
E O OUSE OU A 33
I A AS E I G G OSSA Y
Note: The terms used in this craft vat): regionally a e um e a e e e ike Sc ee s o ai i ■ Gy sum o as e — Ca ci e gy sum across the country, and have also been altered o i g e su ace. mi e wi 2 o e ce ime y weig , e by changes in technology and the passage of ■ ywa (wa oa , as e oa , S ee ock, sig e o o o o e y e a e co c e e time. The result is that some definitions hate be- gy oa , gy ock — igi , i su a i g oa ases. come as plastic as the materials themselves! o as e ike ma e ia (usua y gy sum , co e e ■ Gy sum Gaugi g as e — A s ecia ma ■ Agg ega e — A mass o g a u a e a ic es, o o si es wi ea y a e . A so, e sys em e ia ma e om gy sum ca e u y ocesse so suc as sa a c us e ock. I as e i g, o wa su aci g usi g is ma e ia . a i se s i a e i i e ime i e a . O e o , agg ega es a e im o a o e su e a e ■ ywa ai — S o , ea y ai wi a ge i is a e o s ake ime o o i e i i ia su a ie as e s i ks u i o m y as i a e s, ea esig e o i s a i g ywa , o e ace a ess i mo a s ike i is i g as e . a wi ou e cesses a wou cause c acki g i e a o coa e o ma imum g i i o • Gy sum ea as e — Gy sum as e 2 o o m c a e s o e c ys a i a io o ca ami g. wi ou Agg ega e, i e e o mi i g wi cium, as i e s o eco omica u oses. ■ ywa Sc ew— i i s y e sc ew as e e Agg ega e a wa e o e o . ig weig agg ega es, suc as e micu i e esig e o owe oo i s a a io o ywa . ■ Gy sum ea y Mi e as e — Gy sum e i e, a a e i c easi g y o u a ecause ■ ea e e ge — e e i g oo simi a o o as e a o i a y mi e a Agg ega e, e o e im o e esi ie cy, i e esis a ce, sou e ce a a e a e s o a s a e ge o cu qui i g o y e a i io o wa e o use. ea e i g, a weig e uc io ey o e o e i g i co e s a s a , s aig i es. ■ Gy sum Woo i e e as e — as e a i io a ma e ia s suc as sa . ■ i is Coa — u e ime, mi e wi a i e com ose o ca ci e gy sum a i e y s e ■ Au oc a e i is ime — ou e y a e Gaugi g Ma e ia (i a ios a gi g om : e woo i e s, use o o uce ase coa s o ime equi i g O soaki g e o e use: i ca e o 2: , use o e e y i i is su ace o a su e io s e g a a ess. Woo i e e mi e o si e a use imme ia e y. Some as as e wa . i e sa ca e a e o a sa e as e as g ea i e esis a ce, i su a i g, a e e s ee a y e S (si g e y a e ime as i is coa . sou ea e i g qua i ies. I is a so a e o wi e e wo ka i i y. as e e a e wi au o s a i a io ue o i s e i i i y, a weig s c a e ime may e ess esis a o e i o me a ■ i is as e — i e, w i e as e ma e om ime u y a ou wo i s as muc as sa e ceme as mois u e (i.e., wa e eaks . a gaugi g as e . ■ i is i g oa — A y . Mo a oa e . Woo i e e as e is s ig y mo e e ■ ase — A y co i uous su ace o w ic as o w ic i is coa ime as e is a mi e . e si e a a sa mi u e, u i s o e e ca e a ie a o w ic i wi c i g. A a a ages make i e ecomme e Sc a c ase mig e a co i uous maso y wa , o Coa o a ki s o a . a o e s uc u a ami g. ■ ai — A ima ai (usua y om ca e o ce ■ ase ea s ( ase sc ee s — Me a s i s, i c u e i sc a c coa mi u es as a mec a a ac e o e a e o e as e i g, a o ica i e . i e a i isio o wo k agai s w e owe i g ■ a wa as e — Gaugi g as e mi e as e a wi e a e o e ges o ase A G E OA wi e i e Agg ega e o o m a ig weig oa s. ase coa as e . So u e a e ames suc ■ ow Coa — e oug ase coa o as e as "S uc o i e." use wi ock a sys ems. Wi me a o woo a sys ems, i is e seco a ica io o we , ase coa as e . S O GE OA ■ ow i g us — i e is e , wa e ca yi g us use o mois e ase coa w i e ■ oa — Su aci g oo co sis i g o a a , wo ki g. s o oa wi a a ge a e, a is g i e ■ Casi g ea — Me a casi g ea s a e some o e e su ace o as e o i oi s a o imes use a ou oo a wi ow o e i gs. ows o im a e u e. A so, e as e i g o ike a woo G ou , ey i ica e e o e e a io i o i g is oo . ick ess o e as e . ■ Gaugi g Ma e ia (gaugi g — A as e a ■ Ca aces — i is coa su ace im e ec io s i i e i e e o o uce ea y s e g a o a s ow u as o ows a e oa i g. cou e ac s i kage e e cies. o i e io ■ Cei i g u o s — See as e Was e s. wo k, commo gaugi g ma e ia s a e Gy sum ■ Co e ea s — Wi e mes wi a igi Gaugi g as e a Kee e s Ceme : o ■ awk — A squa e, ig weig , s ee me a me a s i e use o ou si e co e s. I s a i g ou oo wo k, o a Ceme . a o m wi a e ica ce a a e, om e co e ea um is im o a . ■ G ou — Me a o woo s i s a ou e w ic as e o mo a is a ie o e wa e ges o oo s a wi ows a a e o om wi a owe . o w a s. ese g ou s e kee e as e ■ y a e ime — ime e a e a e ac e same ick ess a o i e a e ge o i o y y a i g co o e amou s o wa e o o s o agai s . Quick ime. wo asic g a es a e a ai a e: ma ■ Gy sum — A a u a y occu i g se ime a y so s y a e ( o co s uc io a i is i g ock, o igi a y mi e om a ge qua ies ea ime ( o as e i g . i is i g imes a e use a is. Gy sum, i i s a u a o m, is ca cium i e i a as e coa s, a a e e mo e , su a e. W e ea e i e ca ci i g ocess, quick o e a e e sio s o Quick ime. ey ■ Co e i e — Wi e mes use o i si e co wa e mo ecu es a e i e o , ea i g a emi ca e ca ego i e i o ee ge e a y es y e s o a oi i g wa s a cei i gs. I kee s y a e o ca cium su a e — e ma e ia com e amou o S aki g ey equi e: co e s om c acki g. mo y k ow as as e o a is. W e mi e Au oc a e — Ca e use imme ia e y a e ■ a y — A oa wi wo a es a a wi wa e agai o use as as e , e ocess mi i g wi wa e . e a o g a e, use o u e e e i g a e e ses a e gy sum ec ys a i es o "se s" y e S — equi es ess a si ee ou s s aig e i g a y o e as e coa s. i o ock ike ca cium su a e. W a is mea s S aki g. ■ e i s oa — A woo oa wi o e o is a as e cu es y a c emica ocess, o y e — equi es 6 o 24 ou s S aki g. wo ai s o u i g i . om e so e, use y yi g, gi i g i s e g a i eg i y. U i • oi Com ou (wa oa com ou , o su aci g e ow Coa a e i as ie 0, o e oug was u e s oo a ou e se ywa com ou , "mu " — A ea y mi e 24 ou s. Sc a c es e y e ai s o i e oo o gy sum as e . A a ou a ime, as e e s e a a io use o i is i g oi s a seams o a esio o e i is Coa . ou a a ime gy sum com i a io ga e i ywa co s uc io . ecause i is ea y ■ o s — Sma as e s o s ace as e em e es o o wo s: e wo ka i i y o mi e a easy o a y, owe , a sa , i is gui es u i g wo k o wa s a cei i gs. ey ime wi e quicke cu e o gy sum. wi e y use o a c i g a esu aci g as e .
34 MARCH/APRIL 1988 ■Kee e s Ceme — A i e, ig e si y as ■ as e oa — See ywa . ■Sc ee — as e sc ee s a e i o s o mo e a o uces a e y a , i e e u e i is ■ o a Ceme —A e eme y s o g y a , e e e , um e , o o e wise ue o coa . I is o uce y ea i g c us e gy sum au ic ceme , o uce y u i g si ica, wa s o cei i gs, w ic se e as gui e i es o ock u i ea y a e wa e o c ys a i a io ime, a a umi a (a a umi um o i e i a ki a s aig e ge o u o w e o i g e is i e o , a e a i g a um as a acce i o e o o io s. o a Ceme as e su ace. ey a e usua y e e o wo coa s e a o . I eca es as , Kee e s Ceme a is use w e e a e a a o ig y wa e o as e , a e su e a e ew wo k is ma y uses, es ecia y i mou e a cas wo k. esis a su ace is equi e , suc as i wa k i s ea a a u i o m ick ess. Me a sc ee s, ike o ay i is a s ecia y o uc (a somew a e ige a o s a co s o age s aces, oi e s, G ou s. o i e a gui e o as e wo k. a e e i com osi io a se om ays a o e s owe s, a aseme s aces. I s ou , ow ■S ee ock — U.S. Gy sum s a e ame o i ouse as e i g a a c i g. e e , e e e a ie o e gy sum o uc s, a ywa o uc , ow use ge e ica y ike ■Key — as e a as e e a e oug e suc as gy sum a . o a Ceme as e is "K ee e " a " a Ai s." a ow o e i gs i a a e s o o m keys a so wi e y use i e e io a ica io s. ■S aki g — e ocess o a i g wa e o w ic c ea e a mec a ica o . ■ umice — A a u a y o me o ca ic g ass ime o y a e i i e a a io o mi i g i o ,o. Agg ega e, simi a o u ea ie a e i e. o m a u y. i ,,,A, .A. ■eiam ..,___ umice ca ou e o e i e i mos a i ■S icke — A e i e s aig e ge use o e __,A ca io s, u is ess o u a ecause o i s g ea e e i g we as e . . \ , ,4" ■—,, ■W■ w , w cos (w ic is e esu o i s g ea e weig . ■ S i — e ic ess, as ici y, a wo ka i i y , ■2 ,W .40 _ _ ■ u y — o uc esu i g om mi i g ime o mi e as e . S i " is a a o e i e c a .40,w W—i o 4 a wa e oge e . ec o ogy as g ea y e ac e is ic, u is e e mi e i a ge a y e uce e ime is o e a io akes. a i io a , qua i y o e as e use . as e s wi s i " ,.:Wi i . ■, % • "o ime" u y is Quick ime soake i wa e mi easi y, go o quick y, a s ea a , e A.k.,,,,,, • " ,, o a e e e e io , o e as muc as 2 ays. su i g i ma imum co e age wi mi imum e . .4 , . _. , ■ Mo e y a e imes a e e uce is igu e o . S i is a so e i e as e use as a _,,a,„_.„.■ , ..,■,. „_. A ,,.'-)._,, ,,,- , o 24 ou s a ess. See y a e ime. a esi e e wee , say, a cas as e o ame w, - , w , , ,■ __4,■ _ ., ,■ ■ Quick ime — imes o e a is ocesse , a e cei i g. u o y a e . C emica y, i is ca cium a ■S ack e — Mu a o Co. s a e ame, o e .•-,.. .,.. -,__, ,,,„.„,,, N.,...-- mag esium o i es o me y i i g imes o e use ge e ica y, o a as e ike e a a io o e 00° . o make as e , quick ime mus use i cosme ic e ai wo k, o as a oi Com -www-,. ....■ e s ake wi wa e i a o e a io a se s ou i ew ywa wo k. S ack e is a ai a e . A. . ■,... ,,.... ■A, , , _■., , ■gg o a io e , oi i g eac io . is a a was as a y ow e o ea y mi e , mois com ," ma e a oi a e y e i o uc io o y ou . E A E ME A A a e ime. e i ci a use o s ake quick ■S uc o i e — a e ame o a y mi e , ime o ay is i maso y mo a s. u e i is coa as e e a a io , o e use ■ a — A y o se e a y es o e o a e o a c e ai s. See a wa as e . ases secu e o s uc u a ami g. o yea s, we e ■S ucco — e e m a ie o as e w e i woo e s i s ca e Woo e a co e i g o wa s su e se e y gy e e i is use as a e e io use , u ese a e ee as e is ma e wi ma sum a me a o uc s. Gy sum a a ock a ui i gs. S ucco so y ceme ( a icu a y o a . sa , a a a e oa s wi gy sum co es sa wic e is a , s o g. i e esis o a so e a e , a wa e . O ce cu e , i e wee wo s ee s wea e esis a . See use mos y i ew co s uc io . Me a a s a e a , a as e . o u a o o ew a e ai wo k, a a e ■ a e — I ywa co s uc io , a e o i ee ma u ac u e i ma y (ge e a y i e e g ass s i s a ie , i co u c io wi oi c a gea e o ms, suc as: i a (e a e Com ou , o ei o ce oi s a seams. Tape me a sc ee wi i i g , s ee me a a is usua y 2 i . wi e, a ca e u c ase e (s ee me a wi e o a io s , a wi e a . o a e o o e o a e . ■ ime — ou i imes o e o ma io s o s e mou s, a u a y occu i g ime is ca cium ca o a e, W e ea e , i ecomes ca cium o i e ( Quick ime , a a e wa e is a e i ecomes ca cium y o i e. is ca cium y o i e eac s wi ca o io i e i e ai o e c ea e ca cium ca o a e. EC A GU A OWE OI I G ■Mo a oa — Mi e as e is i i ia y OWE a s e e om e mi i g o o mi i g a o e Mo a oa , o e a a ge e sio o a awk. e mo a oa is usua y a a ge, a O I G E WEE SC EE S iece o smoo , c ea ywoo . ■ e i e — o ca ic g ass w ic , w e as ■ o (S aig e ge — Woo o ig weig oas e , e a s o o uce o y a ic es o me a a e wi s o e a e, o e 6 i . wi e i egu a s a e. e i e is a ig weig Agg e y 4 o 8 . o g. is is e i s oo use i e e i g a s aig e i g a ie as e e ga e o e use wi ca ci e gy sum. e i e is MA GI imes as e ec i e a i su a o as wee g ou s. See S icke . A G E oug y ee OWE sa , a is muc ig e . ■ Sa — A a i io a y use Agg ega e i OWE ■ as e — A y as y co s uc io ma e ia o as e wo k. Sa im o es e s e g a mo a ike co sis e cy, w ic is a ie i a wo ka i i y o as e s. I mus e o ig qua i y ■ owe — A a e , a e oo use o as ic co i io , a a e s i ace a e — c ea , s a , wi ou a m u c emica s o a y, s ea , a smoo as e . owe si es ei g a ie . As a su aci g o e wa s a o ga ic im u i ies, a sc ee e o a u i o m a s a es a wi e y, a a e e e mi e y cei i gs o ui i gs, as e e o es a i e io si e — o i ca cause e ec s. e u ose o w ic e oo is use . co e i g, w i e S ucco e o es a e e io o e. ■Sca i ie — A ake ike oo o a i g u ■ e micu i e — A so , ig mi e a Agg e ■ as e o a is — See Gy sum. ows i sc a c coa s a wi im o e e o ga e ma e om e aye e mi e a mica, a e o sa . e ■ as e Was e s (cei i g u o s — iscs o e wee e Sc a c Coa a e ow Coa . o gy sum as e as a su s i u e s am e s ee me a e o a e wi a ce a ■Sc a c Coa — The i s ase coa u o micu i e as gai e o u a i y o o y o e sc ew o e, esig e o e ai wo k o as e me a o woo a . e we as e is me i o i s e uce weig , u ecause i im a s su s a ia i su a i g qua i ies o as e s wa s a cei i gs. I use, as e was e s e " sc a c e " wi a oom o e oi o a i e oo i g i s a i i e a eas w e e oke Keys a e cause owe o o i e a oug su ace so e e a a ow em o e use as e su ace o come away om e a . aye o ase coa wi s ick o i . s ee co s uc io .
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