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Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces

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Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1991 Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces Maria Isabel G. Beas University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Beas, Maria Isabel G., "Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces" (1991). Theses (Historic Preservation). 395. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Beas, Maria Isabel G. (1991). Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Beas, Maria Isabel G. (1991). Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 'T,' i'&Sim mi> 'm m. i =ir,!t-i^-!vs i )'» \ •.'.i:'-ii-2\c-. fell ;;!•!' UNIVERSITVy PENNSYLVANIA. UBKARIES TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL RENDERS ON EARTHEN SURFACES Maria Isabel G. Beas A THESIS in The Graduate Program in Historic Presen/ation Presented to the faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1991 Frank G.lMatero, Associate Professor 'reservation, Advisor X Samuel Y. Harris, Adjunct Associate Professor Historic Presen/ation, Reader G. De L(i>ag/Professor orX^rcnitec(ure Graduate Group Chairman ^ FINE ARTS 0. '^-11 i'%2,a ( |\) \\ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all I owe many thanks and my gratitude to my advisor. Professor Frank G. Matero, whose active interest, guidance, patience and encouragement made this work possible. I also extend my gratitude to Pascal Odul from CRATerre, and Jeanne Marie Teutonico and Alejandro Alva from ICCROM for their advice and help and to my reader, Samuel Harris for introducing me to the study of architectural materials. Thanks to my friends for being there, and to my family for all their help and support... Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements '" List of Tables v" List of Figures ix List of Photographs x INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: TRADITIONAL RENDERS 4 1.1 Natural Clay Surfaces 5 1.2 Plasters 6 1.2.1 Clay Plaster 1 .2.2 Lime Piaster 1.2.3 Gypsum Plaster 1.3 Slurries 14 1.4 Paints 15 1.4.1 Cementitious Paints 1 .4.2 Organic Binder Paints 1 .4.3 Lime Casein Paints 1.4.4 Limewashes 1.5 Pigments 18 1.5.1 Inorganic Natural Pigments 1.5.1.1 Earth Pigments 1.5.1.2 Rock Mineral Pigments CHAPTER 2: NATURAL AMENDMENTS ON EARTHEN SURFACES 24 2.1 Plant Products 25 2.1.1 Natural Resins, gums and mucilages 2.1.1.1 Agave 2.1.1.2 Arabic Gum 2.1.1.3 Banana 2.1.1.4 Caoutchouc 2.1.1.5 Dammar 2.1.1.6 Locust Bean 2.1.1.7 Manilla 2.1.1.8 Rye Flour 2.1.1.9 Tuna Cactus 2.1.2 Organic Acids 2.1.2.1 Humic Acid 2.1.2.2 Tannic Acid IV 4.2.1.3 Mold Preparation 4.2.1.4 Curing period 4.2.2 Consolidants 4.2.2.1 Products and Materials 4.2.2.2 Application Procedures 4.3 Experimental Design 86 4.3.1 Abrasion Resistance (ASTM C241-82) 4.3.2 Adhesion (ASTM C307-83) 4.3.3 Capillarity (RILEM Test Method 11.4) 4.3.4 Vapor Transmission (ASTM E96-80) 4.3.5 Water Resistance (Drop Test) CHAPTERS: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 106 5.1 Test Conclusions 107 5.1.1 Abrasion Resistance 5.1.2 Adhesion 5.1.3 Capillarity 5.1.4 Vapor Transmission 5.1.5 Water Resistance 5.2 General Conclusions 134 5.3 Recommendations 140 CHAPTERS: GLOSSARY 141 CHAPTER?: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 146 CHAPTERS: PHOTOGRAPHS 153 APPENDIX A: Traditional Mixtures 171 - Clay Plasters - Lime Plasters - Gypsum Plasters - Clay/Lime Plasters - Limewashes - Paints APPENDIX B: Material Safety Data Sheets 178 APPENDIX C: ASTM Tests 185 APPENDIX D: Sample Labeling System Program 202 APPENDIX E: Test Data Tables 210 VI 21 LIST OF TABLES Tables in Text Table 1 Grain Size Distribution - Sieve Method - Sample 1 Table 2 Grain Size Distribution - Hydrometer Method - Sample 1 Table 3 Grain Size Distribution - Sieve Method - Sample 2 Table 4 Grain Size Distribution - Hydrometer Method - Sample 2 Table 5 Grain Size Distribution - Sieve Method - Sample 3 Table 6 Grain Size Distribution - Hydrometer Method - Sample 3 Table 7 Plastic Limit of Soils Table 8 Liquid Limit of Soils Table 9 X-Ray Diffraction - Results Table 1 Organic Material Content Table 1 Soluble Salts Content Table 1 Abrasion Resistance - Results Table 13 Adhesion - Results Table 14 Capillarity - Results Table 15 Vapor Transmission - Acumulative Results Table 16 Vapor Transmission - Results Table 17 Water Resistance - Results Table 18 Tests Conclusions Table 19 Consolidants Properties Tables in Appendices Appendix D: Sample Labeling System Program Table A Abrasion Resistance - Sample Testing Program Table B Adhesion - Sample Testing Program Table C Capillarity - Sample Testing Program Table D Vapor Transmission - Sample Testing Program Table E Water Resistance - Sample Testing Program Appendix E: Tests Data Tables - Table I Abrasion Resistance Data Table II Adhesion - Data Table III Capillarity - Data - Clay - Acrylic Table IV Capillarity - Data - Clay - Ethyl Silicate Table V Capillarity - Data - Lime - No Consolidant Table VI Capillarity - Data - Lime - Tuna Cactus Table VII Capillarity - Data - Lime - Acrylic Table VIII Capillarity - Data - Lime - Ethyl Silicate VII 11 ) ) Table IX Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum - No Consolidant Table X Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum - Tuna Cactus Table XI Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum - Acrylic Table XII Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum - Ethyl Silicate Table XIII Cap llarity - Data - Clay / Lime - No Consolidant Table XIV Cap llarity - Data - Clay / Lime - Tuna Cactus Table XV Cap llarity - Data - Clay / Lime - Acrylic Table XVI Cap llarity - Data - Clay / Lime - Ethyl Silicate Table XVII Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum / Lime - No Consolidant Table XVIII Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum / Lime - Tuna Cactus Table XIX Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum / Lime - Acrylic Table XX Cap llarity - Data - Gypsum / Lime - Ethyl Silicate Table XXI Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Clay (Part 1) Table XXII Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Clay (Part 1) Table XXIII Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Clay (Part 2) Table XXIV Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Clay (Part 2) Table XXV Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Lime (Part 1 Table XXVI Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Lime (Part 1) Table XXVII Vapor Transmission Test Data - Lime (Part 2) Table XXVIII Vapor Transmission Test Individual Results - Lime (Part 2) Table XXIX Vapor Transmission Test Data- Gypsum (Part 1) Table XXX Vapor Transmission Test Individual Results - Gypsum (Part 1) Table XXXI Vapor Transmission Test Data - Gypsum (Part 2) Table XXXII Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Gypsum (Part 2) Table XXXIII Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Clay / Lime (Part 1) - - Table XXXIV Vapor Transmission Test Individual Results Clay / Lime (Part 1 Table XXXV Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Clay / Lime (Part 2) Table XXXVI Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Clay / Lime (Part 2) Table XXXVII Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Gypsum / Lime (Part 1) Table XXXVIII Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Gypsum / Lime (Part 1) Table IXL Vapor Transmission Test - Data - Gypsum / Lime (Part 2) Table XL Vapor Transmission Test - Individual Results - Gypsum / Lime (Part 2) Table XLI Water Resistance - Data - Clay - No Consolidant Table XLII Water Resistance - Data - Clay - Tuna Cactus - - - Table XLI 1 Water Resistance Data Clay Acrylic Table XLVI Water Resistance - Data - Clay - Ethyl Silicate Table XLV Water Resistance - Data - Lime - No Consolidant Table XLVI Water Resistance - Data - Lime - Tuna Cactus - Table XLVI I Water Resistance Data - Lime Acrylic Table XLVIII Water Resistance Data - Lime - Ethyl Silicate Table IL Water Resistance Data Gypsum - No Consolidant Table L Water Resistance Data Gypsum - Tuna Cactus Table LI Water Resistance Data Gypsum - Acrylic Table Lll Water Resistance Data Gypsum - Ethyl Silicate Table Llll Water Resistance - Data Clay / Lime - No Consolidant Table LIV Water Resistance - Data Clay / Lime - Tuna Cactus Table LV Water Resistance - Data Clay / Lime - Acrylic Table LVI Water Resistance - Data - Clay / Lime - Ethyl Silicate Table LVII Water Resistance - Data - Gypsum / Lime - No Consolidant - - - Table LVI 1 Water Resistance Data Gypsum / Lime Tuna Cactus Table LIX Water Resistance - Data - Gypsum / Lime - Acrylic Table LX Water Resistance - Data - Gypsum / Lime - Ethyl Silicate VIII Fig. LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS - Photo No. 1 Samples Preparation Adobe Moldings Photo No. 2 Samples Preparation - Adobe Moldings Photo No. 3 Samples Preparation - Plaster Application Photo No. 4 Samples Preparation - Plastered Samples Photo No. 5 Samples Preparation - Briquet rrrolds Photo No. 6 Samples Preparation - Gypsum curing Photo No. 7 Samples Consolidation - Consoiidants Photo No. 8 Samples Consolidation - Capillary Rise Photo No. 9 Samples Curing
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