Traditional Lime Mortar and Plaster
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
SAFETY DATA SHEET Quicklime
Quicklime Conforms to HazCom 2012/United States SAFETY DATA SHEET Quicklime Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Quicklime Other means of identification : Snowbright Quicklime, Quicklime, High calcium quicklime, Pebble lime, Hi Cal, Unslaked lime, Calcium Oxide, CaO, Type S, Type N, Calcined limestone, Burnt lime, Chemical lime Identified uses : Water treatment, Caustic agent, pH adjustment, Neutralization, Acid gas absorption, Construction Supplier's details : Pete Lien & Sons, Inc. PO Box 440 Rapid City, SD 57702 Emergency telephone : (605) 342-7224 (Monday-Friday 8am-5pm) number (hours of operation) Section 2. Hazards identification Classification of the : SKIN IRRITATION - Category 2 substance or mixture EYE DAMAGE - Category 1 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY SINGLE EXPOSURE [Respiratory System] - Category 3 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY REPEAT EXPOSURE [Respiratory System] - Category 1 CARCINOGEN - Category 1A GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye damage. May cause cancer through inhalation. May cause respiratory irritation. Reacts violently with water, releasing heat, which can ignite combustible material. Causes damage to lungs through prolonged and repeated exposure. Precautionary statements Prevention : Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/face protection /eye protection. Wash exposed skin thoroughly after handling. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Obtain special instructions before use. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. Do not breathe dust. Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. 1/7 Quicklime Response : IF ON SKIN: Wash exposed skin with plenty of water. If skin irritation occurs: Get medical attention. Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse. -
Specialists Q & a on the Use of Lime Plastering
posed to much less water making it less reactive but retaining its dry nature as a powdered product so it Q To avoid shrinkage, should hair be added to never matures to become a good binder in its own the lime mix? form. Hydrate is used as a plasticiser for cement Hair is added to help lime mortars bind or hold mixes. Hydraulic lime is a powder and also burnt A but the limestone is not pure calcium carbonate onto laths but can still shrink and crack if cured too Specialists Q & A on the and contains impurities such as clays and silicates quickly. Hair is always used on lath and plaster work which change the reactive nature of the lime and but is not necessary on brickwork. use of lime plastering allow it to set chemically when exposed to water. Q How do l make a lime wash? Q What type of lime should be used for lime A Lime wash is simply lime putty, water and a mineral pig- plastering? Q What are the advantages of using lime plas- ment, and for external use a water repellent such as linseed or tallow is added. ter? A Lime plaster can be made with lime putty or hydraulic lime but hydrate is too weak. Putty is best Q Can lime plaster be applied to plasterboard? A They allow buildings to breathe which is essential for ceilings and lath work as it has better flexural for older buildings that have been constructed with strength and sticks well to laths. Hydraulic lime is A The only benefit to applying a lime plaster to lime fine as a hard wall plaster where there is no move- plasterboard is the aesthetic look, however this mortars and soft bricks or stone. -
Materials & Process
Sculpture: Materials & Process Teaching Resource Developed by Molly Kysar 2001 Flora Street Dallas, TX 75201 Tel 214.242.5100 Fax 214.242.5155 NasherSculptureCenter.org INDEX INTRODUCTION 3 WORKS OF ART 4 BRONZE Material & Process 5-8 Auguste Rodin, Eve, 1881 9-10 George Segal, Rush Hour, 1983 11-13 PLASTER Material & Process 14-16 Henri Matisse, Madeleine I, 1901 17-18 Pablo Picasso, Head of a Woman (Fernande), 1909 19-20 STEEL Material & Process 21-22 Antony Gormley, Quantum Cloud XX (tornado), 2000 23-24 Mark di Suvero, Eviva Amore, 2001 24-25 GLOSSARY 26 RESOURCES 27 ALL IMAGES OF WORKS OF ART ARE PROTECTED UNDER COPYRIGHT. ANY USES OTHER THAN FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ARE STRICTLY FORBIDDEN. 2 Introduction This resource is designed to introduce students in 4th-12th grades to the materials and processes used in modern and traditional sculpture, specifically bronze, plaster, and steel. The featured sculptures, drawn from the collection of the Nasher Sculpture Center, range from 1881 to 2001 and represent only some of the many materials and processes used by artists whose works of art are in the collection. Images from this packet are also available in a PowerPoint presentation for use in the classroom, available at nashersculpturecenter.org. DISCUSS WITH YOUR STUDENTS Artists can use almost any material to create a work of art. When an artist is deciding which material to use, he or she may consider how that particular material will help express his or her ideas. Where have students seen bronze before? Olympic medals, statues… Plaster? Casts for broken bones, texture or decoration on walls.. -
Different Types of Building Limes
Different types of building limes Natural hydraulic limes are made from limestone that contains impurities such as clay or silicates. Unlike lime putty which is non-hydraulic lime, NHLs can set in damp conditions, indeed they require water for a minimum period of around 72 hours to gain maximum strength. They also have some free lime available for carbonation. There are three European classifications NHL 2, NHL3.5 and NHL5 based on the compressive strength of laboratory mortars after 28 days. These are often somewhat misleadingly termed feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic. We generally recommend the use of NHLs where the need for breathability and lower strength is outweighed by the desire for an earlier and harder set such as working on bedding hard masonry, wall copings, chimneys and slate floors. In some circumstances hydraulic lime mortars can be used for rendering or plastering. The strength of a hydraulic lime mortar (HLM) varies depending on the manufacturer of the hydraulic lime as some NHL will be high in the band or low. HLM will also vary depending on the ratio of lime binder to aggregate and the type of aggregate or sand used. Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) NHL or Natural Hydraulic Lime, comes from limestone that has natural impurities of clay and other minerals, the amount of impurities within it determines how hard it will set. NHL works by setting in the presence of water, hence the term Hydraulic: Natural hydraulic lime powders come in 3 European grades: GRADE STRENGTH(MPa) EXAMPLES OF USE NHL2 >2 to <7 Pointing internally or with soft masonry, plastering NHL3.5 >3.5 to <10 Bedding, pointing NHL5 >5 to <15 Flooring, below DPC or chimney flaunchings NHL's can be used when speed is essential as it sets much quicker than a Lime Putty based mortar. -
Reference Localities for Palaeontology and Geology in the Silurian of Gotland
SVERIGES GEOLOGISKA UNDERSOKNING SER C NR 705 AVHANDLINGAR OCH UPPSATSER ÅRSBOK 68 NR 12 SVEN LAUFELD REFERENCE LOCALITIES FOR PALAEONTOLOGY AND GEOLOGY IN THE SILURIAN OF GOTLAND STOCKHOLM 1974 SVERIGES GEOLOGISKA UNDERSOKNING SER C NR 705 AVHANDLINGAR OCH UPPSATSER ÅRSBOK 68 NR 12 SVEN LAUFELD REFERENCE LOCALITIES FOR PALAEONTOLOGY AND GEOLOGY IN THE SILURIAN OF GOTLAND STOCKHOLM 1974 ISBN 91-7158-059-X Kartorna är godkända från sekretessynpunkt för spridning Rikets allmänna kartverk 1974-03-29 IU S UNES D l Project ECOSTRATIGRAPHY Laufeld, S.: Reference loca!ities for palaeontology and geology in the Silurian of Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ser. C, No. 705, pp. 1-172. Stock holm, 24th May, 1974. About 530 geologkal localities in the Silurian of the island of Gotland, Sweden, are described under code names in alphabetical order. Each locality is provided with a UTM grid reference and a detailed description with references to the topographical and geologkal map sheets. Information on reference points and levels are included for some localities. The stratigraphic position of each locality is stated. A bibliography is attached to several localities. Sven Laufeld, Department of Historical Geology and Palaeontology, Sölvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden, 4th March, 1974. 4 Contents Preface. By Anders Martinsson 5 Introduction 7 Directions for use lO Grid references 10 Churches 11 Detailed descriptions 11 Reference point and leve! 11 Stratigraphy 11 References 12 Indexes .. 12 Practical details 13 Descriptions of localities 14 References .. 145 Index by topographical maps 149 Index by geological maps 157 Index by stratigraphical order .. 165 5 Preface In 1968 a course was set for continued investigations of the Silurian of Gotland and Scania. -
The Effect of Linseed Oil on the Properties of Lime-Based Restoration Mortars
Allma Mater Studiiorum – Uniiversiità dii Bollogna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Science for Conservation Ciclo XXII Settore/i scientifico disciplinari di afferenza: CHIM/12 TITOLO TESI THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS Presentata da: Eva Čechová Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Rocco Mazzeo Prof. Ioanna Papayianni Esame finale anno 2009 Abstract THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS The traditional lime mortar is composed of hydrated lime, sand and water. Besides these constituents it may also contain additives aiming to modify fresh mortar´s properties and/or to improve hardened mortar´s strength and durability. Already in the first civilizations various additives were used to enhance mortar´s quality, among the organic additives, linseed oil was one of the most common. From literature we know that it was used already in Roman period to reduce water permeability of a mortar, but the mechanism and the technology, e.g. effects of different dosages, are not clearly explained. There are only few works studying the effect of oil experimentally. Knowing the function of oil in historical mortars is important for designing a new compatible repair mortar. Moreover, linseed oil addition could increase the sometimes insufficient durability of lime-based mortars used for reparation and it could be a natural alternative to synthetic additives. In the present study, the effect of linseed oil on the properties of six various lime- based mortars has been studied. Mortars´ compositions have been selected with respect to composition of historical mortars, but also mortars used in a modern restoration practise have been tested. -
Section 092400
SPEC MIX, Inc. – Guide Specification Note to User: This section contains macros to aid the editing process. By default Microsoft Word disables macros for virus security reasons. When you open a file that has macros, the yellow message bar appears with a shield icon and the enable content button. To enable these macros, click the Enable Content button. SECTION 09 24 00 PORTLAND CEMENT STUCCO (To View Hidden Text, Type CTRL-H) PART 1 – GENERAL 1.1 SECTION INCLUDES A. Portland Cement, Pre-blended Scratch and Brown Coat Stucco. B. Portland Cement, Pre-blended Fiber Base Coat Stucco. C. Portland Cement, Pre-blended Colored Finish Coat Stucco. 1.2 RELATED SECTIONS A. Section 03 30 00 - Cast-in-Place Concrete. B. Section 04 20 00 - Unit Masonry. C. Section 05 40 00 - Cold-Formed Metal Framing: Light gauge load-bearing metal framing. D. Section 06 10 00 - Rough Carpentry: Wood framing. E. Section 07 21 13 - Board Insulation. F. Section 07 92 00 - Joint Sealants. G. Section 09 22 16 - Non-Structural Metal Framing: Non-load-bearing metal framing systems. H. Section 09 22 36 - Metal Lath. I. Section 09 29 00 - Gypsum Board: Exterior gypsum sheathing. 1.3 REFERENCES A. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / American Hardboard Association (AHA): 1. ANSI/AHA A 194 - Cellulosic Fiber Board. B. ASTM International (ASTM): 1. ASTM A 641/A 641M - Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Carbon Steel Wire. 2. ASTM A 653/A 653M - Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc- Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process. -
Agricultural Lime Recommendations Based on Lime Quality E.L
University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment ID-163 Cooperative Extension Service Agricultural Lime Recommendations Based on Lime Quality E.L. Ritchey, L.W. Murdock, D. Ditsch, and J.M. McGrath, Plant and Soil Sciences; F.J. Sikora, Division of Regulatory Services oil acidity is one of the most important soil factors affect- Figure 1. Liming acid soils increases exchangeable Ca and Mg. Sing crop growth and ultimately, yield and profitability. It is determined by measuring the soil pH, which is a measure Acid Soil Limed Soil Ca2+ H+ H+ Ca2+ Ca2+ of the amount of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. As soil Lime Applied H+ H+ H+ H+ Ca2+ acidity increases, the soil pH decreases. Soils tend to be + + + 2+ + naturally acidic in areas where rainfall is sufficient to cause H H H Mg H substantial leaching of basic ions (such as calcium and mag- nesium), which are replaced by hydrogen ions. Most soils in Kentucky are naturally acidic because of our abundant rainfall. Nitrogen fertilization can also contribute to soil acid- The majority of the hydrogen ions are actually held on ity as the nitrification of ammonium increases the hydrogen cation exchange sites. To effectively neutralize soil acidity, ion concentration in the soil through the following reaction: hydrogen ions must be removed from both the soil solution and the exchange sites. While soil pH only measures the solu- + - - + NH4 + 2O2 --> NO3 = H2O + 2H tion hydrogen, the buffer pH is an indication of exchangeable acidity and how much ag lime is actually needed. It is possible Periodically, agricultural limestone (ag lime) is needed to for two soils to have the same water pH but different lime neutralize soil acidity and maintain crop productivity. -
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY the Effect of Egg and Lime on The
ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING The Effect of Egg and Lime on the Compressive Strength of Mortar By: - Neima Yesuf Advisor: - Dr. Esayas G/Yohannes A thesis submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Structural Engineering August 2014 1 Acknowledgment First of all I would like to thank Addis Ababa institute of Technology for giving me this opportunity to conduct this interesting research. And I would like to thank Dr Esayas G/yohannes for giving me great advices during this research. And I would like to give my gratitude for W/t Yewubdar Eshetu, Ato Daniel Kibret, Ato Getachew Asrat, Ato Sirahbizu W/senbet, Ato Wubale, my family and close friends and all those that contributed in different ways in making this research happen. 2 ABSTRACT The Effect of Egg and Lime on the Compressive strength of Mortar Neima Yesuf Addis Ababa University, 2014 In Ethiopia there is a saying that tells buildings like Fasiledes castle of Gondar were built from materials that did not include cement. This saying describes the buildings as made from stones using lime mortar, consisting of sand, lime and egg parts, as a binder. This saying gave a motivation for this research to investigate the effect of egg parts on the compressive strength of mortar. This research concentrates on the effect of egg albumin and egg shell on the compressive strength of mortar since there is already good known material on lime and the effect of the egg albumin and egg shell with regards to cement can be studied on mortar without the addition of aggregates. -
A Study of Lime and Fly Ash with Regard to Soil Stabilization
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS FRANKFORT April 28, 1958 ADDRESS REPLY TO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY 132 GRAHAM AVENUE LEXINGTON 29, KENTUCKY C.Z. 7. D.l. 7. MEMO TO: D. V. Terrell Director of Research The attached report, "A Study of the Use of a Local Fly Ash in Concrete Mixes", by Frank D. Whitney, represents two approaches to the addition of fly ash to portland cement concrete. Certain percentages of cement were replaced with the fly ash for one series of inve sti.gations and for the other the cement content wa.s kept constant and the fly ash was used to replace sand. It was found that 25% of the cement could be replaced with the fly ash without detrimental losses, to the 28- and 60-day compressive strengths.· The 7-day strengths were lowered for the cement replacement tests. This report outlines procedures that are required to obtain durable concrete while replacing either 25% of the sand or 25% of the cement with fly ash, depending upon the particular economic situation or shortage of materiaL The findings here reported may be of considerable value to the department, especially if materia\ shortages should develop. Respectfully submitted, W. B. Drake Associate Director of Research WBD:dl Enc. cc: Resea):"ch Committee Members Bureau of Public Roads (3) COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS FRANKFORT April 23, 1958 ADDRESS REPLY TO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY 132 GRAHAM AVENUE LEXINGTON 29, KENTUCKY D.l. 7. B. 3. 6. MEMO TO: D. V. Terrell Director of Research There are two large hydrated lime stockpiles in Kentucky. -
VIRGINIA's LIME INDUSTRY Palmer C.Sweet
Vol. 32 November 1986 No. 4 VIRGINIA'S LIME INDUSTRY Palmer C.Sweet Lime production in Virginia continued on the materials that contain at least 97 percent com- increase in 1985 after a four-year decline from bined calcium and magnesium carbonate content 1980-1983. Production tonnages and values are are considered necessary for salable lime. indicated in the Table; 1985 production was 605,000 short tons at a value of $26.4 million. PROCESSING Virginia's highest ranking in production oc- curred in 1915 when Virginia was third behind For calcining (burning) of the limestone, sev- Pennsylvania and Ohio with 267,000 short tons eral types of kilns are utilized depending on from 40 plants (Wood, 1958, p. 6). High produc- capacity of operation, fuel costs, market require- tion also occurred during the early 1940's with ments, and air pollution regulations. Increasingly the increased use in the steel furnaces at that important is the amount and cost of fuel required time. The year of most lime production was 1969, to convert each ton of limestone to lime. when Virginia ranked fifth behind Ohio, Penn- Vertical (shaft) kilns are elliptical or circular sylvania, Texas, and Michigan with 1,072,000 and may be of stone, reinzorced concrete, or boiler short tons ($13.6 million). Lime production of plate construction. The kilns are lined, usually 824,000 short tons in 1981 yielded a record value with two layers of refractory brick, and are of almost 36 million dollars. divided into three sections: preheating, calcining, Lime (calcium oxide), marketed as quicklime and cooling. -
Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1991 Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces Maria Isabel G. Beas University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Beas, Maria Isabel G., "Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces" (1991). Theses (Historic Preservation). 395. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Beas, Maria Isabel G. (1991). Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Beas, Maria Isabel G. (1991). Traditional Architectural Renders on Earthen Surfaces. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/395 'T,' i'&Sim mi> 'm m. i =ir,!t-i^-!vs i )'» \ •.'.i:'-ii-2\c-. fell ;;!•!' UNIVERSITVy PENNSYLVANIA. UBKARIES TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL RENDERS ON EARTHEN SURFACES Maria Isabel G. Beas A THESIS in The Graduate Program in Historic Presen/ation Presented to the faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1991 Frank G.lMatero, Associate Professor 'reservation, Advisor X Samuel Y.