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Ethnic Inequalities in Manchester a Need for Local Partnerships and Solutions

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Ethnic Inequalities in Manchester a Need for Local Partnerships and Solutions Intelligence for a multi-ethnic Britain January 2017 Ethnic Inequalities in Manchester A need for local partnerships and solutions Summary This Briefing draws on data from the 2001 and 2011 Measuring Local Ethnic Inequalities Censuses and workshop discussions of academic researchers, Inequality for ethnic minorities in relation to the White community representatives and service providers, to identify British in education, employment, health and housing patterns and drivers of ethnic inequalities in Manchester, and has been calculated for districts in England and Wales potential solutions. The main findings are: using data from the 2001 and 2011 England and Wales • Manchester performs better than England and Wales in Census. Ethnic inequality is calculated as the absolute terms of ethnic inequalities in education, housing and difference in the proportion of the White British group health but worse on employment. and a particular ethnic minority group who experience disadvantage on key social indicators. The indicators of • There is considerable variation in ethnic inequalities inequality are: percent aged 16-24 with no qualifications between ethnic groups and across districts of Greater (Education); percent aged 25 and over who are Manchester. unemployed (Employment); percent with a limiting long • Employment inequality is particularly marked for the term illness (LLTI indirectly age standardized) (Health); Black African, Black Caribbean and Bangladeshi groups percent living with an occupancy rating of -1 or below, in Manchester. indicating overcrowding (Housing). A negative value indicates inequality (disadvantage) for the minority group. • Housing inequality is severe in Manchester and has Inequality was calculated for nine ethnic minority groups: worsened over the 2000s. White Irish, White Other, Mixed, Indian, Pakistani, • Minority advantage and reduction of inequalities in Bangladeshi, Chinese, Black African, Black Caribbean. 1 education has been seen in Manchester since 2000. For full details see the national report. • Ethnic minorities generally have a health advantage compared to their White peers in Manchester. This is them. Workshop participants in Manchester included not the case, however, for Pakistani, Bangladeshi and academic researchers and representatives from a range of Mixed groups. organisations including BHA for Health and Social Care, • Local stakeholders in Manchester identified reasons for Jobcentre Plus, Northwards Housing, Wai Yin, Manchester inequalities which included lack of understanding of BME Network, SEVA, Migrants Supporting Migrants, Reclaim, housing, employment, education and health systems, and the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre. racism and discrimination, and lack of recognition of The purpose of this briefing is to identify patterns of ethnic foreign qualifications. inequalities across Greater Manchester, their drivers and • Examples of what works included local community potential solutions to alleviate them. support groups and charities, English language courses and mentoring schemes. What next? The need for research and • To address inequalities there is a need for collaboration community collaborations between researchers and community groups to generate National and local data can be used in conjunction with local understandings and group- and place-specific local needs based assessments and knowledge produced by initiatives. community groups to give greater insight into what shapes local ethnic inequalities, and what is needed to alleviate Introduction them. Ethnic inequalities should be addressed through Research undertaken by the ESRC Centre on Dynamics of targeted local understandings and initiatives. Ethnicity (CoDE) in association with the Runnymede Trust1 using data from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses evidenced “What is needed is a project with local communities and persistent ethnic inequalities within and across districts in people on the front line. This should not only be in the form England and Wales. of information but also set a plan to tackle the issues. One of the problems is that there is not impact. We need structures A series of workshops were held to identify the drivers of to tackle inequalities on a practical level.” inequalities in different localities and ways of addressing 1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic inequalities in Manchester education gap between ethnic minorities and the White What works to address ethnic inequalities? British decreased in six out of ten districts, particularly in Examples of initiatives across Manchester that are Bolton, Rochdale and Tameside where the educational addressing ethnic inequalities: disadvantage of ethnic minorities disappeared over this • Provision of information by community groups and period (Figure 2). service providers on how to access and navigate education and employment systems Table 1. Ethnic inequalities in Education in Manchester district compared to England and Wales • Longitudinal mentoring of young people in industry % England & Wales Manchester • Support for community groups working with ethnic BME 1.1 1.4 minorities White Irish 4.5 4.2 • Vocal employer champions who advocate for more White Other -2.4 1.4 multicultural employment environments Mixed -1.1 -2.0 • In-work support projects Indian 6.0 6.4 Pakistani 0.6 1.6 • Provision of English classes by charities and Bangladeshi 1.5 2.0 community groups Chinese 5.4 5.1 Black African 2.1 -0.6 Education Black Caribbean 1.6 0.7 Overall, a higher proportion of ethnic minority young adults in Manchester have an educational qualification compared to their White British counterparts. Ethnic inequalities in Figure 1. Absolute Inequality Education Manchester LAD education in Manchester are lower than in England and Minority 2011 Wales (Table 1).The Mixed group experienced educational White Irish 2001 inequality in both 2001 and 2011 while the White Other, White Other Indian and Black Caribbean groups were more likely to Mixed have qualifications than their White British counterparts Indian (Figure 1). Pakistani Bangladeshi Across Greater Manchester in 2011, ethnic minority Chinese educational advantage was greatest for the Indian in Salford Black African and Tameside; Pakistani in Salford; and the Chinese in Black Caribbean Rochdale. The worst ethnic inequalities in education were -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 for the White Other group in Wigan, Bolton, Tameside Worse education Better education and Rochdale; and the Black African group in Tameside, than White British than White British Stockport and Salford. Between 2001 and 2011 the Figure 2. Ethnic Minority Education Inequality across Greater Manchester, 2001 & 2011 2001 2011 >-10% 0 to -10% 0 to 10% >10% Rochdale Rochdale Bolton Bury Bolton Bury Oldham Oldham Wigan Salford Wigan Salford Tameside Tameside Trafford Manchester Trafford Manchester Stockport Stockport 2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic inequalities in Manchester “New arrivals have a problem understanding the school system “A big problem is getting people outside the central and the barriers that their children might face. But once Manchester area to travel to the city for work.” the barriers were lifted the children accelerate through the education system.” Table 2. Ethnic inequalities in Employment in Manchester district compared to England and Wales “There is a large Somali community in Manchester and this makes up most who would qualify as Black African and this % England & Wales Manchester differs from the Black African community in London which is BME -3.4 -4.5 mainly made up of migrants from West Africa. This difference in country of origin and who was included in each ethnic White Irish -0.2 1.4 category might explain the education difference by area. Hulme White Other -0.3 0.4 and Moss Side could skew these statistics whilst in areas like Mixed -5.6 -7.7 Moston, Black African young people are doing very well.” Indian -1.3 0.3 “Manchester has a strong history of engagement with the Pakistani -6.0 -3.7 learning of additional language.” Bangladeshi -8.0 -4.6 Chinese -1.1 -1.5 Employment Black African -10.2 -10.8 Considerable employment inequality exists for ethnic Black Caribbean -7.2 -5.7 minorities in Manchester and this has not improved since 2001. Levels of unemployment of ethnic minority groups compared with the White British are greater in Manchester Figure 3. Absolute Inequality Employment Manchester LAD than in England and Wales as a whole (Table 2). Between Minority 2001 and 2011 employment inequality worsened for the 2011 White Irish 2001 Black African, Black Caribbean and Bangladeshi groups White Other (Figure 3). Employment inequality for the Black African Mixed group increased across all districts in Greater Manchester Indian between 2001 and 2011 (Figure 4). Pakistani Bangladeshi “The largest problem I have noticed is the lack of formal Chinese recognition of qualifications in the UK and this inhibits people Black African when they attempt to enter into employment.” Black Caribbean -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 “There is a strong sense that discrimination is in existence and Worse employment Better employment than White British than White British that this is a major obstacle for my clients.” Figure 4. Black African Employment Inequality across Greater Manchester, 2001 & 2011 2001 2011 >-10% 0 to -10% 0 to 10% >10% Rochdale Rochdale Bolton Bury Bolton Bury Oldham Oldham Wigan Salford Wigan Salford Tameside Tameside Trafford Manchester Trafford Manchester Stockport Stockport 3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk Ethnic inequalities in Manchester Health Black
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