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Less Rightly Said Less Rightly Said Less Rightly Said scandals and readers in sixteenth-century france Antónia Szabari stanford university press stanford, california Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2010 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. Th is book has been published with the assistance of the College of Letters, Arts & Sciences at the University of Southern California. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Szabari, Antónia. Less rightly said : scandals and readers in sixteenth-century France / Antónia Szabari. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8047-6292-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. French literature—16th century—History and criticism. 2. Political satire, French—History and criticism. 3. Religious satire, French—History and criticism. 4. Books and reading—France—History—16th century. 5. Scandals in literature. 6. Invective in literature. I. Title. pq239.s95 2010 840.9′35844028—dc22 2009010154 Typeset by Motto Publishing Services in 11/14 Adobe Garamond Contents List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction . Th e Heretic and the Book 23 . Clean and Dirty Words 44 . Scandalous Evidence 65 . Th e Kitchen and the Digest 96 . Priests, Poets, and Print 126 . Fabricated Worlds and the Menippean Satire 158 . Public Scandals, Withdrawn Readers 185 Conclusion Notes 221 Bibliography 267 Index 275 Figures . Saturn as the revealer of Truth 3 . Badius’s printer’s mark from the Satyres chrestiennes de la cuisine papale 4 . Response aux quatres execrables articles contre la saincte Messe 5 . A crier and his wares in Paris 16 . Statua haereticorum 24 . Th e armorial bearings of the heretic 31 . A woman from the city reading a heretical book 38 . L’arbre des hereticques 41 . Complainte de la Paix 47 . Confession de Beda 70 . Christ teaching poverty 72 . Th e worldly power of the Pope 73 . “Christ desires that our treasure be in heaven; the other one asks for gold alone on earth” 74 . Ambrosius Holbein’s Calumny 85 . A detail from Ambrosius Holbein’s Calumny 86 . Lunar eclipse 108 . Th e moon “facing” the sun 109 . Th e drunkard’s barrel belly 117 . Bucolic scene on the title page of Plaisans et armonieux cantiques 138 . Discours des Miseres de ce Temps. Printed by Gabriel Buon (1562). 146 . Title page of a pirated edition of Ronsard’s Discours des Miseres de ce Temps printed in Troyes. 148 . Reformers destroy “idols,” while “papists” build the Rotunda from stumbling blocks 164 . Th e Province of Pilgrimage 165 . Th e court of the King of Free Will 165 . Th éodore Bèze fi ghting with a book 168 . Reformers defy embattled devils with books 168 . Pierre Viret and Guillaume Farel 169 . A “papist” market of books 170 viii figures . Charon steers his ferry toward the shores of hell 173 . Tableau de la Ligue 197 . “Bibliothèque de Madame de Montpensier” 199 . Correction in Pierre de l’Estoile’s manuscript Registre-Journal 202 . Th e effi gies of Henri and Louis de Guise, from Les belles Figures et Drolleries de la Ligue 205 . Madame de Montpensier, from Satyre Menippee (1709) 217 . Madame de Montpensier, from Memoires pour servir a l’histoire de France (1719) 218 Acknowledgments Th is book owes its existence to the contributions of many. Well before the seeds of this project were sown, a graduate seminar on Montaigne of- fered by the late Gérard Defaux at the Johns Hopkins University in 2000 transformed me (at least in my hopes) into a student of sixteenth-century French literature and culture. To all those colleagues who off ered me their thoughts and comments in Baltimore, Cambridge, Paris, and Los Ange- les during the past three years, I would like to extend my warmest grati- tude: Tom Conley read the entire manuscript and has often contributed to the ideas presented in it; Jean-Claude Carron, David Laguardia, Frank Lestringant, and Kathleen P. Long have given me invaluable feedback on one or many aspects of this work. Exchanging ideas about theology and the “scandal” with Hent de Vries and Burcht Pranger has inspired me in many places in this book. Mihály Balázs, Iván Horváth, and Levente Seláf sug- gested parallels in an East-Central European context and have reminded me that the implications of this book do not stop at the borders of early modern France. I thank Stephen Nichols for his invitation that allowed me to present an early version of Chapter 2 at a conference at Stanford University in 2007, and I thank the audience for their useful comments. In addition, I am keenly aware of the support of my colleagues at the Univer- sity of Southern California. I thank in particular Peggy Kamuf, Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond, Rebecca Lemon, Peter Mancall, Claudia Moatti, Na- tania Meeker, Panivog Norindr, Karen Pinkus, Tita Rosenthal, and Bruce Smith for their collegial and professional generosity. Th e fi nal draft of this project was completed while in residence at the Radcliff e Institute for Advanced Studies at Harvard University. Th e Rad- cliff e Institute provided conditions for research and writing during the year of 2006–2007 that were nothing less than ideal, but the heart of the pro- gram was the people. Let me mention only a few names, for whose friend- x acknowledgments ship and conversations I am very thankful: Elizabeth Bradley, Giovanni Capoccia, Bridgit Doherty, Major Jackson, Ranjana Khanna, William McFeely, Nancy Shepherd-Hughes, Anna Schuleit, and Marie-France Vigneras. A grant from the Zumberge Research Fund at the University of South- ern California allowed me to carry out archival work in Paris. I also thank the College of Arts and Sciences at USC for its generous support of the publication of this book. I dedicate it to my mother, Éva Szabó, and father, István Szabari, for their truly boundless love, embracing the distance of continents. Introduction Verbal violence is off ensive, but it can also, when it appears in printed books, appeal to readers. Th e religious, rhetorical, aff ective, and political possibilities of reception, appeal, and off ense are each negotiated diff er- ently in the satires disseminated in sixteenth-century France that I exam- ine in this study. I look at this literature of uncommon humor and violence side by side with humanist works by Erasmus, François Rabelais, Pierre de Ronsard, the authors of the Satyre Menippee, and Pierre de l’Estoile, who provide refl exive accounts of the eff ect of off ensive words on the public and who also intervene in their own manner—to mitigate the eff ects of verbal violence or precisely to exploit them. My central concern in this book is to analyze how critical engagement or polemics is made to appeal to readers on a broader scale and thereby also to organize, imagine, and project communities of readers. I analyze the ways in which books appeal to a wider audience along three axes: (1) a generic one concerning the literary techniques used in the corpus of po- lemical texts and their relation to those humanistic or otherwise elite works that form part of our literary canon, (2) a rhetorical one about the diff er- 2 introduction ent ways in which authors of texts negotiate the paradox of the polemical genre, namely, that it is able to appeal to and even please some readers while off ending others, and (3) one relating to medium, design, and the dissemination of printed materials that leads to investigations about the modalities available to readers (and nonreaders) to access books and inhabit those communities of readers projected in them. Vituperation—along with the off ensive or satirical views that it spawns—appears in this book as a lit- erary, rhetorical, and imaginary exercise allowing readers to inhabit diff er- ent worlds that at times disturb or exceed the actual religious and political order of early modern France. a literature of vituperation? To defi ne the corpus that is examined here, the modern reader has at her disposal a handful of generic categories, with which authors and observers, critics and readers, and editors and scholars have previously labeled these materials. Th e most common one among these categories is “satire,” but in- stead of rushing to Renaissance debates, inherited from Roman commen- taries on the moral function of satire, we need to bear in mind the preva- lence and popularity of what we can call “low” satire, a form that inspired Cotgrave to defi ne “satire” as an “invective” and “a vice-rebuking poem” in his early-seventeenth-century French-English dictionary. Th is defi nition takes us right to the heart of the matter. Th e words “satyr” and “satire” were believed to be etymologically linked until the philologist Casaubon disentangled them in the early seventeenth century, and the unruly fi gure of the “satyr” enjoyed a symbolic prominence in print culture, especially in books associated with the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, as the enunciator of the truths that books, authors, and printers were promot- ing. Frequently, winged Saturn, who was the emblem of “truth revealed” (Figure 1), is transformed into a satyr, as in the mark of the Genevan printer Conrad Badius from the title page of a Calvinist satire (Figure 2). Th e same fi gure appears also in the mark of a printer specializing in Catholic books (Figure 3). Satire in this sense is not tied to any particular literary form but is instead associated with a mode of speaking: satire voices, harshly and directly, the truth that is recognized by an individual and (almost al- ways) by a group.
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