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Nga Whaiora Tikanga Roanga: Māori Views of Health in Utah

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Nga Whaiora Tikanga Roanga: Māori Views of Health in Utah Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2010 Nga Whaiora Tikanga Roanga: Māori Views of Health in Utah Sydney H. Davies Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Davies, Sydney H., "Nga Whaiora Tikanga Roanga: Māori Views of Health in Utah" (2010). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 688. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/688 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NGA WHAIORA TIKANGA ROANGA: MĀORI VIEWS OF HEALTH IN UTAH by Sydney H. Davies A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Psychology Approved: Richard Roberts, Ph.D. Carolyn Barcus, Ed.D. Major Professor Committee Member Eric Reither, Ph.D. Melanie M. Domenech Rodríguez, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Galye Morse, Ph.D. Byron R. Burnham, Ed.D. Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2010 ii Copyright © Sydney H. Davies 2010 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Nga Whaiora Tikanga Roanga: Māori Views of Health in Utah by Sydney H. Davies, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2010 Major Professor: Richard N. Roberts, Ph.D. Department: Psychology This study looked at the health beliefs of Māori who live in Utah, U.S. and examined what ways those beliefs have evolved from traditional Māori health beliefs. It also looked at the conditions and indicators of those conditions that maintain those health beliefs. A New Zealand study found that Māori older than age 45 years were more likely to have traditional health beliefs, whereas Māori younger than age 45 were more likely to have western-based health beliefs. Using grounded theory, the narratives—from two groups, younger or older than 45 years, where each group was composed of eight randomly selected participants—were collected and analyzed. It was found that all participants held traditional Māori health beliefs. Those beliefs were compatible with the construct of the Māori health model as presented in Te Whare Tapa Wha. This Māori model, along with participants, presented health as holistic, comprising components of physical, mental, spiritual, and family. Participants perceived health as having all four elements interconnected, with spirituality being the key element that binds all the others. iv Conditions that maintained this belief were time in country; acculturation, with racism possibly providing resistance to that condition; enculturation; and spirituality. Participants’ spirituality was the key condition of maintaining their Māori health belief that is presented in this study. Enculturation, as a necessary but insufficient condition of Māori health beliefs, was based on indicators of opportunity, location, family, and social support and how these indicators play out over the life course of individuals. The most important indicator for enculturation was family or other social support for individuals to engage in Māori cultural activities. (124 pages) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To my father Gordon Ponga Kingi Davies 1906-1998. To my wife, children, and grandchildren. To all of whom I could not attend their tangi while away. Funding by Nga Pae o te Maramatanga. Sydney H. Davies vi CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 Models of Health............................................................................................. 6 Māori Models of Health .................................................................................. 8 Western Models of Health .............................................................................. 14 Time in Country .............................................................................................. 16 Transnationalism ............................................................................................. 17 Enculturation ................................................................................................... 18 Cultural Identity Formation ............................................................................ 19 Acculturation................................................................................................... 20 Life Course...................................................................................................... 26 Spirituality....................................................................................................... 27 Religion ........................................................................................................... 28 Colonization .................................................................................................... 29 Methodological Practices ................................................................................ 32 Deliverables of Study ...................................................................................... 37 III. METHOD ....................................................................................................... 38 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 38 Research Theory ............................................................................................. 38 Culturally Competent Process for Working with Indigenous People ............. 39 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of Participants ............................................ 40 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of Participants ............................................ 41 Data Collection Procedures ............................................................................. 42 Personal History and Demographics Schedule ............................................... 43 The Interview Schedule .................................................................................. 45 vii Page Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 46 Data Validity ................................................................................................... 48 Participant Benefits and Research Dissemination .......................................... 48 IV. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................... 50 Structure of Findings....................................................................................... 50 Time in Country .............................................................................................. 51 Transnationalism ............................................................................................. 53 Acculturation................................................................................................... 56 Enculturation ................................................................................................... 66 Spirituality and Religion ................................................................................. 72 Health Model .................................................................................................. 76 Health Beliefs of Māori in Utah ...................................................................... 80 Evolution of Utah Māori Beliefs ..................................................................... 81 V. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 83 Time in Country .............................................................................................. 83 Acculturation................................................................................................... 84 Enculturation ................................................................................................... 85 Religion and Spirituality ................................................................................. 85 Summary ......................................................................................................... 86 Future Research .............................................................................................. 87 Usefulness of the Research ............................................................................. 88 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 89 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 100 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire ................................................... 101 Appendix B: Interview Guide .....................................................................
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