Political Reviews

Micronesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017 michael lujan bevacqua, elizabeth ua ceallaigh bowman, monica c labriola, clement yow mulalap

Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017 peter clegg, lorenz gonschor, margaret mutu, chris nobbs, ‘umi perkins, steven ratuva, forrest wade young

125 political reviews • polynesia 165 member (ti, 26 Aug 2016); Joseph news. Honolulu. http://pidp.eastwestcenter Ah-Scha, assembly member from the .org/pireport Marquesas Islands (ti, 25 Jan 2017); Polynésie Première (French Polynesia and Pori Chan, delegate mayor of program of Outre-mer Première, the Kaukura Atoll in the Tuamotus (ti, French government television network for 1 May 2017). Finally, the country overseas departments and collectivities) also mourned two important cultural http:// http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/ figures, local music producer Alphonse polynesie Vanfau (ti, 28 June 2016) and Wilfrid rnz, Radio New Zealand. Wellington. Pinai Lucas, one of the promoters of Daily radio and Internet news. the Tahitian cultural renaissance dur- http://www.radionz.co.nz ing the end of last century (ti, 31 Jan rnzi, Radio New Zealand International. 2017). Daily radio and Internet news. Wellington. lorenz gonschor http://www.rnzi.com ti, Tahiti Infos. Weekday daily newspaper and Internet news. Tahiti. References http://www.tahiti-infos.com dt, La Depêche de Tahiti. Daily. Tahiti. tntv, Tahiti Nui Television (the country http://www.ladepeche.pf government’s television network) Doom, John Taroanui. 2016. A he‘e noa http://tntv.pf i te tau: Mémoires d’une vie partagée. tpm, Tahiti-Pacifique Magazine. Papeete: Editions Haere Po No Tahiti. Fortnightly. Tahiti. Fry, Greg. 2015. Recapturing the Spirit of http://www.tahiti-pacifique.com 1971: Towards a New Regional Political United Nations. 2016. Question of Settlement in the Pacific. ssgm Discussion French Polynesia. Resolution adopted Paper 2015/3. Canberra: State, Society & by the General Assembly on 6 Decem- Governance in Melanesia, The Australian ber. UN General Assembly, 71st ses- National University. http://ssgm.bellschool sion. a/res/71/120. http://www.un.org/ .anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/ en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/ attachments/2015-12/DP-2015-3-Fry RES/71/120 [accessed 12 Aug 2017] -ONLINE_0.pdf [accessed 15 Sept 2017] Gonschor, Lorenz. 2017. Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016: French Polynesia. The Con- Hawai‘i temporary Pacific 29 (1): 134–144. The year under review in Hawai‘i saw otr, Overseas Territories Review. Blog. the traditional Hawaiian voyaging http://overseasreview.blogspot.com canoe Hōkūle‘a and its accompanying Pacnews, Pacific Islands News Association. vessel Hikianalia return to O‘ahu on Daily Internet news. Suva. 17 June 2017 after a three-year, forty- http://pina.com.fj thousand-mile, worldwide voyage pif Secretariat. 2017. About Us: Our Staff. dubbed “Mālama Honua” (Care for http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/about the Earth). The voyage circumnavi- -us/executive/ [accessed 17 Aug 2017] gated the Earth using only traditional pir, Pacific Islands Report. Daily Internet Polynesian navigation techniques, 166 the contemporary pacific • 30:1 (2018) reaching 150 ports in twenty-three noted by the New York Times, which countries and territories (pvs 2017). called him an “innovator and a histo- Captain Ka‘iulani Murphy stated, rian on four strings”; “Mr. Kamae was “We really are sailing in their (the one of the most influential Hawaiian ancestors’) wake . . . we had to relearn musicians of the second half of the what our ancestors had mastered” 20th century, at once an innovator and (Civil Beat 2017). Originally trained a diligent steward of folkloric customs. by Satawal’s Mau Piailug, Polynesian He is best remembered as a founder of Voyaging Society President Nainoa the group the Sons of Hawaii, which Thompson noted that traditional made a handful of widely emulated Pacific Islanders “figured it out—how albums in the 1960s and ’70s that set to live well on these islands . . . that the terms for the revivalist movement is the challenge of the time for planet known as the Hawaiian renaissance” earth and all of humanity.” Thomp- (Chinen 2017). Cruz was a longtime son used the attention on Hōkūle‘a’s member of the popular music group return to urge Hawai‘i to become a Ka‘au Crater Boys, and his younger leader on sustainability (Caron 2017). brother, Guy Cruz, also a noted singer, Just as Hōkūle‘a was returning died just a few days after him (Kake- from her voyage, Hawai‘i Governor sako and Berger 2016). David Ige affirmed the state’s com- Politically, Hawai‘i was at the mitment to the Paris Climate Accords, forefront of opposition to newly signing two bills aimed at reducing elected US President Donald Trump’s greenhouse gases in a manner consis- Muslim travel ban, which sought to tent with the Paris agreement. This prohibit travel to the United States was one of Hawai‘i’s perceived acts from seven predominantly Muslim of defiance toward President Donald countries. After Hawai‘i Attorney Trump, who pulled the United States General Douglas Chin filed a motion out of the accords. One news outlet challenging the ban, US District Judge reported: “Mr. Ige, a Democrat in his Derrick Kahala Watson ruled on 15 first term as governor, said in remarks March 2017 that “the Government’s before the signing: ‘We are the testing narrowly defined list [of types of fam- grounds—as an island state, we are ily members allowed to travel] finds especially aware of the limits of our no support in the careful language natural environment’” (Bromwich of the Supreme Court or even in the 2017). immigration statutes on which the Hawai‘i lost celebrated musicians Government relies” (State of Hawai‘i Palani Vaughan, Eddie Kamae, and 2017). Trump-appointed Attorney Ernie Cruz Jr during the period under General Jeff Sessions stated publically review. Vaughan was a well-known his disbelief that “a judge sitting on scholar of King David Kalākaua (who an island in the Pacific” could deter a reigned 1874–1891) and in the 1970s decision of the US president (Savage and 1980s he revived interest in the 2017). As a result of his decision, monarch’s period with a four-album Watson received threatening messages series devoted to Kalākaua (khon2 and was put under twenty-four-hour 2016). Kamae’s passing was even protection by the US Marshall Service, political reviews • polynesia 167 which protects federal judicial officials The 2001 case was cited in the (Silva 2017). high-profile pca case Philippines v On 7 July 2017, Judge Watson China regarding the South China ruled against Hawai‘i’s challenge to Sea, and the citing of the 2001 case the revised ban, claiming that only the lends support to the emerging dis- US Supreme Court had the authority course of Hawai‘i as an independent to rule on the case (Somin 2017a), state (Hawaii Kingdom blog 2016). but a week later he issued an injunc- Federico Lenzerini, professor of inter- tion against key parts of the travel national law at the University of Siena, ban executive order (Somin 2017b). Italy, is the counsel for the Hawaiian At issue was the definition of “close Kingdom and Dr David Keanu Sai is relatives,” and whether grandparents the kingdom’s agent. Lance Larsen met the qualification for exemptions is represented by attorney Dexter to the travel ban. In his 14 July ruling, Ka‘iama. Professor Francesco Fran- Watson held that grandparents were cioni of the European University Insti- “the epitome” of close relatives. tute in Florence, Italy, is the appoint- In some quarters, it is thought that ing authority, tasked with forming the the fate of Native Hawaiians’ claims International Commission of Inquiry to political sovereignty lies in the for the case. According to the Hawai- international arena. To this purpose, ian Kingdom blog (2017): “The pca proceedings were initiated in the accepted the case as a dispute between Permanent Court of Arbitration (pca) a state and a private party, and in The Hague, Netherlands, for the acknowledged the Hawaiian Kingdom case Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom. as a non-Contracting Power under This continuation of the Larsen case Article 47 of the 1907 Hague Con- is in the form of a fact-finding Inter- vention for the Pacific Settlement of national Commission of Inquiry. The International Disputes.” initial case stems from 2001. The In the realm of cultural politics, underlying basis of the case is the advocates and opponents of the continued existence of Hawai‘i as an Thirty Meter Telescope (tmt) on independent state. This is based on Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i Island, experi- the fact that Hawai‘i was annexed enced both victories and setbacks as to the United States in 1898, alleg- the courts stalled construction. As edly, through a Joint Resolution of Hawaii News Now pointed out, the Congress, rather than a treaty. As a Mauna Kea movement “has spread unilateral and domestic action, the far beyond the slopes of Mauna Kea. resolution, it is argued, cannot be used Rallies are now springing up around to acquire foreign territory. The new Hawaii, the mainland and around the International Inquiry lends credence world . . . from Oregon to Kentucky, to this argument, and the fact-finding New Mexico, North Dakota, Georgia format does not require the partici- and Massachusetts. There are even pation of the United States, a factor pictures and rallies from Korea, New that had led to the inconclusive result Zealand, England and Germany” of the original Larsen case in 2001 (Gutierrez 2015). Meanwhile, two (Hawaiian Kingdom blog 2015). prominent Hawaiian leaders, includ- 168 the contemporary pacific • 30:1 (2018) ing Office of Hawaiian Affairs trustee sibly by a future administration) Peter Apo, claimed to represent a (Blair 2016). “silent majority” of Kanaka ‘Ōiwi In what has become an annual (Native Hawaiians) who support tmt observance, Hawaiians celebrated (Richardson 2017). The telescope the Hawaiian Kingdom holiday Lā issue also affected the island of Maui Ho‘iho‘i Ea, Hawaiian Restoration as opponents of a solar telescope there Day, which commemorates the return unsuccessfully attempted to block of Hawaiian independence from access to the summit of Haleakalā Britain after a five-month takeover in (Hawaii News Now 2017). 1843. The 2016 observance was held Underlying many of these struggles in downtown Honolulu at Thomas was the question of the political status Square—named for Admiral Rich- of Native Hawaiians. Still mourning ard Thomas, who restored Hawai- the passing of movement leader Dr ian sovereignty—before the City and Kekuni Blaisdell in early 2016, the County of Honolulu closed the park Hawaiian sovereignty movement for renovations and transfer to the evaluated its prospects immediately Department of Enterprise Services. after the election of Donald Trump. Renovations will include installing a On 10 November 2016, a Community statue of King Kamehameha III, who Forum on the Future of the Hawai- famously proclaimed on 31 July 1843, ian Nation was held in Honolulu to “Ua mau ke ea o ka ‘āina i ka pono” discuss the prospects for Hawaiian (The sovereignty of the land is perpet- self-governance. The forum took the uated in righteousness), which became form of a debate between support- the motto of the Hawaiian Kingdom ers of recognition by the US federal and later the state motto. government and advocates of indepen- Electorally, the Democratic Party dence, and it became quite heated as continued and further entrenched federal recognition supporters accused its dominance of the Hawai‘i politi- others of personal attacks over the cal scene. Some credit (others blame) previous few years. The federal the pro-rail, pro-Democrat Pacific recognition position was represented Resources Partnership (prp)—which by attorney Mililani Trask as well as describes itself as “the backbone of Michelle Kauhane and Robin Dan- Hawaii’s construction industry,” and ner, both formerly of the Council as representing “the Hawaii Regional for Native Hawaiian Advancement. Council of Carpenters . . . and over Independence supporters, represented 240 diverse contractors”—for this by Mauna Kea activist Kaho‘okahi dominance (prp [2017]). The group Kanuha, Dr Kala maoka‘āina Niheu, established a SuperPAC (Political and Dr Kū Kahakalau, questioned Action Committee), which allows for whether federal recognition was at all the bundling of campaign donations of feasible under President Trump, given much larger amounts than previously that it was to be achieved by execu- allowed. In December 2016, Pacific tive order. Robin Danner responded Resources Partnership was fined for that the path had been created and failing to disclose its campaign spend- remained open for recognition (osten- ing (Pang 2016). The results of the political reviews • polynesia 169

2016 elections had only three Repub- town Honolulu. A special session of licans victorious in Hawai‘i’s seventy- the Hawai‘i State Legislature was set six-member legislature. Similarly, for 14 August to discuss rail funding Democrats Brian Schatz (US Senate) (Hawaii Independent 2017a). Propos- and Mazie Hirono (US House) won 70 als floated earlier in the year included percent and 68 percent, respectively, of raising the hotel room tax from 9.25 Hawai‘i votes. In the presidential race, percent to 12 percent for ten years and 61 percent of Hawai‘i voters chose diverting some of the neighbor islands’ Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton share of that tax, even though the rail over Republican Donald Trump, who system will only benefit the south and received 29 percent of Hawai‘i votes west shores of O‘ahu (Dayton 2017). (State of Hawai‘i 2016). Due to the bellicose rhetoric of In a close but stunning upset, Keli‘i President Trump and North Korean Akina defeated long-standing trustee leader Kim Jong-un, Hawai‘i civil of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs authorities crafted plans in prepara- (oha) Haunani Apoliona. While tion for a nuclear strike from North Akina’s campaign slogan was “Uniting Korea, including at one point even Hawai‘i,” many viewed his candidacy renovating Cold War–era bun- as divisive, as he opposes both full kers (later determined to be useless independence and US federal govern- [Morales 2017]; see also Hauser ment recognition of Native Hawaiians. 2017). The Hawaii Independent news Akina is director of the Grassroot website ran an editorial critiquing this Institute, which in late 2015 had suc- response: “President Trump recently cessfully prevented the certification of responded to North Korean aggression the results of an election for delegates by boasting that the Kim regime didn’t to a constitutional convention seeking have weapons that could reach the federal recognition. On the Grassroot U.S. mainland. After the Democratic Institute’s appeal of lower court deci- People’s Republic of Korea failed to sions allowing the delegate election launch a missile on April 15, the ‘Day to proceed, the US Supreme Court of the Sun,’ the LA Times and Wash- enjoined the counting of the ballots ington Post repeated Trump’s retort, (Hawai‘i Free Press 2015). Another reassuring Americans that North candidate nearly succeeded in ousting Korea could not reach the U.S. main- the former chair of oha; longtime land and, in so doing, crassly implied sovereignty activist Mililani Trask was that threatened strikes on Hawai‘i narrowly defeated by then-chairperson were of no concern. The reaction Robert Lindsey for the Hawai‘i Island here in Hawai‘i has been [not unlike] seat on the nine-member oha board that of a battered spouse: Hawai‘i of trustees. state representatives have convened a Debate continued over the half- panel to reactivate Cold War nuclear completed, beleaguered us$10 billion shelters. One that was listed as being rail project on the island of O‘ahu. capable of housing 14,000 was not Additional funding was needed for the a bunker at all, but a parking struc- controversial project connecting the ture. Rather than addressing the real “second city” of Kapolei with down- problem—U.S. militarism in Hawai‘i, 170 the contemporary pacific • 30:1 (2018) which puts us all in harm’s way—our Hawaiians. The 1850 Kuleana Act ‘leaders’ seek the protection of their provided a means for maka‘āinana battering spouse (protection that (commoners) to divide out these rights consists, at present, of a very unreli- and gain a fee-simple title to the lands able missile defense system)” (Hawaii under their cultivation. Zuckerberg Independent 2017b). dropped his claims after protest and Hawai‘i experienced both popula- media scrutiny. According to Julia tion and economic growth in 2016. Carrie Wong of London’s Guardian Hawai‘i’s population increased very newspaper, the “Facebook ceo wrote slightly to 1.43 million, and the state’s that he did not understand [the] his- gross domestic product (gdp) rose tory of [the] ‘quiet title’ process, which to $83 billion in 2016, up from $80 many native Hawaiians consider a billion in 2015. The per-capita gdp tool to dispossess them of ‘sacred’ rose from $56,554 in 2015 to $58,742 lands” (Wong 2017). in 2016 (dbet 2016). Much of this Homelessness (called “houseless- growth was tourism and construction- ness” by some [see, eg, Terrell 2016]) driven. Though hotels (accommoda- continued to be a problem as the tion) and construction each repre- median house price on O‘ahu hit sented only $4 billion of the gdp, $795,000 in mid-2017, an all-time they were some of the largest single high (Segal 2017). A recent study sectors and suggest a fairly diverse found that Native Hawaiians are economy. Development continued in disproportionately represented in the the Kaka‘ako region of Honolulu, state’s homeless population (hud with construction and plans for more 2017). Plans to address the issue than twenty high-rise residential tow- included a “pu‘uhonua” (refuge) ers. Although stretching back decades, development in Kahauiki, near the plans for workforce housing were Daniel K Inouye International Airport. mainly supplanted by luxury condo Some of the economic changes are development, with single units sell- related to the long-term transition ing near, or in many cases, over $1 from sugar to a diversified, tourism- million, and as high as $36 million and construction-driven economy. (Bruner 2016). Hawai‘i’s very last sugar plantation, On Kaua‘i, Facebook founder and at Pu‘unēnē in Central Maui, closed Chief Executive Officer (ceo) Mark at the end of 2016. Sugar was first Zuckerberg drew the ire of Native produced commercially in the Hawai- Hawaiians when he filed multiple ian Kingdom in 1835 and became the “quiet title” claims against hundreds dominant industry for nearly a century of Hawaiian landowners whose own- and a half before beginning a slow ership claims stretch back to the origin decline. According to Robert Osgood of private property rights in 1850. of the Hawai‘i Agricultural Research During the period of the privatiza- Center, “Hawaii produced over a mil- tion of land in Hawai‘i (1840–1855), lion tons of sugar per year for over 50 kuleana (usually translated as “native years. At one time that was 20 percent tenant rights”) constituted both a right of all the sugar that was consumed to, and responsibility over, land for in the United States” (Honolulu political reviews • polynesia 171

Star-Advertiser 2016a). The planta- she deserves it. I feel bad for her tion’s owner, Alexander & Baldwin (a because she should have her own so-called “Big Five” company, part of space. But I just can’t afford it. I have a small group of economically domi- to say no to my kids all of the time” nant firms in Hawai‘i), plans to use its (Yu 2016). lands for diversified agriculture. ‘umi perkins On 15 July 2016, the Public Utility Commission voted to reject a pro- posed deal in which Florida-based References NextEra Energy would have pur- All websites accessed 11 September 2017. chased Hawaiian Electric Industries (hei) for $4.3 billion (Honolulu Blair, Chad. 2016. Native Hawaiians Star-Advertiser 2016b). hei provides Don’t Know What to Expect from Trump. Civil Beat, Nov. http://www.civilbeat electricity to 95 percent of Hawai‘i 17 .org/2016/11/native-hawaiians-dont-know residents through its subsidiaries -what-to-expect-from-trump/ Hawaiian Electric Company, Maui Electric Company, and Hawaiian Elec- Bromwich, Jonah Engel. 2017. Defying tric Light Company on Hawai‘i Island; Trump, Hawaii Becomes First State to Pass it also owns American Savings Bank. Law Committing to Paris Climate Accord. New York Times, 7 June. https://www hei, along with the State of Hawai‘i, .nytimes.com/2017/06/07/climate/hawaii set a goal of reaching 100 percent -climate-paris-trump.html?mcubz=1 renewable energy by 2045. Hawai‘i’s high cost of living drew Bruner, Raisa. 2016. This $36 Million Penthouse Would Be the Most Expensive attention in 2016. In April 2014, the Condo Ever Sold in Hawaii. Business Hawai‘i State Legislature passed a Insider, 14 April. http://www bill that would gradually raise the .businessinsider.com/36-million-penthouse minimum wage from $7.75 in 2015 -is-hawaiis-priciest-2016-4 to $10.10 by 2018 (Hawaii News Caron, Will. . Nainoa Thompson Now 2014). The March 2016 issue 2017 Urges Hawaii to Become a Leader of Hawaii Business featured a story on Sustainability, Stewardship. The comparing how three people who Hawaii Independent, video, 7 June. each made significantly less than the http://hawaiiindependent.net/story/ average annual income of $51,000 video-nainoa-thompson-urges-hawaii-to (according to the 2010 census) were -become-a-leader-on-sustainability-ste coping, using different strategies and Chinen, Nate. 2017. Eddie Kamae, an making daily sacrifices in order to Innovator and a Historian on Four Strings, make ends meet. One mother who Dies at 89. The New York Times, 24 Jan. lives with her parents on Hawai‘i https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/ Island described the kinds of sacri- arts/music/eddie-kamae-dead-hawaiian fices that many families are making: -musician.html?mcubz=1 “They want to see a movie. Or go to Civil Beat. 2017. We Had to Relearn What McDonald’s. Once in a while we’ll Our Ancestors Had Mastered. 17 June. go bowling, but that’s a luxury. My http://www.civilbeat.org/2017/06/hokulea daughter now wants her own room. -returns-to-hawaiian-waters-after-around She’s a freshman in high school, and -the-world-voyage/ 172 the contemporary pacific • 30:1 (2018)

Dayton, Kevin. 2017. Lawmakers Hawaii News Now. 2014. Hawaii Tentatively Agree on Proposal to Raise Minimum Wage Increase Signed into Law. Hotel Tax for Rail, Education. Honolulu http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/ Star-Advertiser, 28 April. http://www 25601037/hawaii-raises-minimum-wage .staradvertiser.com/2017/04/28/breaking -to-1010-per-hour -news/lawmakers-last-minute-proposal ———. 2017. 6 Arrested in Protests over -would-raise-hotel-tax-for-rail/ Construction of Telescope atop Haleakala. dbet, Department of Business, Economic 1 Aug. http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/ Development and Tourism. 2016. State of story/36022915/officials-gear-up-for Hawai‘i Data Book 2016. http://dbedt -potential-protests-ahead-of-telescope .hawaii.gov/economic/databook/db2016/ -construction-atop-haleakala Genegabus, Jason. 2017. Hokule‘a Nears Hawaiian Kingdom blog. 2015. the End of Its Worldwide Voyage. Hono- International Arbitration: Larsen vs. lulu Star-Advertiser, 28 May. http://www Hawaiian Kingdom (1999–2001). 20 Nov. .staradvertiser.com/2017/05/28/features/ https://hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/ hokulea-nears-the-end-of-its-worldwide international-arbitration-larsen-vs -voyage/ -hawaiian-kingdom-1999-2001/ Gutierrez, Ben. 2015. Protest against ———. 2016. South China Sea Tribunal Thirty Meter Telescope Spreading World References Larsen v. Hawaiian Kingdom. wide. Hawaii News Now, 8 April. 14 July. https://hawaiiankingdom.org/ http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/ blog/south-china-seas-tribunal-references 28757745/protest-against-thirty-meter -larsen-v-hawaiian-kingdom/ -telescope-spreading-worldwide ———. 2017. Hawaiian Kingdom Hauser, Christine. 2017. Hawaii Wants Legal Team Complete. 22 Aug. to Be Prepared for a Nuclear Attack by hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/hawaiian North Korea. New York Times, 25 July. -kingdom-legal-team-complete/ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/ Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 2016a. End of us/hawaii-nuclear-korea-north.html an Era: Hawaii’s Last Sugar Mill Wraps up ?mcubz=1 Final Harvest. 12 Dec. http://www Hawai‘i Free Press. 2015. Supreme Court .staradvertiser.com/2016/12/12/business/ Justice Hands Down Injunction Against business-breaking/end-of-an-era-hawaiis Nai Aupuni. 27 Nov. http://hawaiifreepress -last-sugar-mill-wraps-up-final-harvest/ .com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/16382/ ———. 2016b. NextEra Ends Merger Supreme-Court-Justice-Hands-Down Deal, Will Pay Hawaiian Electric $95 -Injunction-Against-Nai-Aupuni.aspx Million. 18 July. http://www.staradvertiser Hawaii Independent. 2017a. Public Brief- .com/2016/07/18/business/business ing on Rail Funding Set for August 14. -breaking/nextera-ends-merger-deal-will 10 Aug. http://hawaiiindependent.net/ -pay-hawaiian-electric-95m-break-up-fee/ story/public-briefing-on-rail-funding-set hud, US Department of Housing and -for-august-14 Urban Development. 2017. Housing Needs ———. 2017b. Rather than Keep Us Safe, of Native Hawaiians: A Report from the U.S. Militarism Puts Hawai‘i in the Assessment of American Indian, Alaska Crosshairs. Editorial, 1 June. http:// Native, and Native Hawaiian Housing hawaiiindependent.net/story/rather-than Needs. May. Available from https://www -keep-us-safe-u.s.-militarism-puts-hawaii .huduser.gov/portal/publications/housing -in-the-crosshairs -needs-native-hawaiians.html political reviews • polynesia 173 khon2. 2016. Hawaiian Renaissance Houses Hit Record $795,000 in June. Musician Palani Vaughan Dies at 72. Honolulu Star-Advertiser, 6 July. http:// 9 Dec. http://khon2.com/2016/12/09/ www.staradvertiser.com/2017/07/06/ hawaiian-renaissance-musician-palani business/business-breaking/oahu-single -vaughan-dies-at-72/ -family-houses-hit-record-795000-in-june/ Kakesako, Gregg K, and John Berger. Silva, Cristina. 2017. Trump Travel Ban: 2016. Hawaii Musician Guy Cruz Dies. Hawaii Judge Now Needs 24-Hour Protec- Honolulu Star-Advertiser, 23 Sept. tion after Receiving Threats. Newsweek, http://www.staradvertiser.com/2016/09/ 24 March. http://www.newsweek.com/ 23/breaking-news/hawaii-musician-guy trump-travel-ban-hawaii-judge-now-needs -cruz-dies/ -24-hour-protection-after-receiving-573920 Morales, Manolo. 2017. Emergency Somin, Ilya. 2017a. Federal Judge Officials Explain Why Fallout Shelters Issues Strange Ruling Denying Hawaii’s Impractical for Missile Attacks. khon2, Challenge to Administration’s Implemen- 6 July. http://khon2.com/2017/07/06/ tation of Trump’s Travel Ban Executive emergency-officials-explain-why-fallout order. The Washington Post, 7 July. -shelters-impractical-for-missile-attacks/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/07/07/federal Pang, Gordon Y K. 2016. A Super pac -judge-issues-strange-ruling-denying Will Be Fined for Failure to Report Its -hawaiis-challenge-to-administrations Spending during the Campaign. Honolulu -implementation-of-trumps-travel-ban Star-Advertiser, 19 Dec. https://www -executive-order/?utm_term= .pressreader.com/usa/honolulu-star .a2a25e7e71f9 -advertiser/20161219/281509340834334 ———. 2017b. Federal Judge Rules pvs, Polynesian Voyaging Society. 2017. against Trump Administration’s Imple- Press Room and Outreach Tools: Mālama mentation of Supreme Court Travel Ban Honua Worldwide Voyage Fact Sheet. Ruling. The Washington Post, 14 July. https://drive.google.com/file/d/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ 0BwB6gTJso7ZmekVOdFR3TGptWGs/ volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/07/14/federal view [accessed 25 Sept 2017] -judge-rules-against-trump-administrations prp, Pacific Resources Partnership. [2017] -implementation-of-supreme-court-travel https://www.prp-hawaii.com/about-prp/ -ban-ruling/?utm_term=.b1978e081273 Richardson, Mahealani. 2017. 2 Promi- State of Hawai‘i. 2016. General Election: nent Native Hawaiians Speak Out in Favor Final Summary Report. 8 Nov. http://files of tmt. Hawaii News Now, 9 Aug. .hawaii.gov/elections/files/results/2016/ http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/ general/histatewide.pdf 36103320/2-prominent-native-hawaiians ———. 2017. atg News Release: Federal -say-theyre-part-of-silent-majority-in Court Rules in Favor of Travel Ban Plain- -favor-of-tmt tiffs. 13 July. http://governor.hawaii.gov/ Savage, Charlie. 2017. Jeff Sessions newsroom/latest-news/atg-news-release Dismisses Hawaii as “An Island in the -federal-court-rules-in-favor-of-travel Pacific.” The New York Times, 20 April. -ban-plaintiffs/ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/20/us/ Terrell, Jessica. 2016. More Than 200 politics/jeff-sessions-judge-hawaii-pacific People Live In This Matriarchal, Self- -island.html?mcubz=1 Governed Homeless Camp. Huffington Segal, Dave. 2017. Oahu Single-Family Post, updated 31 Jan. http://www 174 the contemporary pacific • 30:1 (2018)

.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hawaii-the Another kapa haka exponent, orator, -harbor-homeless-camp_us musician, and gifted saxophonist, _564bca7de4b08cda348b6914 the Reverend Te Napi Tūtewehiwehi Wong, Julia Carrie. 2017. Mark Zucker- Waaka, passed away in November. He berg Drops Lawsuits to Force Hundreds of was Tainui and Ngāti Pikiao and was Hawaiians to Sell Him Land. The Guard- well known for his charismatic charm ian, 27 Jan. https://www.theguardian and his ability to send crowds into fits .com/us-news/2017/jan/27/mark of laughter (Māori Television 2016b). -zuckerberg-drops-hawaii-land-lawsuits Within a fortnight, his relation Mita Yu, LiAnne. 2016. Living Paycheck to Mohi of Ngāti Ranginui, Ngāi Te Paycheck in Paradise. Hawaii Business, Rangi, Ngāti Rangiwewehi, and Ngāti March. http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/ Tūwharetoa also left us. As an expo- living-paycheck-to-paycheck-in-paradise/ nent of the art of mau rākau (Māori weaponry), he had set up programs to train young men, including thou- sands who were at risk, in traditional Māori Issues weaponry skills (Makiha 2016). It was a year of some highs, which The loss of Awanuiārangi Black at included a number of Māori athletes the age of forty-eight soon after was competing in the Olympic Games keenly felt. A leader of Ngāi Te Rangi, and their medal haul, as well as two Ngāti Ranginui, Ngāti Pukenga, and important victories in the courts. Ngāti Raukawa ki Ōtaki, he served But the battle for justice, equity, and on a number of bodies including the recognition of Māori rights continued National Iwi Chairs Forum, the Bay of unabated in the face of increasingly Plenty Regional Council, and Te Taura harsh socioeconomic conditions and Whiri i Te Reo (the Māori Language an uncaring government. Before we Commission). He also led the cam- consider a selection of these successes paign for formal commemorations and struggles, we pause to consider of the British invasion of Tauranga some of the many Māori leaders we Moana in the 1860s (Cairns and lost over the past year. others 2016). A fortnight later, singer Ngāpō Wehi of Ngāi Tūhoe, Bunny Te Kōkiri Miha Waahi Wal- Whakatōhea, Ngāpuhi, Te Whānau ters (Ngāi Te Rangi) passed away. He a Apanui, and Ngāti Kahu—kapa recorded a number of hits in the 1970s haka exponent, composer, choreog- (Māori Television 2016a). rapher, and teacher—passed away In January 2017, it was Ngāpuhi’s in July 2016. He and his late wife Iwi Puihi (Percy) Tīpene, founding Pīmia had been involved in kapa member and chairperson of Waka Kai haka (traditional Māori performing Ora (Māori Organics Aotearoa). Percy arts) for more than fifty years. They had extensive knowledge of primary earned respect and recognition as industries, having been a government two of the great leaders of the art, auditor, advisor, and technician. He leading their kapa haka teams to win combined this experience with a deep prestigious national competitions six knowledge of tikanga (Māori law) to times (Haami 2013, 7; Mane 2016a). establish the world’s first indigenous