Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020
Science and innovation
Collection of scientific articles
Submitted for review in Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Sciences & Humanities (CPCI-SSH)
Shioda GmbH Steyr, Austria 2020 2 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020
Shioda GmbH Steyr, Austria
Science and innovation
Reviewers:
Andrej Udovč, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Economics, Head of the cheir for agrometheorology, agricultural land management, economics and rural development Biotechnical faculty, Univerza v Ljubljani (Slovenia)
Nedelea Alexandru-Mircea, Associate Professor Ph.D at Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava (Romania)
Science editor:
Drobyazko S.I., Doctor of Economics, Professor, European Academy of Sciences, London, United Kingdom
Science and innovation: Collection of scientific articles. - Shioda GmbH, Steyr, Austria, 2020. - 116 p.
ISBN 978-3-953794-29-5
Collection of scientific articles published is the scientific and practical publication, which contains scientific articles of students, graduate students, candidates and doctors of sciences, research workers and practitioners from Europe, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. The articles contain the study, reflecting the processes and changes in the structure of modern economy and state structure. The collection of scientific articles is for students, postgraduate students, doctoral candidates, teachers, researchers, practitioners and people interested in the trends of modern economic science development.
ISBN 978-3-953794-29-5 © 2020 Shioda GmbH © 2020 Authors of the articles
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CONTENT
NATIONAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT ...... 4 Presiana Nenkova. CHANGES OF THE VERTICAL FISCAL GAP IN DECENTRALIZED SETTINGS – EVIDENCE FROM BULGARIA ...... 4
ENTERPRISES ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT...... 10 Aljoscha Groos, Zuzana Stolicna. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY...... 10 Teresa Dieguez. ERASMUS STUDENT’S ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION ...... 28 Kolisnyk Serhii. THE ESSENCE OF SMALL BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS AND FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON ITS ACTIVITIES...... 33 Yakovlev Vladyslav, Drugova Olena. TRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES ...... 37 Ivan Grachev, Sergey Larin, Natalia Noakk. USE OF THE MODERN DIGITAL INSTRUMENT FOR SELECTING A STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES……………………………………………………………………………………42
PRODUCTIVE FORCES DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL ECONOMY ...... 50 Antoneta Polo, Ilirjana Zyberi, Enkela Caca. GLOBALIZATION IN THE TRANSITION COUNTRIES ECONOMIES AND ITS IMPACT ON ALBANIA ...... 50 Ivanova Olga, Laptiev Viacheslav. UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES DURING THE PANDEMIC: THREATS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS...... 61 Kovalev G.І., Kovalova O.O. INNOVATIVE MODEL OF REGIONAL POLICY FORMATION66 OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT...... 66 Piata L.V. BASICS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS IN BUSINESS ENTITIES OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ...... 72
TAXATION AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ...... 79 Leonardo Stoev. EFFICIENCY OF THE MUNICIPAL TAX ADMINISTRATION IN BULGARIA ...... 79
MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ECONOMY...... 83 Pakhomova E.A., Pisareva D.A. METHOD FOR SETTING BACKGROUND DATA AS THE BASIS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM 83
MANAGEMENT ...... 88 Kvasko Alla. USING THE EXPERT METHOD TO ASSESS THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRINTING ENTERPRISES...... 88
MARKETING ...... 93 Gezim Simoni. BANK SELECTION AND CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING IN THE BANKING SERVICES INDUSTRY ...... 93
PSYCHOLOGY, PEDAGOGY, EDUCATION, PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY...... 100 Petridou Charitini. PREVALENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS...... 100 Arsenyev Yu.N., Davydova T.Yu. THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE SENIORS ...... 108 Shavrina I.V. COMPLEX ASPECTS OF TEACHING RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN UKRAINE . 113
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NATIONAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
Presiana Nenkova Assoc. Professor, Ph.D, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria
CHANGES OF THE VERTICAL FISCAL GAP IN DECENTRALIZED SETTINGS – EVIDENCE FROM BULGARIA
Abstract. The assignment of fiscal power between central and local governments throughout the decentralization process in Bulgaria has led to less pronounced revenue devolution than expenditure responsibilities devolution. About 60 percent of municipal funding consists of central government transfers and at the same time own municipal revenue did not exceeded 7 percent of total public sector revenue during the years after the start of fiscal decentralization reforms in 2003. The current study examines the changes of vertical fiscal gap in Bulgaria and determinants of its decline and increase during the period 2003-2018. Key words: fiscal decentralization, fiscal gap.
INTRODUCTION Since 2002 a wide range of reforms favoring greater fiscal decentralization and aimed at increasing expenditure responsibilities of local governments and their revenue potential have been implemented in Bulgaria. Despite the expanding role and importance of local governments in the economy and the public sector during the time period, the degree of fiscal decentralization in Bulgaria remained low especially with the regard to revenue decentralization (Nenkova, 2014). Specific for public finance decentralization in Bulgaria is that during the years 2003 through 2018 central government transfers on average amounted to more than 60% of municipal budget revenue. At the same time local tax revenue barely exceeded 3.5 % of consolidated tax revenue. And while the share of municipal expenditure in total public spending reaches 15.7 % in 2018, the own municipal revenue accounts for only 5.9 % of total public sector revenue. The high degree of tax centralization in Bulgaria and the significant presence of state transfers in municipal budgets presuppose the existence of a large vertical fiscal gap. A persistent presence of fiscal gap is considered to be a prerequisite for soft budget constraints and irresponsible fiscal behavior of local governments (Karpowicz, 2012). Vertical balance in the public sector is present when ‘a broad correspondence can be found between the expenditure responsibilities assigned to
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 5 each level of government and the fiscal resources available to them to carry out those duties’ (Martinez-Vazquez and Boex, 2001, p.45). Vertical fiscal gap or imbalance is always a direct result of the process of decentralization and the way financial relations between the levels of government in the vertical public sector have been designed. Narrowing the vertical gap is achieved by influencing the reasons for its appearance and eliminating the factors determining its existence. The purpose of this study is to trace the changes in the vertical fiscal gap in Bulgaria and to identify its determinants. 1. CHANGES IN THE SIZE OF VERTICAL FISCAL GAP There are different approaches to measuring the vertical fiscal gap (Kowalik, 2016). For the purpose of the current study the vertical fiscal gap will be measured as the share of local governments spending not covered by own local governments revenue (Eyraud and Lusinyan, 2013). Own revenue of municipalities in Bulgaria includes the receipts from local taxes, user fees and nontax revenue, i.e. real estate management and fines. Measured in this way and when debt financing accounts for a negligible part of local financial resources, the values of the indicator of vertical gap, denoted by VFG, will coincide with the values of the indicator of local governments transfer dependency. In Bulgaria, central government transfers contribution to the formation of the magnitude of the vertical fiscal gap is significant (Fig.1).
Figure 1. Components of Vertical Fiscal Gap in Bulgaria Source: Ministry of Finance data on consolidated fiscal program (2003-2018); own calculations
One of the problems that could arise when using the abovementioned measure of vertical fiscal gap is the way in which the shared tax revenues will be treated. In the case of Bulgaria, the application of an indicator to reflect the importance of
6 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 shared tax revenues is not necessary. After the start of fiscal decentralization reforms in 2002, for a couple of years municipal budgets received revenues from the personal income tax. In fact, local governments did not have any discretion over these receipts - they were targeted for financing delegated from the central government activities together with the general supplementary grant. Since 2008 the personal income tax revenue no longer constitutes income accruing to municipal budgets.
Figure 2. Vertical Fiscal Gap (2003—2018) Source: Ministry of Finance data on consolidated fiscal program (2003-2018); own calculations
The dynamics of vertical gap values in Bulgaria for the period 2003-2018 is presented in Figure 2. When calculating the VFG’’ indicator, in addition to the expenditures incurred through the municipal budgets, the denominator also includes expenditures, financed through European funds and reported as municipal extra- budgetary accounts. A discrepancy in the values of the two indicators, as the size of the VFG’’ exceeds that of the VFG’ can be observed immediately after 2007. Pre- 2014 the role of European funds, especially in financing municipal investments, has been growing significantly. In 2014 for example, the amount of funds spent under the various European programs exceeds that of the municipalities' own revenues. As these funds, received on a project basis from EU funds, are one-off in nature and act very unevenly, they strongly distort the usual picture of local revenues and expenditures. Therefore, the analysis in the present study focuses on the vertical fiscal gap, measured as a share of municipal expenditures or VFG’, excluding those financed by European funds. Between 2003 and 2007 there is a clear trend of vertical fiscal gap reduction in Bulgaria. It widens again in 2007 to reach its maximum values of 0.68 in 2008. From
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2009 to 2015 a decreasing trend is observed and vertical gap narrows, except for 2014. A widening vertical fiscal gap has been present again since 2015. 2. DETERMINANTS OF VERTICAL FISCAL GAP IN BULGARIA The size and changes of vertical fiscal gap depends on the mismatch between the degree of revenue and expenditure decentralization, and the variations of general government deficit (Boadway and Eyraud, p.41). As a rule, the vertical fiscal gap increases when more expenditure responsibilities are transferred to local authorities, which cannot be financed with the available own source revenue at the local level. However, this will also be the result if, ceteris paribus, the level of revenue decentralization decreases. Regarding budget balance, the relations are contradictory, as the changes in the size of vertical gap could be both a result of and a reason for a general government deficit.
Figure 3. Fiscal gap and general government balance Source: Ministry of Finance data on consolidated fiscal program (2003-2018); own calculations
Figure 4. Vertical fiscal gap and the mismatch between revenue and expenditure decentralization Source: Ministry of Finance data on consolidated fiscal program (2003-2018); own calculations
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Contrary to the results of some empirical studies which show that the vertical gap deteriorates the fiscal position of the general government sector, in Bulgaria during the period 2003-2018 there is a slight positive correlation between the two quantities (Fig. 3). Conversely, there is a strong negative correlation between the magnitude of the vertical gap and the mismatch between revenue and expenditure decentralization (Fig. 4). Hence the changes in the size of vertical fiscal gap in Bulgaria are driven mainly by the asymmetry between the decentralization of public sector revenue and expenditure. The information presented in Figure 5 clearly shows that the degree of revenue decentralization in Bulgaria, measured as the ratio between municipalities' own revenues and total public sector revenue is significantly lower than that of expenditure decentralization, measured as a ratio between the total expenditures of the municipalities in Bulgaria and total public sector spending.
Figure 5. Revenue and spending decentralization in Bulgaria (2003-2018) Source: Ministry of Finance data on consolidated fiscal program (2003-2018); own calculations
Although during the period 2003-2008 an increase in the degree of revenue decentralization can be observed, simultaneously with the increase in the degree of expenditure decentralization, vertical gap is narrowing. The larger expenditure responsibilities that are transferred to local authorities in Bulgaria are not accompanied by the corresponding decentralization of financial resources in the public sector, such as tax decentralization (on the contrary, there is tax centralization), but the vertical gap narrows in this period because the growth of own local revenues outpaced that of expenditures, and at the same time the expenditures of the general government sector grow at a slower pace than revenues. After the crisis of 2008-2009, the vertical gap tends to decrease again, albeit at a slow pace, mainly
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 9 due to the centralization of expenditures. The downward trend of spending decentralization had a positive yet small effect on the size of vertical gap, lowering it by a few percentage points. Gradual growth of expenditure decentralization over the last three years is associated with a new deterioration of vertical gap. CONCLUSION The decentralization history of Bulgaria is marked both with periods of vertical gap declines and increases. The large vertical fiscal gap in Bulgaria stems from the strong tax centralization and consequently the predominant presence of central government grants in municipal budgets. The main determinant of the fiscal gap is the mismatch between revenue and spending decentralization. One of the possible solutions for addressing the fiscal gap is increasing revenue potential of local governments or the local tax base. REFERENCES 1. Boadway, R., Eyraud, L. (2018). Designing Sound Fiscal Relations Across Levels in Decentralized Countries (December 2018). IMF working paper WP 18/271. 2. Eyraud, L.,Lusinyan, L. (2013). Vertical fiscal imbalances and fiscal performance in advanced economies. Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 60(5), pp. 571-587. 3. Karpowicz, I. (2012). Narrowing Vertical Fiscal Imbalances in Four European Countries (March 2012). IMF Working Paper No. 12/91. 4. Kowalik, P. (2016). Measurement of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in Germany. Argumenta economica nr 2 (37),pp. 131-146. 5. Martinez-Vazquez, J., Boex, J. (2001). Russia’s Transition to a New Federalism. WBI Learning Resource Series. 6. Nenkova, P. (2014). Fiscal Decentralization and Local Finance Reforms in Bulgaria: A Review of a Ten Years’ Experience. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, vol 5, No 23, pp.342-352.
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ENTERPRISES ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
Aljoscha Groos, Dipl. Wirt. Ing. – PhD. Student Zuzana Stoličná, Ing., PhD Faculty of Management - Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Abstract. The automotive industry is undergoing a huge transformation. The four major technology trends - mobility services, autonomous driving, digitization and electrification - are causing manufacturers a tremendous amount of work and costs. This study presents the four predominant trends and examines them in terms of their relevance for automobile manufacturers. In the current time it is no longer possible to follow all trends, priorities have to be set with regard to the investment of money and capacity. Key words: automotive, e-mobility, autonomous driving, digitization, mobility services, car sharing.
INTRODUCTION The automotive industry plays an important role for Europe and especially for Germany. It is the pillar of the German economy and in 2019 provided direct and 1 indirect employment for 822,873 people. Germany is known all over the world for its engineering skills and high quality cars. The reliability and sportiness and especially the combustion engines are outstanding sales features. Particularly in the premium segment, sales have continued to rise in recent years. A key factor in the success of the German automotive industry is its innovation and technology leadership. Especially in the premium segment, where the customer is willing to spend more money to get the latest and best technology. The German premium manufacturers Audi, BMW and Mercedes have a considerable advantage over their international competitors in terms of sales. Almost two thirds (63 percent) of all premium cars sold are produced by a German OEM.2 However, the automotive industry is facing a major change. For example, the highly complex combustion engines are being more and more replaced by electric motors that are easy to manufacture. Many parts, such as a clutch, are not needed in
1 BMWi 2 Bormann
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 11 electric cars and the major competitive advantages over foreign competitors are diminishing. Nevertheless, sportiness and driving comfort continue to play an important role. This is a complex and challenging task for both electric cars and conventional cars. This and other trends will change the automotive industry in the future as drastically as it has not happened in the last hundred years. The deep-rooted structure of the long-established car manufacturers will have to change to meet the new requirements and to make the switch from Polaroid to digital photography. New manufacturers such as Tesla show that it is possible to open a new factory in under a year. In addition, the car is becoming a product in transition, which will continue to be updated and developed through post-sales updates. This paper takes a look at the current trends and the associated opportunities and risks for the industry. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS The trends currently affecting the automotive industry can be abbreviated with the term MADE. MADE stands for “Mobility Services”; “Autonomous driving”; “Digitization” and “Electrification”. They will be playing a very important role and will introduce fundamental changes in the traditional understanding of automobility. This change cannot be achieved with the traditional model of automobility of long- established companies and can only be achieved by a new orientation in many areas. Mobility Services Especially in urban areas, mobility services are playing an increasingly important role. Due to the changing needs of people and the rapid developments in the field of mobile communication (smartphones), a large market has emerged with the task of getting people from A to B as easily and flexibly as possible. The underlying concept is that a car is shared by a large number of users. There are two main types of sharing, ridehailing and car sharing. Ridehailing means that a driver picks up users with his vehicle for a charge and brings them to a destination.3 The world's largest provider is the American company
3 BMW
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Uber which started its service in the USA in 2009 and arranges 14 million trips each day.4 In China the service DiDi is leading. The German car manufacturers operate their own services such as FreeNow (Daimler & BMW) or MOIA (VW). FreeNow is Europe's largest Ridehailing Company and offers its services in 10 European countries (Spain, Italy, Ireland, UK, Portugal, Austria, Romania, Sweden, Poland and Germany) and over 100 cities.5 In 2019, 300 million trips were made and a turnover of 2 billion euros was generated.6 The second major area of new mobility services concerns car sharing. Here, no rides are arranged, but cars are made available for the customer. The customer can flexibly rent a car for his journey and simply park it at his final destination where it is then ready for the next customer. Besides car rental companies such as Sixt or Avis, car manufacturers are also represented here. BMW and Daimler operate the largest service in Europe with "ShareNow" and VW has started its service "We Share" in Berlin in 2019 offering only electric vehicles. While Ride Hailing is carried out with private vehicles, Car-Sharing providers operate their own vehicle fleet. The assumption has long been that through Car-Sharing models, people would give up their own cars and thereby negatively influence the sales volumes of car manufacturers. In this context, the car manufacturers saw the need to create a further area of business in addition to the production and sale of cars as a "mobility provider". After a few years, however, these assumptions have proven to be incorrect. The operation of car sharing services is very expensive and the margins are extremely low. Based on an analysis by A.T. Kearney, the daily cost for a medium-sized Car Sharing provider is 10.80 euro per day and car (divided into overhead, maintenance, fuel/energy and car purchase price). The revenue depends on the potential users, the usage frequency and duration of the ride. The analysis compares the German cities Berlin, Cologne and Essen. While the daily profit in Berlin is greater than the expenses, the costs in Cologne and especially in Essen exceed the revenues.
4 UBER 5 FreeNow 6 FreeNow2
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To this day, Car-Sharing is not a profitable business model. For this reason, the competing premium manufacturers Daimler and BMW have merged their services "Car2Go" and "DriveNow" in 2019 and now operate as a joint service "ShareNow". Even with combined strength, the business is not profitable, which is why they have withdrawn from the American and Canadian markets in 2020. In addition, the service in the non-profitable cities of London, Brussels and Florence were discontinued. However, European services are not the only ones facing this problem. The US car manufacturer General Motors ended its service "Maven" after initially reducing it to selected cities. Ford has also stopped its service "Chariot" in 2019. Besides the high costs, there are also advantages that an OEM can gain by operating a Car-Sharing fleet. The brand image is positively influenced because sharing is associated with sustainability and it also shows that the company is not caught in its classic old patterns of thinking but is open to new trends. A further advantage is in attracting potential customers. Companies invest a considerable amount of money in advertising to reach new buyers. By having their own car sharing fleet, young people in particular those who do not yet have their own vehicle can be branded at an early stage, which means that the manufacturer is at least taken into consideration when buying a vehicle in future. In addition, Car Sharing trips are a simple way to experience the cars. While the customer used to have to go to the car dealership and convince the salesperson that he or she wants to buy the car, a test drive with the nearest car can be booked very flexibly and inexpensively. Collecting data is also an advantage that should not be underestimated. Short trips with ever-changing drivers put extreme strain on the car and thus represent a good test in terms of durability and possible faults. This data can be incorporated into future developments. In addition, the behavior of the customer provides important information on how often which functions and services are used in the vehicle. Feedback from Car-Sharing customers, who are primarily younger, also provides important information for the development of new products. Since the younger group of buyers mostly do not drive premium vehicles, it is difficult to receive feedback from interaction with the vehicle in the traditional way. However, as the younger
14 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 generation are the buyers of tomorrow, it is fundamentally important to know which things are valued and which features or functions are not of great importance. Last but not least, it should be mentioned that the use of compact and electric cars helps OEMs to achieve their CO2 fleet targets and thus avoid penalties. In addition, the electric cars in a car sharing fleet help to change people's mindset by getting them used to driving an electric vehicle and breaking down any prejudices they may have. Conclusion Mobility Services The above has shown that mobility services, especially in the area of car sharing, is a trend that causes high investments by the large OEMs but does not generate profits. Large manufacturers like Daimler, BMW, GM and Ford have already made the U-turn and are reducing their investments in these areas. The cost pressure of e-mobility combined with the corona crisis will force manufacturers to analyze whether they can afford to invest in a trend that may not be profitable for several years. Daimler and BMW have already outsourced ShareNow to a holding company ("Your Now") in January 2020 and are trying to find investors to spread the costs.7 Oliver Zipse, CEO of BMW, announced at the 2019 "Auto-Gipfel" in Stuttgart that not every trend has to become a business model for BMW. He emphasizes that the company will concentrate on its core competence, the construction of premium vehicles. Max Warbuton, advisor to the Board of Management of Daimler has already in the past expressed the opinion that Mobility Services are overhyped and overinvested. In his function as an advisor, it can be assumed that Daimler will also turn away from Mobility Services in the future and focus on its core business. This leads me to the assumption that the field of Mobility Services will be dominated by two types of companies in the future. On the one hand, there are classic car rental companies such as Sixt or Avis whose core business has always been the provision of vehicles. On the other hand, there are IT companies like Uber and Lyft
7 FAZ
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 15 where billions of dollars in losses do not play a decisive role for the shareholders (compared to car manufacturers). Autonomous driving Autonomous driving can be divided into five different levels. In the first stage, the driver controls the car and is assisted by electronic systems. Examples of this are Cruise Control and Lane Keeping Assistance. In the second level, the system takes full control of the car, but the driver must still observe the surroundings and his attention is guaranteed by the contact of the hands with the steering wheel or by monitoring the driver's eyes. While Level 1 and 2 are already on the market, the first Level 3 vehicles are due to be launched this year (Tesla's well-known autopilot is between Level 2 and 3). At this level the driver can concentrate on other things while the car is driving independently. However, he must be ready to intervene if the system gives a warning. Level 4 is like level 3, except that the driver is not needed in certain areas or under certain circumstances and can for example sleep. However, he must be ready to take control again outside these areas. If this is not possible, the car must be able to stop the ride on its own. Level 5 describes the scenario that a steering wheel is theoretically no longer necessary, because the car can be driven anywhere in the world without a driver. Almost all major car manufacturers are conducting research in the field of autonomous driving. Not only automakers are interested in the technology, Google as an IT-Company is the leader in autonomous driving with its company Waymo. Since 2009 they drove over 20 million miles on real roads testing and developing their system. Also Apple and Uber, companies without an own car production, are strongly researching in the field of autonomous driving. In addition to IT companies and car manufacturers, automotive suppliers are also doing a lot of research in this area. It is important to note that there are no individual fighters on this issue. The market is dominated by cooperation between several companies. This is because of the extremely high development costs on the one hand, and the highly complex nature of the topic on the other. The car itself, sensor technology and software must work together and the highest quality is required in every area. Small faults on the road could cause the life of the customer. The German manufacturers BMW and
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Daimler are working on a common platform for autonomous driving, which will be scalable and can be sold to customers on the basis of a licensing business. More than 1,200 experts are working together on this project, the partnership is open to other companies.8 German suppliers such as Bosch, Continental and ZF play a major role in the development. According to a study by Hubertus Bardt of the Institute for Economy, 40% of the patents for autonomous driving fall to the German automotive industry. The supplier Bosch takes first place, followed by VW. The supplier Continental is in 7th place, Google, with its company Waymo, is in 8th place.9 Companies also cooperate in the field of high-precision maps, which are important for autonomous driving. The company Here (formerly owned by Nokia), was jointly acquired by Daimler, BMW and Audi in 2015. Since then, other companies such as Navinfo, Tencent, Intel, Contintenal and Bosch have also acquired shares. BMW cooperates with Navinfo and Tencent in the field of autonomous driving in China, and a partnership between Intel and Continental has existed since 2016. This shows the close cooperation between the different companies While the industry spends a lot of money and time to develop the technology, the question arises whether this is justified on the demand side or whether the industry has gone astray. In a recent study by Alix Partners from 2020, international consumer surveys were conducted. It was found that the automotive industry overestimates customers in two areas at once. The customer is not willing to pay a significant extra price for the technology and is generally not as interested in the new technology as expected. Especially the regions with very high sales of German cars, such as China and the USA, are only willing to pay a surcharge of 8% and 9% for autonomous driving. The safety factor also plays a significant role. China has the most confidence with regard to safety, with 58% of those surveyed thinking that they can be transported safely from A to B. In Germany, on the other hand, only 18% believe in it. As a result, 80% of all participants would wait five years or more before purchasing a car with this technology until it is available nationwide.10
8 Daimler 9 Bardt 10 AlixPartners
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In the end, a critical look should be taken at when the technology is ready for series production. While BMW and Daimler want to launch the first vehicles with Level 3 systems this year, Audi has announced to stay with Level 2 for the time being. A recent study commissioned by the ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil Club) comes to the conclusion that only after 2040 it is expected that a larger number of cars will drive completely autonomously and will no longer need a driver.11 The supplier ZF is planning to concentrate initially on affordable driver assistance systems of level 2+ for the general public. CEO Wolf-Henning Scheider does not believe that the time is ready yet for completely self-driving cars.12 Daimler boss Ola Kallenius also reports in an interview that his company will shift the priority for fully automatic vehicles from cars to trucks. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, the uncertainty of how customers will accept the technology and, on the other hand, the uncertainty of how various regulatory authorities will set up their rules in the future.13 End of April, Continental boss Elmar Degenhart announced that investments in automated driving from level 3 would be postponed. He stated that even before the Corona crisis, there was a tendency for the customer to reduce demand. Due to the virus, clear priorities must now be set and investments must no longer be made in every trend with full intensity.14 Conclusion Automated driving Autonomous driving is a trend that affects not only car manufacturers and suppliers, but also IT companies and many start-ups. However, the reality check makes it clear that this is a field for which customers are not willing to pay a high upcharge and whose production readiness is not yet within reach. Automotive companies should consider exactly the amount of money they want to invest in research, considering the expected profit and the current situation. However, the previous points make it clear that OEMs have apparently already decided to cut back in this area. The concept which Daimler and BMW are striving to develop together a system which is scalable and individually adaptable for other companies is in my
11 ADAC 12 ZF 13 Golem 14 WiWo
18 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 opinion the best solution. However, the aim should be to place this research community on as many shoulders as possible. At present, the suppliers, which are closely connected to the German car manufacturers, are ahead of their foreign competitors in an international comparison of patents and components. However, due to shortfalls in investment and the current crisis, they too will have to reconsider their investments, and as a result there is a risk of being outperformed by other companies internationally. Digitization / Connected Cars A study from 2020 shows that nearly every second customer (47%) would switch the brand for new and innovative car services. This challenges the previous assumption whether the customer really puts traditional factors such as engine performance, sportiness and fuel consumption before issues such as connectivity.15 Especially the younger generation is used to their smartphone being easy and intuitive to use. Apps and regular updates provides the opportunity to constantly add new features and modified user interfaces. The smartphone is not only a useful object, but also a statement of the person using it through various individualization options (wallpaper, ring tone, icons ...). The classic analog instruments in the vehicle are being replaced more and more by digital displays. This creates completely new possibilities for individualizing the car and the design can be adapted to current trends. Similar to the change from mobile phone to smartphone, the change from car to smart car is taking place. Above all, it is important that it is easy, intuitive and error-proof to use. Otherwise, functions are not used or, in the worst case, the image of the manufacturer is negatively affected. For example, BMW offers the function to list the fuel prices of nearby gas stations. The idea is good, but the implementation is not satisfactory. It is neither possible to search for the cheapest gas station on the route, nor is the function easy to find. It would be intuitive, if from a specific remaining fuel range a message would automatically appear whether the vehicle should search for the cheapest petrol station on the route.
15 NTTData
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However, the change to the Smart Car is cost and time intensive. A car is equipped with a large number of small computers (control units) from different suppliers with different software which in the end have to be integrated into the manufacturer's vehicle system. In addition, each car manufacturer is currently working on its own operating system, e.g. VW is developing the "VW.OS" system and intends to equip all of its vehicles with it. Here again, the smartphone serves as a good comparison. At the beginning there were different operating systems such as Android, iOS, Blackberry OS, Windows Mobile, Symbian, Palm OS. In the end, the two operating systems Android and iOS succeeded. For developers of apps and component suppliers it is economically not possible to develop their software for a variety of operating systems. For this reason it is advisable for car manufacturers to agree on a standard. Basic functions such as updating the car software are, for most manufacturers, associated with a workshop visit and additional costs for the customer. Tesla, on the other hand, introduced “Over the Air” (OtA) updates without the need for a workshop visit already in 2015. This shows that the classic car manufacturers have a lot of catching up to do in the digital area and Tesla shows what is possible through the digitalization of the car. Especially in the area of monetization of additional functions. There are many possible scenarios for its use. For example, manufacturers can reduce expensive variants and build standardized components into their vehicles. As a result, proportional production costs can be reduced significantly. Tesla has saved a 40kWh version of its battery by reducing the 60kWh to 40kWh by software. Furthermore, subscription models can be sold. If, for example, the customer wants to go to the racetrack on the weekend, he could have more horsepower unlocked for a certain period of time via "in car purchase" and afterwards reduce the power and thus the fuel consumption for stop&go traffic in the city. With a wide range of functions, the car can be individually adapted to current conditions. This is in line with the spirit of the times, where flexibility and change are the key factors. The last major area to be mentioned is the improvement of comfort for the driver. In today's world, the requirement for technical devices is that they relieve
20 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 customers of annoying tasks. To buy a parking ticket or to go to the parking machines in the car park is an example which in future can be done automatically by the car. BMW is working on this topic with his service ParkNow. Car2Car communication can provide important information about accidents, traffic jams or free parking spaces (by using the internal sensors) and thus save important time for the driver. Data is an important resource nowadays. Vehicles collect huge amounts of data which are currently not used. For car manufacturers, this area represents an opportunity for additional revenue that has not been exploited to date. The inspiration for this is Google with its various apps and the Android operating system collecting and monetizing data. Conclusion Digitization While the two trends mobility services and autonomous driving are of secondary importance in terms of customer benefit and profit, digitization is a trend that will decide whether or not to buy a vehicle in the future. Digitization is unstoppable and customers increasingly put connectivity above all other functions. In addition, the use of new technology can reduce production costs and create new sources of income. The beginning of the smartphone era with various mobile operating systems of the respective manufacturers can be compared with the current situation in the automotive industry. In the end, only a few systems will succeed and will establish a standard. Daimler is currently looking for a partner to create a common operating system and is in discussion with both VW and BMW. Thus, there will probably be two standards in the German automotive industry in the future. A standardization should be urgently examined, but could also be difficult for reasons of antitrust law. Once again, it has been shown that cooperation between the various manufacturers and suppliers is desirable. A common standard for the various sensors, control units and car manufacturers will simplify further developments. One goal of the car manufacturers should be to reduce the number of individual computers (control units) in their cars in the future. While Tesla uses much fewer, self-produced ECUs, the classic car manufacturers are bound to their supply chains with different
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 21 suppliers and a large number of different systems. With regard to digitalization, manufacturers should take a critical look at their supply chains and try to reduce the number of suppliers significantly. The trend towards electrification can help here, as the switch to electro mobility means that some parts in the car are no longer needed. Electrification The most important trend in the automotive industry is undoubtedly the change from the combustion engine to the electric car. Manufacturers are driven primarily by regulations of the individual countries in which they want to sell their vehicles and the threat of fines if certain limit values are not met. The most important markets for VW (Group), BMW and Daimler are China and the USA in addition to Germany and Great Britain in Europe. The European CO2 fleet target is simply expressed as follows. The average of a manufacturer's vehicles sold in Europe must not emit more than 95g/km. For each gram and vehicle more, a fine of 95 euros must be paid. In the USA, the limit set by Obama will be increased from 121 to 136 g/km under the Trump administration. China, on the other hand, has found a far more drastic regulation for car manufacturers in addition to a limit value of 117g/km. Depending on the degree of electrification of the vehicles, the car manufacturer receives points. Overall, a certain percentage of points must be achieved in relation to the total number of vehicles. This quota increases over the next few years and if the target value is not reached, sanctions and in the worst case a production stop are possible. In all regions purchase bonuses and other incentives such as special lanes that can only be used by electric cars or special parking spaces for electric vehicles exists. In China, owners of electric vehicles receive a guaranteed registration, while owners of vehicles with combustion engines must participate in a lottery. The CO2 targets, quotas and purchase incentives in the most important markets of the German car manufacturers force them to push the topic of e-mobility. According to a study by PA Consulting, German manufacturers are facing high fines. According to their analysis, VW is threatened with 4.5 billion euros, BMW could pay
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754 million euros in fines and Daimler 997 million euros.16 All manufacturers are therefore pushing the production of electrified vehicles, be they completely electrically powered vehicles (BEV) or plug in hybrids that combine the classic combustion engine with an electric motor (PHEV). In the future, however, the demand for electric cars may decrease. In China, subsidies have already been reduced and if the corona crisis had not occurred, they would have already been abolished. In the USA, manufacturers will no longer be subsidized once a certain sales volume is reached (Tesla is the first manufacturer where this applies). In Europe, on the other hand, there is a chance of an increase of the current subsidies to support the economy after Corona. The government of a countryis a major factor of uncertainty and has a significant influence on the development of demand for electric vehicles. The USA, is highly dependent on its oil production, and the oil lobby is the second largest after the weapons lobby. For this reason, it remains to be seen how the current and future government will continue to support the transition from the combustion engine to the electric car. Some US states have already introduced a special charge for electric vehicles to compensate for the lack of a mineral oil tax.17 A look at the development of registration numbers of electric cars shows that the demand in China in 2019 compared to 2018 has decreased by 4%. This is the first time that registrations for electric vehicles in China are falling. In the USA the decrease is 10%. Europe, on the other hand, shows a positive growth. Germany has increased its registrations by 61% and the UK by 21%. Looking at the absolute figures, this increase should not be overestimated. In Germany, 68,000 vehicles were registered in 2018 and 109,000 in 2019. By comparison, 1,204,000 vehicles were registered in China in 2019.18 In the Global Automotive Consumer Study 2020, Deloitte examined, among other things, how consumers think about electric mobility. In the USA, 59% would prefer a combustion engine in the next vehicle. In China the figure is 43% and in Germany 49%. This means that alternative vehicles such as PHEVs and BEVs are
16 Schweikl 17 WiWo2 18 AutoInstitut
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 23 considered by many people. On the other hand, however, there is little willingness to pay a significant surcharge for electric vehicles. In Germany 43% do not want to pay any surcharge at all and 24% only want to pay a maximum of 800 Euros (880 USD). In the USA, the share of customers who are not willing to pay more is 34% and another 29% are willing to pay up to 1,000 dollars. In China, on the other hand, only 10% would not pay any surcharge, 28% would pay up to 5,000 yen (700 USD) and a further 29% would pay between 5,000 and 15,000 yen (700 - 2100 USD). When it comes to range, 68% of German customers want to have at least 300 miles (482km). In the USA it is 41% and in China 55%. The figure from the USA is not representative, as 20% of respondents said they did not know.19 The result of this study shows that although there is interest in electric cars, there is a mismatch between the willingness to pay more money and the range requirements. It is not possible to consider all facets of the change to e-mobility in the context of this paper. Important factors for the future are the development and production of batteries, future supplier relationships due to new parts and the elimination of classic parts such as a catalyst, cooperation and investments in new factories and R&D. German manufacturers pursue two different strategies with regard to high- voltage batteries. While VW will produce the cells themselves and assemble them into batteries, BMW and Daimler are following the strategy of purchasing cells and then assembling them into batteries in their plants. BMW has already ordered cells until 2031 from CATL (which also supply Tesla) and Samsung SDI. Daimler has secured itself with various suppliers until 2030. This indicates that they will not change their strategy in the future. Nevertheless, the two manufacturers will continue to research independently in the field of cell production in order to remain on an eye level with the supplier. This indicates that BMW and Daimler are too small for their own cell production with the associated costs to be profitable in the current time. VW, on the other hand, can split the costs to its large fleet and sub-brands and is generally pursuing the strategy of no longer building pure combustion engines by 2026. Even if the strategy is risky, it provides planning security for the future and the
19 Deloitte
24 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 necessary course can be set. VW is therefore positioning itself against the fuel cell and concentrating on the classic battery. Daimler has also announced a deadline for classic combustion engines in its Strategy 2039. From 2039, no more cars with classic combustion engines are to roll off the assembly line. In contrast, BMW keeps everything open. They continue to do research on the fuel cell and the head of development Mr. Fröhlich said in an interview in early 2020 that BMW will continue to build combustion engines for the next 30 years. BMW is focusing on flexibility and wants to continue using an architecture in which both electric motors and combustion engines can be used. 20 Conclusion Electrification The automotive industry faces the great challenge of balancing the gap between combustion and electric engines. On the one hand there are subsidies and penalties, on the other hand high development and production costs with still low demand, lack of infrastructure and price sensible customers. Manufacturers must critically examine which components belong to their core competencies and distinguish the identity of their brand and which do not. Although the classic drive train will be eliminated, electric vehicles will continue to require a perfectly balanced suspension system. Here, manufacturers can rely on their already existing competencies. Another point is the vehicle's dynamics and thus to a large extent the engine. In this area, too, manufacturers should continue to rely on their expertise and seek their own solutions to set themselves apart from the competition. Even if the battery is a very expensive component with a lot of potential for further development, car manufacturers should remain with their core competence, and this does not lie in the production of battery cells. It is currently not economically feasible to build up their own production facilities from scratch. Even Tesla, which has a very high in-house production depth, buys the cells externally. Rather, cooperation should be entered into with manufacturers and work together on improvements. Since cell production is a technology of the future, Europe should develop a common plan for the promotion of research and development like China did it with his “Made in China 2025” plan. It is not an area that individual companies can handle alone. The goal
20 Focus
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 25 must be to develop joint research facilities with universities, start-ups and experienced suppliers. In this way, Europe can make itself independent of batteries from Asia in the future. While Daimler and VW do not plan to build combustion engines in the future, BMW is convinced that they will continue to sell combustion engines. This is a risky bet. From the current point of view it is questionable how such a serious change to 100% electric cars will be possible with the current infrastructure of the countries. Furthermore, it is questionable whether countries like the USA and Saudi Arabia, with their strong dependence on oil production, will support this process. The example of China shows that the purchase of electric vehicles is currently still strongly driven by subsidies. Without them, many customers are no longer willing to buy an electric car. Against this background, BMW's strategy of being flexible seems to make the most sense, but it leads to higher costs compared to Daimler's strategy. CONCLUSION The German automotive industry spent 44.6 billion euros on research and development worldwide in 2018, making it by far the leader in R&D spending, ahead of Japan (32.5 billion euros) and the USA (18.4 billion euros). Overall, the German automotive industry accounts for more than one third of total R&D expenditure.21 In the light of technical change, the current economic situation due to corona and the threat of fines for non-compliance with CO2 limits, the available funds for R&D must be used in the right places. It is no longer possible to chase after all trends and the analysis has shown that not all of the four major trends ("MADE") justify their investments. In the future, the focus should be on digitalisation and electrification. Daimler has apparently also come to this decision. The CEO, Ola Källenius, reported at the Q1 2020 results presentation that Daimler will continue to invest in the "key technologies of electrification and digitalization” not mentioning the other two trends.22 It is becoming clear that the German automotive industry must move closer together in many areas and that given the high costs involved, many challenges can
21 VDA 22 Daimler2
26 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 only be overcome by working together. Standards must be developed which can then be adapted by the respective manufacturers to their needs. Cooperation with suppliers must also be further intensified, as they are responsible for a large number of patents and development breakthroughs. In regards to electrification and battery production a clear European strategy with R&D funds and networks must be set up.
REFERENCES 1. BMWi (2020). Eckdaten der deutschen Autombilindustrie, viewed 28 May 2020,
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16. Schweikl, M. (2020). CO2 Emissions are increasing. Car makers must act. PAConsulting 17. WiWo2 (2020). Neuer Rekord und Neue Herausforderungen, viewed 28 May 2020,
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Teresa Dieguez Professor, Specialist (Strategy and Entrepreneurship) Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave (IPCA) and Polytechnic Institute of Porto (IPP), Portugal
ERASMUS STUDENT’S ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION
Abstract. Nowadays, more than ever, to face problems and economic recession is crucial to have entrepreneurs who find solutions, who can contribute to economic growth, social welfare and environmental protection. Students of today are the leaders of tomorrow. Education plays an important role and Erasmus + Program can be an excellent tool to change paradigms and close the gap between cultures and nations. This study begins with a literature review, followed by presentation of a case study where discussion of results is made and conclusions presented. Key words: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Intention; Erasmus+, IPCA, Sustainable Development.
INTRODUCTION Last decades Sustainable Development become a worldwide concern and since 1987, due the Brundtland Report (1987), new perspectives arise as it is possible to conciliate compatible environmental protection policies with economic development strategies (Zhouri, Laschefski, & Pereira, 2005). More and more all stakeholders must dialogue with each other and civil society will be the kernel for building a paradigm shift, with clear and strong perspectives based on identified collective shared visions (Dieguez, 2018). Education plays a crucial role, as it provides people the power to control and direct their development, through the expansion of choices and the awareness of their consequences (World Bank, 2017). As a way of thinking, entrepreneurship means analysis and actions facing solutions and seizing the opportunity (Dieguez & Günen, 2019), Being not only a driving force for job creation, competitiveness, growth and productivity enhancements, entrepreneurship also contributes to personal fulfillment and social objective achievement (Flash Eurobarometer, 2010; Wiklund, 2019). However, different cultures have different ways to leverage the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability (Sajjad, Shafi, & Dad, 2012). The present research is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces a theoretical background; Section 3 describes the methodology, Section 4 presents results analysis and discussion and finally conclusions and some suggestions are presented.
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LITERATURE REVIEW Entrepreneurship is a field of research with numerous concepts and theories, where the lack of theoretical consensus is usual (Palma & Cunha, 2006). The literature on entrepreneurial intentions has been received many contributions from theories of social psychology field, namely cognitive psychology (Fayolle & Liñán, 2014) and since the nineties large amount of research is this area appeared. The most used theoretical framework in the study of entrepreneurial intentions is the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985) which argues the strength of intention as an immediate antecedent of behavior. However the analysis of entrepreneurial intention may serve to predict an individual’ behavior towards the creation of his own business, the intention may never reflect the reality (Davidsson, 1995). Some categories of personal background, business knowledge and entrepreneurial self- efficacy dimensions, may be developed through entrepreneurship education (Conceição, Dieguez, & Duarte, 2017), based on dynamic methods that emphasize the attitudes, the skills and motivation (Palma & Silva, 2014). Due globalization, nations need strong interaction. Quality of education may help change behaviors and close the gap between cultures (OECD, 2012). Erasmus program that contributes to the growth of generations that are well-supported in terms of academic and culture, provide an exchange program for students and educators in Europe by supporting and motivating international cooperation (Ekti, 2012). METHODOLOGY In the present research study, we chose to use a quantitative methodology and the working instrument was a questionnaire developed by the author . The study was conducted on the Poytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave (IPCA), Portugal, from middle of April 2017 to middle of May2017. The purpose of the study was to analyse the attitude of students and the desire to become an entrepreneur, as well as to understand what barriers students face when trying to achieve these goals. The object of the study was the students from IPCA who already have been in an Erasmus + experience. The questionnaire included 22 questions and was divided in 4 main areas: 1) desire to become an entrepreneur at any stage of his career; 2) reasons and constraints to become entrepreneur; 3) missing knowledge and skills; 4) desired
30 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 forms of acquiring knowledge and skills concerning entrepreneurship within the university. The survey used Google Forms and was shared through Facebook. Data was collected from 36 students across 7 countries (Finland, Latvia, Poland, Norway, Germany, Greece and Netherland). RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Data showed that respondents were mainly: Aged between 20 and 23 years old (43,8%); Female than male (62% versus 38%, respectively); Enrolled in a master level (60%); Studying Social Sciences (e.g. Business, Economics, Law), 69%; do not have entrepreneurs in their families (75%). 56% of those would like to become an entrepreneur but only 19% noted their unwillingness to create their own business in the future; Without entrepreneurs among their friends (46%); Sensitive to become entrepreneurs due “freedom of choice of tasks and achieving the appropriate goal in their lives" (30,8%), followed by “meet new people and increase communication network” (15,4%); Interested in combining salary with independent income (53.8%); Interested to work in large companies, after five years post graduation, as an option of receiving wages (37.5%); Interested in becoming entrepreneur (37.5%), but not sure that they will start their own business and they wanted to do that (50%); Orientated to start businesses in the area of tourism (30.8%), followed by IT (23.1%), entertainments industry and educational services (15.4%); Reluctant to be an entrepreneur by reasons like: fear of debt (46.7%), lack of experience (33.3%), lack of equity (26.7%), among other factors; In accordance that the qualities to become an entrepreneur are: readiness for the risk (56.3%), communication and organization/cunning (43.8%), ability to manage people, energy, and leadership (31.3%);
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Sure that to get better knowledge and skills in the field of entrepreneurship they should have regular entrepreneurship classes and trainings (50%), meetings with successful entrepreneurs (43.8%), practical classes (43.8%), participation in a student business incubator (12.5%); Willing to receive more information and knowledge in legislation (37.5%), management, marketing and accounting (31.33%), negotiation and basics to start a business (25%), creativity, business management and law (12.5%); Certain that Erasmus experience gave them new opportunities, namely expanding the horizon (36.4%), new contacts (45.5%) and new knowledge (18.2%). No one answered that Erasmus + was just for travelling. Confident that training abroad has increased opportunities to start own business (40%). CONCLUSION The results of the present research showed that the entrepreneurial activity of university students depends on many factors. Nowadays is impossible to unequivocally affirm the positive attitude of young people towards entrepreneurship. Unfortunately, at present there are no formed entrepreneurial networks around students, what negatively affects their entrepreneurial activity. The study showed that more than half of the students (62%) would like to become an entrepreneur, however, most of them plan to start their own business only 3-5 years after graduation. Men and women are to be treated as different target groups in raising entrepreneurial intentions. Stimulating female entrepreneurship may require offering different career reasons and training different competencies than those typically associated with male-dominated entrepreneurship. The decision to become self-employed is not only affected by micro and macro determinants, such as age, education or the macroeconomic cycle, but it is also shaped by individual and societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Support programs for youth entrepreneurs are especially effective when they provide a balanced, comprehensive range of support modalities, such as training/skills development, mentoring and access to networking, dedicated funding or easier access to finance. Furthermore, it is equally important that the
32 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 support is extended over a relatively long period to be fully effective, as the first years of any enterprise are usually critical for its future survival, especially for those set up by young entrepreneurs who often lack the right experience of the labour market. The decision to become self-employed is complex and determined by different micro and macro factors. Social and individual attitudes shape the perception and feasibility of entrepreneurship as a career option. The evidence in this report indicates that young people are interested and enthusiastic about becoming entrepreneurs, with almost half of them stating that self-employment would be a desirable career option. Policies must be aware of this important desire.
REFERENCES 1. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & Beckmann (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11–39). Heidelberg Springer.~ 2. Conceição, O., Dieguez, T., & Duarte, M. (2017). The entrepreneurial intentions in a multivariate approach: a case study applied to IPCA students. Conferência Educação para o Empreendedorismo. Universidade de Aveiro. 3. Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Paper prepared for the RENT IX Workshop, Piacenza, Italy, Nov. 23-24. 4. Dieguez, T. (2018). Sustainable Development: a controversial concept. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management 1:7, 15-21, July 2018. 5. Dieguez, T., & Günen, E. (2019). Education's impact on women entrepreneurship: Turkey, a case study. CEE’2019 | September 2019. ISBN 978-989-95853-9-3. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. 6. Ekti, M. (2012). An evaluation regarding to the gains of Erasmus program in terms of language and science. Akdeniz Language Studies Conference 2012. 7. Fayolle, A. & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67, 663-666. 8. Flash Eurobarometer. (2010). Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond 2010. The Gallup Organization 9. OECD (2012). Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools, OECD Publishing. 10. Palma, P. J. & Cunha, M. P. (2006). New challenges in entrepreneurship: introduction to the special issue. Comportamento Organizacional e Gestão, 12 (1), 3-6. 11. Palma, P.J. & Silva, R. (2014). Proatividade e espírito empreendedor. In P. Palma, M. P. Lopes & J. Bancaleiro. Psicologia para não psicólogos: a gestão à luz da Psicologia. Lisboa: RH Editora. 12. Sajjad, S. I., Shafi, H. & Dad, A. M. (2012). Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention. Information Management and Business Review, 4(1), 30-34. 13. World Bank (2017). The World Bank annual report 2017 : end extreme poverty. Boosted shared prosperity. 14. Wiklund, J., Nikolaev, B., Shir, M. & Bradley, S. (2019). Conquering Relevance: Entrepreneurship Research’s Grand Challenge Journal of Business Venturing. 34, 579–588. 15. Zhouri, A., Laschefski, K., & Pereira, D. (2005). A insustentável leveza da política ambiental - desenvolvimento e conflito socioambientais. Belo Horizonte: Ed. Autêntica. uri, Laschefski, & Pereira
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Kolisnyk Serhii Phd student National technical university «Kharkiv polytechnical institute»
THE ESSENCE OF SMALL BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS AND FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON ITS ACTIVITIES
Колісник Сергій аспірант Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут»
СУТНІСТЬ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ ТА ФАКТОРИ ВПЛИВУ НА ЙОГО ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ
Abstract. The article studies the essence of competitiveness on the basis of research of domestic and foreign scientists. The essence of small business is spilled. Factors influencing the functioning of small business are identified. Keywords: competitiveness, small business, enterprise, influence, efficiency, market, strategy
Анотація. У статті проведено дослідження сутності конкурентоспроможності на основі дослідження вітчизняних та зарубіжних вчених. Розлянуто сутність малого бізнесу. Визначено фактори впливу на функціонування малого бізнесу. Ключові слова: конкурентоспроможність, малий бізнес, підприємство, вплив, ефективність, ринок, стратегія
Актуальність. На сьогоднішній день у ринковій системі господарювання конкурентоспроможність є однією з головних елементів успішного функціонування малого бізнесу. Розвиток малого бізнесу є важливим кроком не тільки для забезпечення ефективності економіки України та її розвитку, але й для забезпечення конкурентоспроможності та ефективного функціонування підприємств харчової промисловості, наприклад в Одеській області. Прикладом ефективної діяльності будь-якої галузі за кордоном, є значний розвиток підприємств саме малого бізнесу, їх широка підтримка з боку держави та постійний пошук шляхів підвищення конкурентоспроможності підприємств [1]. За рахунок невеликого виробництва, малий бізнес має змогу швидко та гнучко реагувати на ринкові виклики, це дає додаткові варіанти для розробки кроків, які зможуть стимулювати виробництво та підвищити конкурентоспроможність підприємства.
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О.Є. Кузьмін визначає сутність категорії «конкурентоспроможність» як сукупність важелів і способів впливу на сфери створення й реалізації конкурентоспроможних товарів, цілі та відповідальність суб’єктів господарювання, що реалізуються за допомогою сукупності управлінських засобів [2]. Ф. Котлер визначав, що конкурентоспроможність є не стабільною, а змінною властивістю системи (конкурентні переваги послідовно змінюватимуть одна одну). Розглядає конкурентоспроможність як унікальне поєднання, комплекс конкурентних переваг, що підсилюють одна одну і групуються навколо однієї центральної ідеї [3]. Науковець Ж.-Ж. Ламбен розглядає конкурентоспроможність як сукупність конкурентних переваг – зовнішніх, заснованих на ринковій силі, зумовленій пропозицією покупцю підвищеної цінності, і внутрішніх, що базуються на продуктивності і, як наслідок, на нижчих витратах [4]. А. Сміт пов'язував конкуренцію з парним, без змови, суперництвом, що відбувається між продавцями/покупцями за найбільш вигідні умови продажу товару. При цьому основним методом конкурентної боротьби він уважав зміни цін [5]. Слід відзначити, що на території України є Закон «Про захист економічної конкуренції», який трактує термін «економічна конкуренція (конкуренція)» як змагання між суб’єктами господарювання для здобуття завдяки власним досягненням переваг над іншими суб'єктами господарювання, внаслідок чого споживачі, суб’єкти господарювання мають можливість вибирати між кількома продавцями, покупцями, а окремий суб’єкт господарювання не може визначати умови обороту товарів на ринку [6], але необхідно зазначити, що даний Закон не відкриває в значній мірі сутність конкурентоспроможності. На думку Франка Найта, конкуренція являє собою ситуацію, у якій конкурує велика кількість незалежно діючих виробників і покупців будь-якого конкретного товару, що дає волю кожному мати справу з тими чи іншими індивідуалами і вибирати кращі, на їх погляд, серед запропонованих умови для задоволення своїх економічних інтересів [7]. Фахівець Єрмолов М.О., під
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конкурентоспроможністю розуміє відносну характеристику, яка відображає відмінності у процесі розвитку певного виробника від виробника-конкурента як за ступенем задоволення власними товарами, так й за ефективністю виробничої діяльності [8]. В україні до суб’єктів малого підприємництва належать: - фізичні особи, зареєстровані в установленому законом порядку як фізичні особи – підприємці, у яких середня кількість працівників за звітний період (календарний рік) не перевищує 50 осіб та річний дохід від будь-якої діяльності не перевищує суму, еквівалентну 10 млн. євро, визначену за середньорічним курсом національного банку україни; - юридичні особи – суб’єкти господарювання будь-якої організаційно- правової форми та форми власності, у яких середня кількість працівників за звітний період (календарний рік) не перевищує 50 осіб та річний дохід від будь- якої діяльності не перевищує суму, еквівалентну 10 млн. євро, визначену за середньорічним курсом національного банку україни [9].
Зовнішні фактори: політична ситуація в країні, податкове законодавство, економічні показники, розвиток науково-технічних розробок, епідеміологічна ситуація у світі, наявність ресурсів, вхідні бар’єри в галузі
Конкурентоспроможність малого бізнесу
Внутрішні фактори: обладнання на підприємстві, наявність професійних кадрів, організаційна структура, оборотні кошти, іноваційно-інвестиційна спроможність малого бізнесу
Рис. 1. Внутрішні та зовнішні фактори впливу на конкурентоспроможність малого бізнесу
Як видно на сьогоднішній день серед вітчизняних та наукових вчених немає єдиної думки, щодо трактування поняття конкурентоспроможності, тому необхідно відзначити, що на нашу думку під конкурентоспроможністю
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необхідно розуміти здатність підприємства швидко та гнучко реагувати на нові ринкові виклики та виробляти продукцію або послугу більш ефективніше, аніж у конкурентів. Розвиток малого бізнесу на сьогоднішній день є стимулом розвитку економіки країни, тому для ефективного управління малим бізнесом необхідно брати до уваги фактори впливу на його діяльності та приймати швидкі рішення для підтримки його конкурентоспроможності. Література: 1. Баранюк Х.О. Аспекти забезпечення ефективного функціонування підприємств малого бізнесу харчової промисловості / Х.О. Баранюк // Економічні та соціальні аспекти розвитку України на початку ХХІ століття: ІV міжнар. наук.-практ.конф., 5-8 жовтня 2016 р.: тези допов. – Одеса, 2016. – С. 245-249 2. Бех, М.С. Сутнісна характеристика малого і середнього бізнесу в трансформаційних умовах реформування економіки України / М.С. Бех, Н.М. Бех // Сталий розвиток економіки. – 2011. - № 2. – С. 53-56. 3. Кузьмін О.Є. Управління міжнародною конкурентоспроможністю підприємства: [навч. посіб. для студ. спец. «Міжнародна економіка»] / О.Є. Кузьмін, Н.І. Горбаль. – Львів: Компакт-ЛВ, 2005. – 304 с 4. Ермолов М.О. Чем отличается конкурентоспособность фирмы от конкурентоспособности товара. Как продать товар на вашем рынке / М.О Ермолов. – М.: Мысль, 1990. – 364 с 5. Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов / А. Смит. – М. : Соцэкгиз, 1962. – 432 с 6. Журба І.О. Сутність і значення конкурентоспроможності підприємства / І.О. Журба, Ю.М. Коляденко [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua. 7. Найт Ф. Риск, неопределенность, прибыль / Ф. Найт – М.: Дело, 2003. – 352 с 8. Ермолов М.О. Чем отличается конкурентоспособность фирмы от конкурентоспособности товара. Как продать товар на вашем рынке / М.О Ермолов. – М.: Мысль, 1990. – 364 с 9. Revolutionary players [електронний ресурс]. – режим доступу : http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/ archives/people/boulton-matthew/
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Yakovlev Vladyslav, Phd student National technical university «Kharkiv polytechnical institute» Drugova Olena Ph.D., Associate Professor National technical university «Kharkiv polytechnical institute»
TRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES
Яковлев В.І., аспірант Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» Другова О.С. канд. екон. наук, доцент Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут»
УПРАВЛІННЯ ВИРОБНИЧИМ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ МАШИНОБУДІВНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО І ФІНАНСОВОГО КОНТРОЛІНГУ
Abstract. The article studies the influence of strategic management on the functioning of machine-building enterprises. The scheme of influence of internal and external factors on the company is constructed. Based on the research, the article presents the approach of forming strategic management of machine-building enterprises, which will help to increase competitiveness in the market and to improve in the long term the operating conditions. Keywords: strategic management, enterprise, mechanical engineering, functioning, competitiveness, market, dynamics, trend, profit, potential
Анотація. У статті проведено дослідження впливу стратегічного управління на функціонування машинобудівних підприємств. Побудовано схему впливу внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів на машинобудівні підприємства. На основі дослідження у статті представлено підхід формування стратегічного управління машинобудівними підприємствами, яка допоможе підвищити конкурентоспроможність на ринку та поліпшити у довгостроковій перспективі умови функціонування. Ключові слова: стратегічне управління, підприємство, машинобудування, функціонування, конкурентоспроможність, ринок, динаміка, тенденція, прибуток, потенціал
Актуальність. В сучасних умовах постійних економічних змін, підприємствам необхідно мати чіткий вектор розвитку, який зможе підвищувати конкурентоспроможність та ефективність своєї діяльності. Постійний розвиток інформаційних технологій, світової науки, поширення світової глобалізації потребують від вітчизняних підприємств швидкого реагування на нові виклики ринку. Питання теоретичного та практичного характеру, пов’язані з еволюцією менеджменту,стратегічного управління, виробничого потенціалу та
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впровадженням контролінгу на підприємствах, розглядаються в наукових виданнях Й.Вебера, А. Дайле, Е Майєра, Д.Хана, О.О.Ананькіна, Ю.П. Аніскіна, І.Є. Давидович, Н.Г. Данілочкіної, В.Б.Івашкевича, А.М. Кармінського, С.Г. Фалько, Л.М. Малярця, Л.С. Мартюшевої, С.Н. Петренко, М.С. Пушкаря, О.І. Пушкаря, О.О. Терещенко, М.Г. Чумаченко та інших. В працях науковців більше уваги приділено теоретичним аспектам та історичним умовам їх розвитку. Щодо практичного використання теоретичних положень в умовах сьогодення, то є певне відставання відносно характеристики впровадження окремих науково-методичних підходів. На думку авторів в умовах конкуренції практично неможливо обійтися без сучасної контролінгової технології. Враховуючи сучасні проблеми та тенденції розвитку машинобудування, перед кожним підприємством стає виклик на прийняття ефективних управлінських рішень в контексті стратегічного розвитку, щоб зайняти лідируючи позиції на ринку. Вітчизняні підприємства, які будуть швидко реагувати на виклики негативних економічних ситуацій зможуть зберегти свої виробничі потужності та швидко вийти з найменшими втратами.
Рис. 1. Вплив внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів на формування цілей підприємства в контексті стратегічного управління Джерело: розроблено авторами
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Машинобудівна галузь є стратегічно важливою для промисловості держави. Промисловий потенціал держави, її конкурентоспроможність на зовнішніх ринках, рівень соціального розвитку, науково-технічний прогрес, зокрема продуктивність праці виробничих кадрів, зниження матеріаломісткості, якість кінцевого продукту, збереження енергетичних ресурсів залежить від розвитку машинобудування. Галузь забезпечує комплексну механізацію та автоматизацію виробництва для різних галузей народного господарства [1]. На території України дуже багато міст де розташовано машинобудівні підприємства, а саме: Харків, Кривий Ріг, Маріуполь, Миколаїв, Одеса, Львів, Запоріжжя, Кременчук, Тернопіль, Київ та інші. У Харківській області розташовано велика кількість підприємств серед яких необхідно виділити: ПАТ «ХТЗ», ПрАТ «ФЕД», АТ «Світло Шахтаря», ДП «Завод ім. В.О. Малишева». Таблиця 1 Чистий дохід від реалізованої продукції на машинобудівних підприємствах за 2016-2018 р. [3] Назва підприємства 2016 рік 2017 рік 2018 рік ПАТ «ХТЗ» 22845 713342 623612 ПрАТ «ФЕД» 673739 1264139 483153 АТ «Світло Шахтаря» 695268 872153 1132614 ДП «Завод ім. О.В. 1212015 2143574 2530127 Малишева»
Рис. 2. Динаміка чистого доходу від реалізації продукції на машинобудівних підприємствах за 2016-2018 р.
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АТ «Світло Шахтаря» збільшив свій чистий дохід від реалізованої продукції на 20,28%, у 2017 році у порівнянні з 2016 роком та на 23% у порівнянні з минулим роком. ДП «Завод ім. О.В.Малишева» за налогічний період виріс на 43,45% та на 15,27% відповідно. Проаналізувавши розвиток машинобудівної галузі за 2016-2018 р., та виявивши проблеми стратегічного управління машинобудівних підприємств запропонован підхід до формування стратегічного управління машинобудівним підприємством.
Рис. 3. Підхід до формування стратегічного управління машинобудівним підприємством Джерело: розроблено авторами
Стратегічне управління оказує великий вплив на функціонування машинобудівних підприємств, воно базується на стані підприємства. На основі аналізу підприємства, можна зробити висновок, що не всі вони мають позитивну динаміку розвитку, але до всіх них можна долучити стратегічне
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управління, яке доцільним чином відобразиться на розвитку та конкурентоспроможності Висновки. В умовах невизначеності підприємства повинні шукати нові підходи та методи удосконалення управління підприємствами для підвищення виробничого потенціалу. Для досягнення заданих цілей підприємства необхідно мати кваліфікований склад менеджерів – контролерів та застосовувати відповідний інноваційний або прогресивний інструментарій стратегічного контролінгу. Література: 1. Меленчук Ю. Сучасний стан та тенденції розвитку машинобудівної галузі України /Юлія Меленчук // Галицький економічний вісник – Тернопіль: ТНТУ, 2014. – ТОМ 47. – с. 23-34. – (Економіка та управління національним господарством) 1. 2.Міщенко В.А. Підвищення ролі контролінгу в стратегічному управлінні підприємством / О. В. Мозенков, В. А. Міщенко //Збірник наукових праць Черкаського державного технологічного університету. Серія: Економічні науки [Текст]: Випуск 22: У двох частинах /М-во освіти і науки України, Черкас. держ. технол. ун-т. – Черкаси: ЧДТУ, 2009. – Частина 1. - С. 107-109. 2. Державна служба статистики. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
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Ivan Grachev, Doctor of Economics, Chief Researcher Sergey Larin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher Natalia Noakk, PhD in Psychology, Leading Researcher Central Economics and Mathematics Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia
USE OF THE MODERN DIGITAL INSTRUMENT FOR SELECTING A STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Iwan Gratschow, Dr. oec., leitender wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter Sergej Larin, Dr.-Ing., führender wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter Natalia Noack Kandidat der Psychologie, führende wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin Zentrales ökonometrisches Institut der Russischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Moskau, Russland
VERWENDUNG DES MODERNEN DIGITALEN INSTRUMENTARIUMS FÜR DIE AUSWAHL DER ENTWICKLUNGSSTRATEGIE BEI DEN BETRIEBEN DER INDUSTRIELLEN LANDWIRTSCHAFT
Abstract. Since September 2014, import substitution strategies have been implemented in all sectors of the Russian economy. Currently, the successful solution of these processes requires improving the quality of economic management decisions. For this, in the context of the digitalization of the Russian economy, it seems appropriate to use all the tools for digital processing of large data arrays, developed in the field of mathematics, physics, economics and other natural sciences. In this paper, we substantiated the possibility of improving the quality of an enterprise's choice of an import substitution strategy using digital econophysical tools and the method of statistical regulation. A new approach is proposed to improve the methods for optimizing the investment of enterprises based on the theory of Markowitz investment portfolios in terms of rejecting optional restrictions such as linear trends and other restrictions. The results can be used to refine estimates and extract additional information about the hidden relationship of products. On this basis, more effective management decisions can be made in the framework of the implementation of import substitution strategies not only by agricultural enterprises, but also other key sectors of the Russian economy. Keywords: enterprise, import substitution strategy, optimization, theory of investment portfolios Markowitz, rationale for choice, econophysical tools.
Zusammenfassung. Seit September 2014 wird in allen Zweigen der russischen Wirtschaft die Strategie zur Importsubstitution realisiert. Derzeit ist für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung dieser Vorgänge die Erhöhung der Qualität von wirtschaftlichen Managemententscheidungen notwendig. Dazu erscheint es unter den Bedingungen der Digitalisierung der russischen Wirtschaft zweckmäßig, das ganze Instrumentarium der digitalen Bearbeitung von großen Datenmengen einzusetzen, das auf dem Gebiet der Mathematik, Physik, Ökonomie und der anderen Naturwissenschaften erarbeitet wurde. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung ist die Möglichkeit der Verbesserung der Qualität bei der Auswahl durch den Betrieb der Strategie zur Importsubstitution mit Hilfe eines digitalen wirtschaftlich-physischen Instrumentariums und des Verfahrens der statistischen Regulation begründet. Es wurde ein neues Herangehen an die Vervollkommnung der
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Verfahren zur Optimierung von Investitionen der Betriebe anhand der Theorie der Investitionsportfolios von Markowitz im Sinne des Verzichtes auf optionale Beschränkungen vom Typ der Trendlinearität und andere Beschränkungen vorgeschlagen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse können zur Präzisierung der Bewertungen und zur Beschaffung von zusätzlichen Informationen über den verdeckten Zusammenhang der zu produzierenden Erzeugnisse verwendet werden. Auf dieser Grundlage können ergebnisreichere Managemententscheidungen im Rahmen der Realisierung der Strategien zur Importsubstitution nicht nur durch die Betriebe der industriellen Landwirtschaft, sondern auch durch die anderen Schlüsselbranchen der russischen Wirtschaft getroffen werden. Schlüsselwörter: Betrieb, Strategie zur Importsubstitution, Optimierung, Theorie der Investitionsportfolios von Markowitz, Begründung der Auswahl, wirtschaftlich-physisches Instrumentarium.
EINFÜHRUNG Zur erfolgreichen Realisierung der Strategien zur Importsubstitution durch die Branchen und Betriebe der russischen Wirtschaft unter den Bedingungen ihrer Digitalisierung ist die Bearbeitung von großen Mengen diverser Daten erforderlich. In der Regel beinhalten solche Datenmengen für die mit modernen digitalen Verfahren nicht ausgerüstete Person, die Entscheidungen treffen soll, verdeckte wesentliche Zusammenhänge. Zwecks Erhöhung der Qualität von wirtschaftlichen Managemententscheidungen erscheint es zweckmäßig, das ganze in der Wirtschaft, Mathematik, Physik und den anderen Naturwissenschaften gewonnene Instrumentarium einzusetzen, das eine digitale Bearbeitung von großen Datenmengen ermöglicht. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird die Möglichkeit dargelegt, die Qualität der Auswahl der Strategie zur Importsubstitution unter Verwendung von digitalen computergestützten Verfahren zur Lösung inkorrekt gestellter Probleme der Physik auf Grundlage schwachstrukturierter Informationen. ZIEL DER UNTERSUCHUNG Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung besteht in der Begründung der Möglichkeit für die Verbesserung der Auswahlqualität durch den Wirtschaftsteilnehmer der Strategie zur Importsubstitution mit Hilfe eines digitalen wirtschaftlich-physischen Instrumentariums und des Verfahrens der statistischen Regelung. MATERIALIEN UND VERFAHREN In einer Reihe Abhandlungen wurden die Verfahren zur Optimierung der Investitionen der Wirtschaftsteilnehmer gemäß der Theorie der Investitionsportfolios von Markowitz entwickelt [1, 2, 3]. Manche von ihnen sind auf das Niveau der linearen Annäherungen und visueller Bilder adaptiert worden. Sie wurden am Beispiel großer Betriebe der landwirtschaftlichen Branche experimentell geprüft, die die Strategie zur Importsubstitution realisieren und eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit und Wirksamkeit aufgewiesen haben. [4]. Der genannte Umstand ermöglicht es, diese Verfahren in Bezug auf den Verzicht auf optionale Beschränkungen vom Typ der Trendlinearität u.ä. zu vervollkommnen, umso mehr, als es für keinen modernen Leiter Probleme bei der Durchführung von mathematischen Zwischenkalkulationen unter Verwendung des modernen digitalen Instrumentariums gibt. In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird die Entwicklung von Methodiken unter Verwendung der einfachsten Varianten [5] des Verfahrens der statistischen Regelung behandelt,
44 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 indem als Muster die experimentellen Daten der Tabelle 1 von [6] verwendet werden, wobei in den Zeilen m- die Zeit und in den Spalten n- die landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen (Branchen, Waren u.ä.) indiziert werden. Tabelle 1 Ernteertrag der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen für 2013-2018 Bezeichnung der Kultur 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Getreidekulturen und 22 24,1 23,7 26,2 29,2 25,4 Körnerhülsenfrüchte Getreidekulturen 22,4 24,4 23,9 26,5 29,7 26,2 Weizen 22,3 25 23,9 26,8 31,2 27,2 Winterweizen 29,9 35,1 32 37,6 41,7 35,2 Sommerweizen 14,2 14,7 15,5 15,7 18,9 16,8 Roggen 18,9 17,7 16,7 20,3 21,7 20 Winterroggen 18,9 17,7 16,7 20,3 21,7 20,1 Winter- und Sommer- Triticale 24,1 26,4 23,1 27,8 29,1 27 Gerste 19,2 22,7 21,3 22,1 26,2 21,6 Wintergerste 40,3 35,9 40 39,5 41,9 38,8 Sommergerste 18,1 21,8 20 20,8 25,2 20,5 Hafer 16,4 17,1 16 17,3 19,6 17,3 Reis 49,5 53,6 55,8 53 53,1 57,6 Buchweizen 9,2 9,3 9,5 10,6 10,2 9,5 Hirse 11,8 12,3 12,9 15,4 13,4 11,6 Körnerhülsenfrüchte 12,1 14,6 15,9 17,5 20,1 13 Ölpflanze 13,3 12,4 12,9 13,9 14,1 14,7 Raps 11,3 12,6 11,2 11 15,8 13,3 Winterraps 16,6 16,8 19,3 18,2 22,7 19,8 Sommerraps 9,9 11,2 9,8 10,2 14,5 12,4 Zuckerrübe 442 370 388 470 442 381 Gemüse 214 219 226 229 241 243 Gurkengewächse 105 104 109 119 126 147 Futterkulturen Wurzelgemüse Zuckerrübe 273 253 267 255 252 262 Kulturen zum Silieren (ohne Mais) 97 88 95 99 109 88 Futtermais 193 159 208 195 185 194 Einjährige Gräser Für Heu 16,7 16,8 16,8 20,2 19,6 18,1 Für Futter, für Heulage, für Grünmehl 71 71 73 76 84 76 mehrjährige Gräser Für Heu 16,4 16,3 16,7 18 18,2 17,5 Für Futter, für Heulage, für Grünmehl 1,3 100 104 109 110 102 Kulturweiden und Heuernten Für Heu 16,1 16,3 19,1 16,9 17,4 17,7 Für Futter, für Heulage, für Grünmehl 55,8 61,1 61 55,7 50,6 47,2 Natürliche Heuernten in landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen Für Heu 9,1 9,3 9,3 10,1 10,3 10,7
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Das gestattet es zu behaupten, dass der Ernteertrag (die Wirtschaftlichkeit) eine zufällige Größe darstellt (Tab. 1), die in individuelle Trends für jede landwirtschaftliche Kultur eingeht. Der Ernteertrag jeder Kultur ändert sich alljährlich. Das gestattet es zu behaupten, dass der Ernteertrag (die Wirtschaftlichkeit) eine zufällige Größe darstellt (Tab. 1), die in individuelle Trends für jede landwirtschaftliche Kultur eingeht. Im Vergleich zu [6] bleiben die Anforderungen an die Linearität und die Wirtschaftlichkeit der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen in Bezug auf die Zeit in der Aufgabenstellung die gleichen. Im Weiteren werden wir annehmen, dass alle Angaben der Tabelle in den Zeilen durch einen gemeinsamen Trend willkürlicher Natur (ansteigend, fallend, quasiperiodisch …) unter Einhaltung der Flachheit verbunden sind. Man kann fast sicher behaupten, dass sich die gemeinsamen Landes- und Branchentendenzen auch auf die Dynamik jeder der landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen (der Branchen, der Waren u.ä.) auswirken müssen, und folglich können die linearen Annäherungen als gruppeninterne Unterschiede betrachtet werden, die auch die Effizienz der Investitionen genauer unterscheidet. Analog zur Landwirtschaftsbranche können solche Tabellen auf Grundlage statistischer Daten auch für andere Branchen der russischen Wirtschaft generiert werden. In diesem Fall werden die Daten in den Zeilen einen (Daten-)Satz an Arten der zu erzeugenden Produkte darstellen, für welche in den entsprechenden Spalten deren wirtschaftliche Bewertungen bezogen auf die Zeit (für ein Jahr usw.) in Preis- oder Mengenkennziffern ausgedrückt werden. Somit kann das nachfolgend beschriebene Herangehen praktisch in allen Branchen der russischen Wirtschaft verwendet werden. Mit anderen Worten hat es einen universellen Charakter. Apriori kann angenommen werden, dass eine derartige gesamtheitliche und nicht (nur) zeilenweise Verarbeitung der ganzen Menge (Tab. 1) sowohl die Unterschiede zwischen den landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen als auch in höherem Maße - reale paarweise interkulturelle Korrelationen in der zeitlichen Dynamik der Wirtschaftlichkeit von diversen landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen eine genauere Einschätzung zulässt. Formell entspricht dieser Stellung die Eintragung (1):
(1), wo F – Matrix der experimentellen Daten auf Grund der Tabelle 1; – Digitalisierung der willkürlichen glatten Funktion nach m, die für alle Daten gemeinsam ist; – Vektor der konstantnen Koeffiziente der Abweichungen vom Gesamttrend; – Vektor der Koeffiziente der linearen Abweichungen vom Gesamttrend; – Einheitsvektor (m×1); – Einheitsvektor (n×1); – linearer Vektor (m×1);
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– Matrix der Restabweichungen, welche wir von vorneherein als nichtkorreliert einschätzen. Bei der Vektorumformulierung nach [2] wird (1) zum System der linearen überbestimmten (m×n) – Gleichungen bei 2n+m Unbekannten umgewandelt, die durch einen Blockvektor vertreten sind
(2). Wenn man die für diesen Beitrag unverbindlichen Umwandlungen auslässt, sieht die statistische regularisierte Lösung (1) mit Rücksicht auf (2) wie folgt aus: (3), wo К – Blockmatrix dieser Art:
(4) – Blockvektor dieser Art: (5)
(6)
(7) (8) Е - diagonale Einheitsmatrix, (9) – Blockstabilisator vom Tichonowsky Typ [2], der im einfachsten Fall die Flachheit zweiter Ordnung nach und der "a priori"-Nullinformation nach und benutzt. – stabilisierendes Parameter, der in der einfachsten Variante für den 1. Schritt nach der Formel berechnet wird
(10) wo А – eine beliebige Matrix, die insbesondere E, usw. sein kann; – eine Dispersionsmatrix der Zufallsabweichungen von den Trends , die von vornherein unabhängig und regelrecht mit der vorgegebenen Dispersionsgleichung angenommen werden. Ausgehend von den allgemeinen Erwägungen muss die gemeinsame Bearbeitung der Tabelle vom Typ 1 (1-10) genauere und nachhaltigere Bewertungen der Elemente и als die Bearbeitung der Zeitreihen in den Zeilen nach dem m- Index ergeben, immerhin wäre es zweckmäßig, sie erst an Modellexperimenten prüfen zu lassen, bevor man sie für die praktische Verwendung empfiehlt. Unten sind Auswahlergebnisse einer Reihe aus solchen Zyklusexperimenten aufgeführt, wo als , als =0,05× , als eine quadratische Kurve von der Art
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ausgewählt sind, wo ein Symbol der elementweisen Multiplikation, Zufallsfehler mit einer Standardabweichung von 0,01 bis 0,2 ist. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Modellexperimente wurden die Abweichungen der rekonstruierten Werte von den veritablen mit den Abweichungen von verglichen, die nach der Vergleichsmethodik der multiplen Korrelation in den Zeilen errechnet wurden. Die Ergebnisse wurden nach den Bewertungen der mittleren quadratischen Abweichungen verglichen: (11) (12) Die ersten Bewertungen weisen die Beständigkeit der regularisierten Algorithmen für alle realistischen Fehlerniveaus und eine zwei- bis dreifache Verminderung des Fehlers gegenüber der zeilenweisen Bearbeitung auf, was die Methodik für die Bearbeitung von realen Mehrwaren- (Mehrzweig-) Datentabellen zu empfehlen erlaubt. Darüber hinaus wurde bei den digitalen Experimenten die Möglichkeit der Darstellung der Auswahl der erträglichsten Kultur unter Berücksichtigung eines eventuellen Risikos in der einfachsten Variante der linearen kombinierten Zielfunktion von der Art aufgewiesen (13), wo z – Parameter (0÷1); – resultierende Prognosewirtschaftlichkeiten im Jahre ; – Vorausschätzungen der mittleren Abweichungsquadrate der Wirtschaftlichkeiten von Kulturen für das Jahr . Im Modellbeispiel sind die Kulturen nach der Wirtschaftlichkeit von 0 bis 30 geordnet und die Risikos steigen im Gegentakt zu der Wirtschaftlichkeit.
Abb. 1. Kombinierter Ernteertrag diverser Kulturen mit einem unterschiedlichen Risikoniveau
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Das Typenergebnis auf der Abbildung 1 veranschaulicht die visuellen Möglichkeiten der Methodik und die Zweckmäßigkeit der Vervollkommnung der Zielfunktion (13) mit Rücksicht auf die modernen Vorstellungen über die Unsymmetrie von Erträgen und Verlusten [7]. Die Abbildung 2 veranschaulicht den verwirklichten Unterschied bei der Errechnung der branchenweiten Trends durch eine herkömmliche Mittelung und Abflächung nach (3) beim Vorhandensein von den Fehlern, die mit dem Jahreszuwachs des Ernteertrags vergleichbar sind. Im Großen und Ganzen gestatten die theoretischen Bewertungen und Prüfungen der Modelle die experimentelle Erprobung der Methode der statistischen regularisierten Bewertung allgemeiner Trends der Wirtschaftlichkeit einzelner Arten von Produkten in den effizientesten Branchen der russischen Wirtschaft in der Praxis bei der Realisierung der Strategien zur Importsubstitution zu beginnen.
Abb. 2. Gemäß (3) geglättete und im herkömmlichen Verfahren (nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate) gemittelte integrale Wirtschaftlichkeit bei einem Niveau an Fehlern, die mit dem Zuwachs der Wirtschaftlichkeit korrelieren ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Auf Grund der im Laufe der durchgeführten Untersuchungen gewonnenen Ergebnisse möchten wir folgende Schlußfolgerungen ziehen. 1. An den geschlossenen digitalen Modellexperimenten mit geschlossenen Daten, die den praktisch registrierbaren nahe sind, haben wir bei der Auswahl einer (nach Werten) geordneten Liste importsubstituierender landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen die Möglichkeit der Präzisierung von Bewertungen und der Gewinnung von zusätzlichen Informationen über über die verdeckten Wechselbeziehungen der Waren für wirksamere Managemententscheidungen gezeigt. 2. Analog zum landwirtschaftlichen Zweig kann das in der vorliegenden Abhandlung vorgeschlagene Herangehen seine Verwendung praktisch in allen Branchen der russischen Wirtschaft finden, weil es einen universellen Charakter hat. DANKBARKEITEN
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Diese Abhandlung wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Russischen Stiftung für Grundlagenforschung, Projekt Nr. 18-010-00079а «Prognostizieren der Varianten an Entwicklungsstrategien von Wirtschaftsteilnehmern der russischen Wirtschaft unter den Bedingungen der Wirkung von Sanktionsbeschränkungen», erstellt.
LITERATURVERZEICHNIS: 1. Damodoran, А. (2007). Investitionseinschätzung: Instrumente und Einschätzungsverfahren für jegliches Anlagevermögen. М.: Alpina. – 1340 s. 2. Sharp, U., Alexander, G., Bailey, J. (2016). Investitionen. М.: INFRA-М. – 1040 s. 3. Markovitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio selection. J. of Finance. Vol. 7. Nr. 1. S. 77-91. 4. Gertsekovich, D.A. (2017). Erstellung eines optimalen Investitionsportfolios entsprechend Erstellung eines optimalen Investitionsportfolios entsprechend dem Komplex der wirksamen Portfolios. Informationsblatt der MGU. Serie: Wirtschaft. Ausg. 5. S. 86-101. 5. Gratschow, I.D. Probabilistisch-statistisches Modell des Marktes. Methodologie und wirtschaftlich-physisches Instrumentarium zur Modellierung des wirtschaftlichen Fortschritts. Deutschland, Saarbrücken: Verlag «Lambert», 2011. – 340 s. 6. Gertsekovich, D.A., Podlinyaev, O.L., Larin, S.N. (2020). Strategic development of the agro-industrial complex of Russian economics on the basis of involved investments. Journal of Economy and entrepreneurship.Vol. 14. Nr 1(114). S. 137-143. 7. Kaneman, D., Twerski, А. (2003). Rationelle Auswahl, Sachwerte und Frames. Zeitschrift der Psychologie. Т. 24. Nr. 4. S. 31-42.
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PRODUCTIVE FORCES DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
Antoneta Polo, Ph.D. , Doc. University of Gjirokastra, Albania Ilirjana Zyberi, Ph.D University of Gjirokastra, Albania Enkela Caca Prof. As. University of Gjirokastra, Albania
GLOBALIZATION IN THE TRANSITION COUNTRIES ECONOMIES AND ITS IMPACT ON ALBANIA
Abstract. The globalization has created new opportunities for development in the world. However this is not developing in an equal way, as some of them are integrated into the global economy in a quicker way than others, by having a rapid economical growth and reduction of poverty. The economies of the countries in transition are fragile and prone to different phenomena which happen in financial sphere. In order to achieve a financial stability, these economies should face difficulties, the overcome of which means a necessity for their survival. An important phenomena which countries in transition face is globalization.It is clear that in order to be integrated in the global trade, these economies must adjust to the idea of globalization.In this survey, it is intended to be treated the role of globalization in the economies of the countries in transition, among which Albania as well. Through a descriptive and statistical analysis from one side, there will be highlighted the importance of these countries entering the global trade. From the other side, there will be indicated the negative impact of globalization in the economies of these countries.The achievement of this purpose is thanks to a rich contemporary literature and important conclusions have been extracted. Keywords: Globalization, Countries in transition, Crisis, Global trade, Albania.
INTRODUCTION Even though nowadays we are all subjected to globalization phenomena, much or less, it seems that everyone has a different consideration about it. Difficulties start from the determination of basic concept. Neither in scientific nor in public debate has there been a single definition known by everyone as such. It is to be said that in nowadays academic debates about the process of globalization there are opinions, doubts, concerns, recommendations and a wide variety of suggestions. These all support the idea that: all what is happening in today world, in the form of process, trend, to some people in the form of trend in all social, political, economical but mostly cultural and military life spheres, actually is nothing else but a kind of myth
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 51 built intentionally by different global interest groups that aim at deorientation of the societies out of communism. Like many other countries in progress, Albania as well has not yet managed to avoid being conditioned by the existence of such a process like globalization, with the only difference that our country faced it later than other countries. Actually globalization saw our country as a post communism country which in the ‘90s had just confronted with the challenges that fragile democracy unconditionally offered to. Albania was a country with an unconsolidated democracy, caotic trade economy and that very few could make the difference between social emancipation and its reverse process. Being completely undefended in front of changes and pressures that international community offered, our society lost the ability of selection. We started adapting to ready made west models hoping that this was the quickest way to approach international values. To the countries which have had a centralized economy, such as ex-socialist countries, the way towards globalization is transition. In other words, what is done throughout the whole process of transition comes under one head called “globalization”. THE METHODOLOGY AND DATA The database of this study is provided by a research project conducted to measure the indication of globalization in Albania. The survey is undertaken on 300 people in Albania. People are asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of 35 content questions and 15 personal characteristic items. This study considers different techniques in order to address the purpose of the paper. Hence, the reliability analysis is being useful to identify the underline dimensions of financial literacy. To find out whether globalization affects our country positively or negatively, we will use the Nonparametric Method of Signs Criteria. TWO SIDES OF THE MEDAL Globalization is the key factor of a number of positive effects in the world society. These positive effects are evident in economy, politics and culture. Let’s focus first on the positive effects in economy, starting with one of the most important aspects of it, industry. First of all, it provides citizens with access on products from
52 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 different countries. This causes the flow of goods, egging in this way competition and improving the quality of these products by adjusting their prizes not anymore under dependence of a specific national trade but under dependance of an international trade and its request for these products. Globalization affects positively finances as well, creating the proper infrastructure which investors will use on the least developed countries, creating job vacancies, enabling the free movement of capitals, offering national economies an interior dynamism which depends not only on the changes of local currency but also on the foreign one. Globalization aims at a common trade which will be based on the exchange of the material goods and capital which in turn, will offer more chances to the countries less developed. By competing in a global trade, these products subject to its rules and compete with the products of developed countries, thus trying to improve the quality and reconsider costs. At this point, except for companies, consumers benefit as well. In a society of free trade, a high indicator of consumers’ benefits is also an indicator of the welfare of the country they live in. It is exactly the desire of the existence of this common trade that has often made researchers think that globalization in politic aspect would have to mean the existence of a global government but as always, this global government would have to be dominated by the influence of a much potential country. The competition to achieve this position would increase productivity and help in taking steps with an emphasized progressive character. As far as cultural aspect is concerned, globalization has made national governments face a difficult challenge. Will they have to preserve national identity or sacrifice it for the sake of a unique culture? Actually, what we are losing day by day is the authenticity but at the same time we are gaining a common culture without realizing that the differences among peoles are values. From the one side, globalization as a process has taught us to appreciate differences but on the other hand, the cultural unification is an inevitable organic consequence of it. Nowadays, we are increasingly facing an urban culture of “Mc Donalds” and “Nike” but maybe this is a derivation of global information community which, after all, is one of the main advantages of globalization. Now, easier than ever before, we can keep in touch with our relatives throughout the world. We can be in coherence with the changes that happen
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 53 nowadays over the world. This is a clear indicator of the welfare increase, as a result of the complicated network of intercultural relations. Globalization has been a boon to businesses, consumers and the Western economy as a whole. Now, however, we are at risk of having a backlash against globalization and all the opportunities that increasing economic freedom has provided us with over the past decades.23 Globalization, actually, is weakening the position of poor countries, exposing them against a damaging competition. This can be proved by looking at statistics which show that poverty has been increasing. Job vacancies are not secure as a result of a confronting competition in global trade. Judging in this way: if the work force of two countries with different levels of development applied for the same job vacancies, which one would win? Obviously the employees with the best preparation. Which has the best work force preparation? Without doubt, the country with the highest level of development. This would lead to the structuralization and monopolization of job vacancies where employees from poor countries in the international trade continue to be unprotected against international politics of work. There exists another kind of risk which is imported together with globalization, which we are not yet accostumed to and have not yet managed to define properly, even though it is crucial to our survival as human beings. We mean the incurable contradiction between economic development and nature, environment around us, air and water we consume. Consumption without care is imbalancing natural balance of the planet which cannot face this kind of natural resources consumption by a group of priviledged people. The obvious realities of climate changes, water contamination, lack in drinkable water, reduction of biodiversity are all dictating the need to rearrange globalization according to priorities different from those of potential countries. Globalization is a phenomena which has always been seen contradictorily. Restructuring of the contemporary world and international relations24 is continuously
23 Erixon, F. (2018, January)The Economic Benefits of Globalization for Business and Consumers, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE).
24Huntington .Samuel P “The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Onder, New York,1996
54 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 under dilemma pressure and from this two opposite attitudes emerge. Its supporters and opponents have existed at any time. To its supporters, globalization is the only way towards an efficient and without restricting barriers economy. Its opponents don’t think the same. To them, globalization reduces the impact of government; large societies operating all over the world does not subject to observations of society and they are considered as a source of destabilization in the life of different countries. Another problem is terrorism where globalization plays a role not to be ignored.Under the globalization framework, societies tend to exchange much more information than before. We might all be part of a wide data network, access of which is able through a variety of technological products such as internet, mobile phones, television and recent products of satellite communication. All this facilitates greatly the work of extremist groups which can use this information and the access to latest technology plays an important role in threatening disputable values of our global society. GLOBALIZATION AND ALBANIA Like many other countries in progress, Albania as well has not yet managed to avoid being conditioned by the existence of such a process like globalization, with the only difference that our country faced it later than other countries.Actually globalization saw our country as a post communism country which in the 90s had just confronted with the challenges that fragile democracy unconditionally offered to. Albania was a country with an unconsolidated democracy, caotic trade economy and that very few could make the difference between social emancipation and its reverse process.Being completely undefended in front of changes and pressures that international community offered, our society lost the ability of selection.We started adapting to ready made west models, hoping that this was the quickest way to approach international values. The more a country extends the globalization process, the less becomes its impact possibility to defend national interests and the less powerful economy and financial politics tools are (taxes). The mechanisms of the global trade, to some extent, harm the sovereignty of the government. Many actions which once
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 55 governments carried out on their own and independently according to their laws, now due to agreements are obliged to act in coorporation with others. A question comes to light: how much efficient the globalization priorities in Albania are? The response to this question is not satisfacory. It must be stated that there exist many academic discussions about globalization whether it is a real phenomena or just an analytic myth. Without much consideration to its negative effects, the advent of communication network has facilitated a lot communication and many companies can be managed from Internet. The increase or decrease of the currencies is also a clear argument which presents the transformation of the world into a small land. Globalization doesn’t mean the creation of a world boundary free but it means the increase of immunity of potential coorporations or nongovernmental organizations with specific intentions. If the effects of globalization affecting undeveloped or developing countries were to be collected they would seem as follows: Global dynamics gradually eleminate the difference between internal and external politics. With globalization of the capital in world economy, we see the weakening of government sovereignty. The best example of this is when a developed country experiences crises and it expands all over the world. International laws and nongovernmenal organizations are the other factors that restrict the sovereignty of the country. Other factors are: a single politics, a single currency and a mentality somehow similar to other countries. Even in fashion, a single society is intended and the majority of diversities are extinguished. The rich are becoming wealthier and the poor are becoming poorer. Despite all these, some of what are called “values of globalization”, are the multifaceted dimensions of it. It is important to notice that these dimensions are not clearly separated from each other. Thus, the issues of environment cannot be studied isolated neither from economic nor from politic dimension. One of the most important dimensions of globalization is that of politics: it should fight massive
56 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 problems such as organized crime, drugs, alcohol, it should law issues in protection of women and children rights, etc. Globalization restricts the acting space of national politics, local competition and many problems can be treated in the proper way only in international level. After the demolition of communism, Albania more than any other country asked to realize the proposed models from West, while the debate over globalization has exactly to do with the concerns about these models, moslty from West and especially American ones in this process. Another reason is that Albania has been very busy with its internal issues which have not given the politics class the space to create long-term visions. But, even when it had created such visions, as in whole Balkan, a considerable part have standed pro anachronic visions of the unfinished national issue, the creation of a national state and the strengthening of its sovereignty, meanwhile globalization means precisely the reconsideration of the concepts and visions over national state and soverignty. Is it valid the globalization in Albania and if yes, why and what will our country win after being involved in the parametres of global economy? What are the difficulties and challenges that our country is expecting? First of all, the institutionally involvement of Albanian economy in the parametres of global economy and the membership of Albania in World Trade Organization is very meaningful as far as economic stage is concerned. To our country it was really important to start the trade with rules and discipline. Until that time, the trade was spontaneous and unconsolidated. However, Albania has yet a lot to do especially for those in need which make up 80% of Albanian society. The fall of Albanian state in the IMF debt turns it into a real slavery as long as the possibilities to use local sources and maintain them are not yet offered. Globalization has also negative effects even in the local cultural field and media in general is crucial in eleminating or weakening the local culture values against that of West. ARE WE READY FOR GLOBAL ECONOMY? Nowadays conditions, when the whole world is being affected by globalization, cannot let Albania untouched. The general negative and postive sides of globalization have been treated previously, but how much do people in Albania know it as a process? What is its concrete effect in Albania? Is the Albanian economy ready to
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 57 face this globalization? What are the challenges it should face? What is the report between negative and positive sides of it? Does globalization lead to the loss of a country sovereignty? Will globalization increase the economic level or not? Based on these questions and many others related to globalization, this survey was carried out by asking 300 individuals of different classes, education, living areas in the district of Gjirokastra. From the responses of this questionaire resulted that 78 individuals or 26% were not at all informed about globalization, whereas 74% of the interviewed or 222 people were aware of globalization and its effects.
Figure 1. The result of the questionnaire about globalization
In order to make an evaluation of the preferences in general that questioned people showed and keeping in mind that this survey was based on sample data, we will continue this study with statistical methods that will reveal an exact and significant conclusion. From 300 questioned individuals, 78 of them will be excluded (as they were not aware of globalization). In this way, our sample will count only 222 individuals. To find out whether globalization affects our country positively or negatively, we will use the Nonparametric Method of Signs Criteria. As we can see from the results of the questionnaire, 135 individuals think that globalization has positive effect on the economy of the country and 87 of them think that globalization affects negatively. If we would mark the number of positive preferences with a (+) ‘plus’, the number of + would be 135. Considering as normal the spread of the (+)s, we would be able to calculate the average of the population about this variant as well as the corresponding standard deviation.
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µ = 0.50 * n µ = 111
σ = σ = 7,45 The raised hypothesis of the whole population would be: H0: Globalization affects negatively the economy of the country, µ=111 H1: Globalization affects positively the economy of the country, µ ≠111 To find out which one of these hypothesis is true, we use the z criteria of the normal standard spread, the factual value of which will be compared to critic values with an importance level of α = 0.05.
Z = 3,22 From the statistical charts we find out that the critic value of the z criteria is: z=±1.96 with α=0.05. Since z results in 3.22, higher than critic value of 1.96, we have the right to exclude H0 and accept H1 which once again puts emphasize on the fact that globalization affects positively the economy of the country. This was only one of the hypothesis of the questionaire to be analysed. Other hypothesis will be the object of analysis in other studies related to the issue of globalization. CONCLUSIONS The whole world is in fast progress as a single unity. In this aspect, the process of globalization is a direct function of the national development. Except from these, globalization is a tendency of the investments funds and businesses to move from the interior and national trades to others throughout the world. The supporters of the globalization say that it helps the countries in progress, thus connecting with the industrialized states much faster through employment
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 59 increase and technological advances such as the case of Asian economies which have been mentioned very often as examples of globalization success. The countries which don’t have a powerful institutional framework, strict social politics and networks to face the negative external impacts, will suffer the negative effects of globalization. External factors such as global trade environments are crucial in creating greater possibilities by presenting the barriers in the economic growth of a country. The globalization of the economy, science and technologies requires a high level of cultures development. Globalization in contemporary conditions is an asymmetry: deepening of the gap among economies of the developed and developing countries. The process of globalization does not refer only to economic globalization. In this way it affects the change of the situations in our lives. This is the way we live nowadays. The sceptics of globalization believe that it destroys our local culture, spreads inequality throughout the world and makes the life of the poor even harder. Globalization is a range of complex processes rather than a single one and these processes emerge in contradictory ways. Despite all negative aspects of globalization, it should be accepted as a challenge which offers the chances of development, economic growth and prosperity. Globalization of economic, politic, socio-cultural life of the region countries in general and Albania particularly is inevitable. The involvement and integrity of Albania in the global world requires necessarily and inevitably its adaption in the levels of contemporary world.
REFERENCES 1. Blair, P. John., Caroll, C. Michael. (2008). Local Economic Development: Analysis, Practices, and Globalization, Sage Publications-, Vol 34 Issue 2. 2. Chanda, N. (2007). Bound Together. How Traders, Preachers, Warriors and Adventurers Shaped Globalization. Yale University , Press. New Haven. 3. Dani, R. ( 2008) One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth, Princeton University Press-. 4. Erixon, F. (2018, January)The Economic Benefits of Globalization for Business and Consumers, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE). 5. Hill, W. Charles. (2010), Global Business Today, Hill-Irwin, InternationalInc. 9ed. 6. http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalizimi
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7. http://www.ambasadaks.net/us/repository/docs/Attach_1._Investing_in_Kosovo_2010.p df (për herë të fundit më 25/05/2011). http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/globalization.asp# ixzz1vr1VEYRF (për herë të fiundi më 12/05/2012) http://www.eciks.org/english/publications/investing_in_kosovo_ 2010 (për herë të fundit 12/05/2012). 8. Huntington, S. P. (1996). “The Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Onder, New York. 9. Jacobson, L. (2011,January). Is the Economy draining us all; "The Boy Behind the Gate: How his dream of sailing around the world became a six-year odyssey of adventure, fear, discovery, and love”. 10. Levitt, Th. (1983, May/Jun). The Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review-, Vol. 61, Iss. 3. 11. Moens, G., Gillies, P. (2000). International Trade and business; Cavendish Publishing, Australia. 12. Nadler, A. ( 2004, May). Building Better Boards, Harvard Business Review. 13. Nedyalkova, A. Tankova, E. (2010, March). Globalization of economics and development, Chemnitz East Forum. 14. Rodrik, D. (2008). One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth, Princeton University Press. 15. Rugman, M.A., Hodgetts, M.R. (2006) : Inernational Business - Inc.6ed. 16. Sakellaropoulos. T. (2001) : Yperethnikes koinonikes politikes tin epoxi tis pagosmiopoihshs (National Community Policies in the Globalization Era), Kritiki, Athens. 17. Selmani , B. (2006) “ Globalizimi, tranzicioni dhe integrimet” pp 90-92, 129 18. Simoni, M. (2007, May 10). “Erozioni i Shtetit Kombëtar”. Marrë nga http://www.geocities.com/arsalbania/media.html. 19. Sklias, P. (2010). Transition economies in the context of globalization: A comparative analysis of the countries of the Western Balkans; Democritus University of Thrace, University, Komotini. 20. Visser, H.. Elgar, E. (2012). Financial Globalization and Economic Performance, Langotinico-Publishing, Incorporated.
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Ivanova Olga, Doctor of economic sciences, head of sector Research Center for Industrial Development Problems National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics (Kharkiv, Ukraine) Laptiev Viacheslav PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES DURING THE PANDEMIC: THREATS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Іванова О.Ю., доктор економічних наук, зав. сектору Науково-дослідний центр індустріальних проблем розвитку НАН України, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics (Харків, Україна) Лаптєв В.І. кандидат економічних наук, доцент, Харківський національний економічний університет імені Семена Кузнеця (Харків, Україна)
ОБ’ЄДНАНІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНІ ГРОМАДИ В ПЕРІОД ПАНДЕМІЇ: ЗАГРОЗИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ
Abstract. The article identifies the problems of formation and development of united territorial communities in the context of decentralization of power and the coronavirus pandemic. The directions and recommendations concerning legislative maintenance of carrying out of reform of the decentralization of the power for the purpose of formation of capacity of the united territorial communities are offered. Keywords: united territorial communities; region, decentralization, pandemic, coronavirus, development.
Анотація. В статті ідентифіковано проблеми формування та розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад в умовах децентралізації влади та пандемії коронавірусу. Запропоновано напрями та рекомендацій відносно законодавчого забезпечення проведення реформи децентралізації влади з метою формування спроможності об’єднаних територіальних громад. Ключові слова: об’єднані територіальні громади; регіон, децентралізація, пандемія, коронавірус, розвиток.
Формування умов для саморозвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад – є умовою для соціально-економічного розвитку як регіонів так і країни в цілому. І без того складні умови, що склалися для формування спроможних територіальних громад в Україні ускладнилися наслідками коронавірусу, що захопив увесь світ. Серед основних перешкод розвитку, що спіткали українські територіальні громади в умовах децентралізації влади слід виділити наступні: низький рівень
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якості життя населення в громадах; неспроможність органів місцевого самоврядування забезпечити умови для розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад на засадах самодостатності; значна подрібненість адміністративних одиниць місцевого рівня; наявність диспропорцій за чисельністю, територією і кількістю громад; низький рівень фінансової спроможності об’єднаних територіальних громад; низька ініціативність органів місцевого самоврядування на місцях; низький рівень компетентності, інформованості, відсутній досвід ведення переговорів, пошуку компромісу і консенсусу; низький рівень надання організаційної, методичної підтримки розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад в Україні, зокрема в питаннях участі у міжнародних програмах; законодавча неврегульованість у питаннях розподілу повноважень, ресурсів, тощо, зокрема земельних відносин і управління комунальним майном, відсутність механізмів їх реалізації.
Рис. 1. Кількість ОТГ, що перераховують до державного бюджету реверсну дотацію та отримують базову дотацію [1; 3]
Так, наприклад, протягом 2015-2019 років в межах реформи децентралізації в Харківській області утворено 23 об’єднані територіальні громади (далі – ОТГ), що складає лише 38,3 % від Перспективного плану
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формування територій громад Харківської області (Розпорядженням КМУ від 23 вересня 2015 р. № 991-р. та від 18 грудня 2019 року № 1312-р). Негативною тенденцією характеризується Харківська (27), Київська (25), Дніпропетровська (22) області за показником кількості районів в області, де не розпочато процес добровільного ОТГ серед областей відповідної групи. За рівнем дотаційності бюджетів Харківська область характеризується 11 ОТГ, що отримали базову дотацію з державного бюджету (від 1,5 % у доходах Малинівської ОТГ до 20,6 % у Оскільській ОТГ). 6 ОТГ передають до бюджету реверсну дотацію до 18,2 % від доходів ОТГ (рис. 1). Проблеми поглиблюються ще й тим, що потреба у закінченні реформи децентралізації влади спричиняють конфлікти при вирішенні питань приєднання територій до тієї або іншої територіальної громади. При цьому також виникають проблеми, пов’язані з повільним об’єднанням територіальних громад, що спричинило рішення Уряду до самостійного формування перспективних планів формування територій громад без їх волевиявлення. Всі ці проблеми стають бар’єрами розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад в межах реалізації реформи децентралізації влади. У березні 2020 року країну охопила криза, що пов’язана з розповсюдженнями пандемії коронавірусу, що в свою чергу спричинила низку змін в економіці країни та окремим тягарем лягла на фінансову спроможність об’єднаних територіальних громад. Так, структура власних доходів місцевих бюджетів приблизно 95 % належить до податкових надходжень (60 % податку та збору на доходи фізичних осіб – це приблизно 50-60 % від власних доходів ОТГ; єдиний податок складає 10-15 % власних доходів ОТГ; акцизний податок з вироблених в Україні підакцизних товарів – близько 6 %), пільги по яким запропоновано бізнесу в регіонах. Це є великим втратами бюджетів ОТГ. Втрати областей через запропоновані Урядом антикризові міри складуть приблизно 2-3 % податкових надходжень загальних фондів місцевих бюджетів у 2020 році за даними порталу «Відкритий бюджет» та фахівців з управління фінансами та місцевими бюджетами програм DOBRE/USAID [3-4]: Харківська область прогнозно втратить за місяці карантину приблизно 7,3 млн. грн, що в
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середньому складе 3,1 % дохідної частини бюджету без урахування трансфертів. Дніпропетровська - 34,6 млн. та, відповідно, 3 % доходів бюджету; Тернопільська – 17,8 млн. та, відповідно, 2,1 % доходів бюджету; Кіровоградська – 13,5 млн. грн; Херсонська – 7,1 млн. грн і т.д. При цьому більше втрат приходитиметься на сільські ОТГ (3%), міські та селищні ОТГ втратять близько 2,6 %. «Через це місцеві бюджети будуть розбалансовані та органів місцевого самоврядування не матимуть ресурсів на фінансування заходів щодо боротьби з пандемією, а це видатки на підвищені зарплати медикам, закупівлю ліків, масок, тестів, обладнання тощо». При цьому самі громади здійснюють підтримку регіону у боротьбі з пандемією: виділяються кошти для закупівлі у разі необхідності медикаментів та засобів захисту від коронавірусної інфекції; проводиться моніторинг та роз’яснювальна робота з населенням, запроваджено вуличне патрулювання; здійснюється придбання та доставка продуктів харчування і медикаментів для осіб, що залишилися без родичів в період карантину тощо. Спостерігалася й пряма підтримка з боку Європейського Союзу, ЄС та п'ять його держав-членів Німеччина, Швеція, Данія, Польща та Естонія через Програму «U-LEAD з Європою» та за підтримки «Карітас України» у короткі терміни та шляхом ефективної та повністю прозорої процедури закупили величезну кількість захисних матеріалів для підтримки муніципалітетів, які беруть участь у процесі децентралізації [2]. «Така підтримка допоможе громадам боротися з розповсюдженням коронавірусу COVID-19, розширить можливості медичних працівників, посилить спроможність закладів охорони здоров’я», – наголосив Міністр закордонних справ України Д. Кулеба [2]. Таким чином, необхідно формувати умови для саморозвитку спроможних об’єднаних територіальних громад за рахунок подальшого законодавчого врегулювання децентралізації повноважень ОТГ, децентралізації бюджетних повноважень, в тому числі а рахунок реформування міжбюджетних відносин; децентралізації підготовки остаточних проектів перспективних планів формування спроможних громад; розробки механізмів розподілу повноважень, ресурсів (земельних, водних, лісових, управління комунальним майном);
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організації online організаційної, методичної підтримки розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад в Україні тощо. REFERENCES 1. Портал « Децентралізація» URL: https://decentralization.gov.ua/news/12314. 2. Оfficial website of the European Union. Пакування захисних наборів для підтримки громад у подоланні пандемії коронавірусу COVID-19. URL: https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/ 3. Державний веб-портал бюджету для громадян URL: https://openbudget.gov.ua/local- budget?id=26000000000 4. Выживут ли бюджеты ОТГ в борьбе с коронавирусом URL: https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/columns/2020/04/16/659472/ 5. У парламенті запропонували метод захисту місцевих бюджетів і час податкових пільг через карантин коронавірусу. URL: https://agropolit.com/news/15854-u-parlamenti- zaproponuvali-metod-zahistu-mistsevih-byudjetiv-i-chas-podatkovih-pilg-cherez-karantin- koronavirusu
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Kovalev G.І., Associate professor of the economic and financial policies department ORID NAPA under the President of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine Kovalova O.O. PhD student of the political theories department National University “Odessa Academy of Law”, Odessa, Ukraine
INNOVATIVE MODEL OF REGIONAL POLICY FORMATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Ковальов Г.І., к.е.н., доцент кафедри економічної та фінансової політики ОРІДУ НАДУ при Президентові України, м. Одеса, Україна Ковальова О.О. аспірант кафедри політичних теорій, магістр державного управління Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Україна
ІННОВАЦІЙНА МОДЕЛЬ ФОРМУВАННЯ РЕГІОНАЛЬНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ
Abstract.The objective need to systematize knowledge on the introduction of an innovative model of regional economic growth in the form of a scientific article is due to the fact that traditionally state economic development strategies are based on two forms of development models - extensive and intensive, the potential of which is fully exhausted. The development of theoretical problems of influence of the state on these issues are still conducted on separate topics and issues that have not been reduced to a coherent and logically constructed system. Despite the legislative consolidation of the basic requirements for ensuring state influence on the development of regions, there are no scientifically substantiated provisions for ensuring their substantive implementation, and theoretical and methodological developments in this direction have a fragmented, extra- systematic direction. The main task of the innovative model of state development is to ensure a balanced interaction of scientific, technical and industrial potentials, to develop and implement a mechanism for intensifying the innovation activity of business entities, spreading innovation in all spheres of the economy. The implementation of an innovative model of the development of the region should involve both a change in the technological structure and a change in the organizational structure. Keywords: regional development policy, innovative development models, state support, small and medium business.
Анотація. Стаття присвячена проблемі формування інноваційної моделі політики економічного розвитку регіонів. Аналізуються шляхи реалізації державного регулювання економічного розвитку регіонів шляхом створення сприятливих умов для розвитку малого та середнього підприємництва. У статті здійснено аналіз основних причин щодо обумовлення сучасного стану економічного розвитку регіонів та запропоновані на державному рівні комплекс заходів, спрямованих на розробку та запровадження інноваційної моделі політики економічного зростання регіонів. Ключові слова: політика розвитку регіонів, інноваційні моделі розвитку, державна підтримка, мале та середнє підприємництво.
Постановка проблеми. Об'єктивна необхідність систематизації знань щодо запровадження інноваційної моделі політики економічного зростання
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регіонів у формі наукової статті викликана тим, що традиційно державні стратегії розвитку економіки базується на двох формах моделей розвитку – екстенсивній та інтенсивній, потенціал яких повністю вичерпано. Розробка теоретичних проблем впливу держави на ці питання ще й досі ведуться за окремими темами і питаннями, які не були зведені в цілісну і логічне побудовану систему. Попри законодавчого закріплення основних вимог щодо забезпечення державного впливу на розвиток регіонів, досі відсутні науково обґрунтовані положення про забезпечення їх предметної реалізації, а теоретико-методологічні напрацювання у цьому напрямку мають розрізнене, позасистемне спрямування [1]. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Проблемами планування економічного розвитку регіонів займається значна кількість вітчизняних науковців, серед яких Жаліло Я.А., Снігова О.Ю., Шевченко О.В., Зінь Е.А. та інші. Аналіз джерел вказує на те, що певний перелік питань, пов'язаних з вдосконаленням державного впливу на розвиток регіонів, залишається невирішеними. Тому існує потреба в розробці та запроваджені інноваційної моделі політики економічного зростання регіонів. Мета статті. Метою статті є визначення та аналіз основних причин, щодо обумовлення сучасного стану економічного розвитку регіонів та розробка, на державному рівні комплексу заходів, спрямованих на розробку та запровадження інноваційної моделі політики економічного зростання регіонів. Виклад основного матеріалу. Становлення і розвиток різних форм підприємництва є стратегічною основою розробки та реалізації економічної політики в умовах модернізації економіки. Зарубіжний досвід свідчить, що в структурі економік країн із розвинутою ринковою економікою вагоме місце належить сектору малого та середнього підприємництва, як найбільш масової, гнучкої та динамічної форми господарювання [2]. Регіональна економічна політика – це передусім політика розвитку. Перепоною розвитку інноваційної діяльності на регіональному рівні є:
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- відсутність цілісного державного підходу в розробці ефективної економічної політики розвитку кожного регіону з урахуванням його особливостей; - відсутність дієвих механізмів державної фінансової підтримки регіональних інноваційних проектів; - відсутність результативної системи управління інноваційною діяльністю в країні в цілому та в кожному окремому регіоні; - невирішеність проблем формування та функціонування регіональної інфраструктури інноваційної діяльності. Як і в загалом в Україні, інфраструктура інноваційної діяльності в Одеській області не має чіткої визначеності. Немає конкретного розподілу функцій публічного адміністрування та управління стосовно підтримки та розвитку інноваційної діяльності. Ці функції розпорошені серед окремих управлінь державних адміністрацій та органів місцевого самоврядування, не визначений конкретний координуючий орган. Крім того, виявлені й інші недоліки, а саме: - не забезпечується розвиток інноваційної інфраструктури; - не має дієвого економічного механізму щодо фінансової підтримки інноваційної діяльності підприємництва за рахунок державного та місцевого бюджетів; - не розроблено організаційних заходів щодо залучення позабюджетних джерел фінансування інноваційної діяльності (венчурні фонди, лізинг, тощо); - не створено дієвої системи координації інноваційної діяльності на регіональному рівні [3]. Інноваційна модель розвитку області має передбачати як зміну технологічного укладу, так і зміну організаційної структури. З метою створення дієвої інфраструктури підтримки інноваційного розвитку області, необхідно об’єднати в одну мережу: консалтингові, юридичні, інформаційні, патентні, маркетингові організації і виставкові підприємства різних форм власності та створити для них спільну систему обміну інформацією, забезпечити
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координацію управління їх діяльності. В склад мережі можуть входити самостійні підприємства і окремі управлінські структури такі як: - аналітичний центр регіональних інноваційних проблем; - центр технологічного трансферту; - інформаційне агентство; - банк даних не тільки наявних, а й потенційних ресурсів регіону; - рейтингове агентство підприємництва; - виставковий комплекс для демонстрації зон зростання і успіху; - банк науково-технічної інформації загального користування; - консалтинговий центр; - центр громадських підприємницьких спілок [4; 5]. Координація діяльності цих структур дозволить отримати синергетичний ефект завдяки поліпшенню процесів комунікації та досягти прогресу в вирішенні нагальних задач. Щоб розробити дієву державну програму підтримки підприємництва треба: 1) Усвідомити, що мале підприємництво не є рівномірним й однорідним середовищем, воно розшароване на: а) мале підприємництво проти бідності - фізичні особи - підприємці; б) стале мале підприємництво з більш-менш стабільними доходами; в) мале підприємництво, яке стрімко зростає. 2) Необхідно визначити, для чого здійснюється підтримка малого та середнього підприємництва. Цілі державної політики підтримки: - державна підтримка пріоритетних напрямків (галузей) розвитку підприємництва; - збільшення кількості робочих місць у малому та середньому підприємництві з метою зменшення рівня безробіття; - державна підтримка для збереження загального числа суб’єктів малого та середнього підприємництва. 3) Будь-яка підтримка з боку держави, не повинна призводити до порушення умов конкуренції на ринку. Надання окремим суб’єктам
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підприємництва дешевого ресурсу для інформаційної, консалтингової, навчальної або іншої діяльності - не повинно призводити до того, що у аналогічних суб’єктів, які надають такі ж послуги, зменшується конкурентоспроможність. 4) Для дієвого впливу на цей сектор економіки, підтримка малого та середнього підприємництва повинна мати масштаб, співставний з масштабом самого сектора малого та середнього підприємництва та його ролі в економіці [6]. Завершується строк реалізації Державної стратегії регіонального розвитку на період до 2020 року, яка була затверджена постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 6 серпня 2014р. №385. Це обумовлює необхідність підготовки нової Стратегії на принципово нових, інноваційних засадах а також урахування негативних наслідків всесвітньої пандемії. Висновки. Головним завданням інноваційної моделі розвитку держави є забезпечення збалансованої взаємодії наукового, технічного і виробничого потенціалів, розробка та впровадження механізму активізації політики інноваційної діяльності суб’єктів підприємництва, поширення новітніх технологій в усіх сферах економіки. Повинна бути створена група моніторингу виконання Стратегії. Це може бути окремий підрозділ адміністрації, який має проводити аналіз виконання, зберігати документи, готувати пропозиції щодо змін та доповнень до Стратегії. Для розширення зони позитивного впливу на реалізацію заходів державної політики розвитку регіонів, слід в першу чергу ресурси спрямовувати на виконання тих проектів, реалізація яких пов’язана також із розвитком сусідніх територій що забезпечує мультиплексний ефект. Реалізація інноваційної моделі політики розвитку області має передбачати як зміну технологічного укладу, так і зміну організаційної структури. Література: 1. Про пріоритетні напрями інноваційної діяльності в Україні. Закон України. Відомості Верховної Ради України (ВВР), 2012, №19-20, ст.166. Із змінами. 2. Про наукову і науково-технічну діяльність. Законом України. Відомості Верховної Ради (ВВР), 2016, №3, ст.25 Із змінами.
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3. Karpenko, L., Pashko, P., Kalach, H. & Nazarov, M. (2019). Formation of the system of fair business practice of the company under conditions of corporate responsibility. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, London, 18 (2), pp. 1-8. 4. Karpenko, L., Zhylinska, O., Dmytrenko, H., Poprozman, N.V., Koltun, V. 2020. Synergetic management tools for enterprise economic security, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 9(4): 1421-1430. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2020.9.4(25). 5. Karpenko L., Izha M., Onyshko S., Chunytska I., Starodub D. (2019). Blockchain as an innovative technology in the strategic management of companies. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, London, 18 (Special Issue 1), p.1-6. (Print ISSN: 1544-1458; Online ISSN: 1939-6104), Strategic Research Directions 1939-6104-18-SI-1-43. 6. Karpenko, L., Rachynskyi, A., Dmytrenko, H., Akhlamov, A., & Oliinyk, N. (2020). Innovative entrepreneurship models for information economy development. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 23(S1).
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Piata L.V. National scientific center “Institute of agrarian economy”
BASICS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS IN BUSINESS ENTITIES OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Abstract. The aim of the article is to give the definition of strategic planning and design the framework of strategic planning process in business entities in agricultural sector. The main research methods in the article were analysis and synthesis methods. Using the analysis method, the components of the basic approach to strategic planning process are analyzed. Using the synthesis method, significant elements of the studied basic approach are determined. The article discusses the basic concepts used in the process of strategic planning process in business entities in agricultural sector. The specialities of planning and strategic planning in the business entities in agricultural sector are described. The author firstly gave the definition of strategic planning and designed the framework of strategic planning process in business entities in agricultural sector. The results of the study can be used in the process of preparing strategies by business entities in agricultural sector. Keywords: strategy, strategic planning, SWOT-analysis
Formulation of the problem. Strategic planning is one of the important tasks of effective management, which can be successfully solved by the management system in business entities of agriculture sector. Analysis of recent research and publications. Consequently, the topic of strategic planning process of business entities has been covered in the works of many researchers and economists, in particular such as: Jofre S, Stephen J. Skripak, Vardhaman Mahaveer, Gundars BērziĦš, Nelep VM, Kisil MI and others. Setting objectives. The aim of the article is to give the definition of strategic planning and design the framework of strategic planning process in business entities in agricultural sector. Presentation of the main research material. Intense changes have arisen in global agriculture, yielding a new market reality that is more complex and competitive than before. To confront these changes, a renewed perspective on the practice of agribusiness management is necessary. Strategy typically refers to the ability of an organization to position itself in the market in a way that best suits its resources and competences. Actual business conditions require prompt adaptation strategies (i.e., strategic management) that suit dramatic changes, especially in the agricultural sector.
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Although strategy is a buzzword it does lack of a universally accepted definition. Therefore, in different contexts and to different people, strategy means different things. The strategic plan may therefore be called the plan for achievement of strategic objectives or the operating plan by which an organisation is expecting to achieve its strategic objectives. The plan defines the organisational activities and availability of resources – cash, human resources, space and equipment, required for the achievement of the objectives set. Usually an organisation develops these plans for a term from 2 to 5 years. The trend today is to reduce this period of time to 3 years, while previously the periods for the development of plans were even above 5 years. This approach has developed by taking into account the recent fast environmental changes and the inability to predict them [1, p. 10]. According to Don Hofstrand, “a strategy is the means by which the business uses its strengths (a product of internal scanning) to take advantage of environmental opportunities (a product of external scanning) so the goals identified for the business can be achieved. Because business goals are based on the desires of the individuals in the business, achieving business goals provides an opportunity for achieving personal and family goals” [2, p. 3]. Implementation of strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages (Table 1). Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of strategies in organizations Strategic Factor Strategic Factor Advantage Strategic Factor Advantage Advantage Disadvantage Disadvantage Disadvantage Following a fix course of direction Sets the directions to the future Setting Direction is a blind action with hidden balancing internal and external factors dangers It increases coordination of activity Excess of focus reduces the chance Focussing Effort reducing overall effort and detrimental of spontaneous actions needed for effects of chaos adaptation to change It gives meaning to the organization and Increases the chance of becoming Defining Organization its people defining the purpose of being too simplistic and stereotyped It reduces the chance of creative It reduces uncertainty and provides Achieving consistency actions emerging from uncertainty order facilitating action and chaos Source [3, p. 7]
Planning in agriculture has a number of specialities, including:
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- biological, which include biological production cycles, protection of flora and fauna, quarantine rules, the need for agroclimatic potential, species and varietal requirements, etc.; - technological agricultural production is characterized by a great variety of technologies, which at the same time depends on environmental conditions, technical equipment of production, financial capabilities of the producer. Technology options require thorough examination and analysis of their economic efficiency. A reliable tool for such an assessment are technological maps and cost standards developed on their basis; - technical, due to the need to use in agriculture a wide range of technical means. Technical means are generally not unified, operational and consumables, spare parts are not interchangeable. The issue of investment support in strategic perspective is especially acute for small agricultural enterprises [4, p. 80]. These circumstances cause the relatively high cost of technical means is relatively high compared to the original product; - environmental, which include the need to comply with environmental safety rules. That is, production processes cannot endanger the ecological safety of a region, locality, specific landscape; - social. The labor market in rural areas is much narrower than in cities, so the creation of a positive socio-psychological climate, taking into account local traditions, needs and attitudes of workers and their families is essential; - economic. The economic efficiency of agricultural production in the world is lower than in other industries; it is subsidized. Obtaining the result is prolonged in time and has a high degree of risk; - organizational, which are the complexity of managing production units located at a considerable distance from each other [5, p. 19-20]. According to UN guidance, strategic planning is a process of looking into the future and understanding the challenges, trends and issues; understanding who are the key beneficiaries or clients and what they need; and determining the most effective and efficient way possible to achieve the mandate [6, p. 2].
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In author’s opinion, strategic planning means the process of development of long-term strategies to increase the profitability and competitiveness of business entities and process of implementing and evaluating of such strategy. The primary farm business strategies are: • Growth – expanding the size of the business. • Stability – maintaining the size of the business. • Retrenchment – refocusing the business for improved performance. • Succession – transferring the business to younger generation. • Exit – ending and leaving the business. According to Stephen J. Skripak, after identified the purpose of the company, stakeholders become ready to take the remaining steps in the strategic-planning process: • Write a mission statement that tells customers, employees, and others why your organization exists. • Identify core values or beliefs that will guide the behavior of members of the organization. • Assess the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. • Establish goals and objectives, or performance targets, to direct all the activities that you’ll perform to achieve your mission. • Develop and implement tactical and operational plans to achieve goals and objectives [7, p. 162-163]. In the author opinion, the process of strategic planning are conducted by the next framework: • Factor analysis, which constitutes as the process of conducting the entry data for further strategic planning and consists of next step: 1) identifying personal goals of stakeholders in course of avoiding of inconsistencies between them; 2) determination of business goals, based on personal goals of stakeholders, which are usually mean level of company development expressed in wide range of indicators;
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3) external scanning - analysis of environment, which consist of next operations: - identifying industry trends; - analyzing the level of competition in respect of the company; - researching on changes in the economy, society, and the business climate in course of identify the possible threats and opportunities; 4) internal scanning of company, which certainly has to provide with information about company’s strengths and weaknesses. The most powerful company’s competitive advantages, identified internal environment, form company’s fundamental competitiveness in the market. SWOT-аnalysis is a tool used for strategic planning and strategic management in organizations. It can be used effectively to build organizational strategy and competitive strategy. In accordance with the In SWOT-аnalysis, strong and weak aspects of an organization are identified by examining the elements in its environment while environmental opportunities and threats are determined by examining the elements outside its environment. In this sense SWOT-аnalysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. It provides information that is helpful in matching the organization’s resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. • Strategy analysis, which consists of procedures on how to use data gathered in the first phase in terms of building alternative ways for achieving company’s strategic goals. Designing the strategy is the process of identifying strategic fit between what the business and social environment wants (opportunities) and what the company has to offer (strengths). A strategy is developed by first designing two or more alternative draft of strategy. From these strategie, the alternative that best achieves your business goals usually become chosen. Strategy analysis include consequent stages: 1) Business Strategies. On this stage company shall determine planning horizon and direction that the business is going in. - Planning horizon, which defines how long will the firm exist;
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- Direction, which gives an answer where the company is going. Will it grow or stay the same size as it is? If it grows, how will it grow? Will company add one or more new enterprises or will company expand existing enterprises? If company will add a new enterprise or drop an existing enterprise? Worth to note, growth strategies don’t necessarily mean more acres or more head of livestock. Growth strategies can involve more intensive use of current acres by changing type of crop and/or livestock enterprises, or it may involve the further processing and/or marketing of farm products. 2) Portfolio analysis, which is part of developing a business strategy. Portfolio analysis examines the mix of basic products in the business and defines its proportion. Each product is produced by separate business unit. This step involves matching stakeholder’s skills and business resources with business opportunities. 3) Product Strategy Development. Product strategies, also called competitive strategies, identify how each individual product, produced by separate business unit, will compete within its respective market and industry. - Importance of each business unit: each business unit should be considered as separate profit center, cost center and investment center; - Business unit interactions, where is described the existing synergies and competition among business units due to shared resources or management skills. 4) Reality testing. The company and business unit strategies represent what is possible and the business goals represent what is desired. These strategies can be used to test the reality of the company’s goals. Reality testing involves examining company’s goals in light of the environmental opportunities and business strengths. The complex business activity has compelled organizations to constantly keep their eye on strategies. The decision making has become intricate process due to global business forces. Under such situation, strategic planning is a powerful tool to facilitate the managerial decision making. Conclusions. The article highlights the definition of strategic planning and the framework of strategic planning process in business entities in agricultural sector.
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References 1. Gundars BērziĦš, (2016), Strategic Planning, Leonardo da Vinci Programme Project ‘Development and Approbation of Applied Courses Based on the Transfer of Teaching Innovations in Finance and Management for Further Education of Entrepreneurs and Specialists in Latvia, Lithuania and Bulgaria., available at: https://www.bcci.bg/projects/latvia/pdf/9_Strategiska_planosana_GALA_GB_EN.pdf. 2. Vardhaman Mahaveer, (2017), Strategic Management, Open University, available at: http://assets.vmou.ac.in/BBA16.pdf. 3. Jofre, S. (2011). Strategic Management: The theory and practice of strategy in (business) organizations. DTU Management 2011, No. 1 4. Kisil M.I. (2012), “Strategic directions of investment support of agricultural development, Ekonomika APK, no. 9, pp. 36-39. 5. Nelep V.M. (2004), “Planuvannya na ahrarnomu pidpryyemstvi” [Planning at an agricultural enterprise], KNEU, Kyiv, Ukraine, 495 p. 6. Strategic Planning Basics for Managers, United Nations, (2015), available at:https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/4.5.1.6_Strategic%20Planning%20Guide_0.pdf. 7. Stephen J. Skripak, (2016), Fundamentals of Business, Pamplin College of Business and Virginia Tech Libraries, 398 p.
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TAXATION AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Leonardo Stoev, Ph.D. student VUZF University, Sofia, Bulgaria
EFFICIENCY OF THE MUNICIPAL TAX ADMINISTRATION IN BULGARIA
Abstract. For the development and the implementation of a well-functioning tax system in the municipalities, not only the taxes and that will be imposed and paid matters, but also the organization of their collection. This depends directly on the way in which the municipal tax administration structure is constructed. In order to analyse that topic, it is necessary to review the structures of the municipal tax system, which is responsible for the administration of all types of local taxes and fees and exercising control over them. The main emphasis of the research is on the effectiveness of the municipalities as part of the Bulgarian tax system, due to the high levels of taxes not collected and the lack of independence in their tax collection process. Key words: municipalities, tax system, taxes.
In Bulgaria, there are three institutions that are administering the taxes: the National Revenue Agency (NRA), the Customs and the municipalities. The latter deals with the administration of local taxes and fees, which, in turn, are being used from the municipalities for funding their budgets. Regarding that, it is interesting to analyse if the municipal tax administrations are effective. There are uniform rules for value added tax and corporation tax in the European Union [1]. On the other hand, for local taxes and fees, no such regulation exists. According to the Bulgarian Local Taxes and Fees Act (LTFA), the following taxes are paid into the municipal budget: real estate tax; inheritance tax; tax on donations; tax on property acquisition; vehicle tax; patent tax; tourist tax. Since the beginning of 2006, the obligation to establish, secure and collect local taxes and fees has been transferred to the municipal administration, making the municipalities the institutions that exercise tax control over this type of taxes. These activities related to the administration of the taxes are performed by the municipal administration in accordance with the Tax and Social Insurance Procedure code (TSIP), giving the municipal employees the rights and obligations of the revenue authorities employees and public contractors [2]. Local taxes and fees are regulated by the LTFA, which, in addition to real estate taxes, inheritances, vehicles, donations, tourism, patent tax and property acquisitions, regulates the taxation regime of numerous fees. Some of them are:
80 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 municipal waste tax (MSW); fee for use of markets and sidewalks; fee for use of day nurseries, kindergartens, care homes and camps; fee for technical and administrative services and others. The LTFA states that "local taxes shall be paid in cash at the offices of the municipal administration or non-cash on the relevant bank account" [3]. In order to facilitate the administration of taxes, there are specially established departments and directorates for local taxes and fees in the larger municipalities. Their functions generally include: - administration of local taxes and fees for municipal waste, fines and property sanctions under the LTFA through the functions of establishing and collecting local taxes, MSW and fines; - organizing the preparation and sending of messages to the debtors on the amounts due; - carrying out actions for collection of overdue obligations in accordance with the Tax and Social Insurance Procedure code. - interaction with other municipal bodies and external organizations to ensure their control functions; - preparing proposals for changes in the ordinances for "setting and administering local fees and service charges in the territories of municipalities" and in the ordinance for "determining the amount of local taxes in the territories of municipalities" [4]. Although the control exercised by municipalities on local taxes and fees is largely limited, due to the nature of the tax obligations themselves and the lack of a broad scope for taxpayer manipulation, they are an important element of the tax system, carrying more than 40% of revenues in one municipality [5]. An analysis of the LTFA funded by the European Social Fund shows that if the aim of the law is to strengthen the tax potential of local authorities, it is not effective enough instrument for this purpose. According to the report, financial decentralization requires greater collection, which is a prerequisite for higher revenues for municipalities and correspondingly meeting the needs of their residents.
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A problem with the administration of taxes by individual municipalities is that they do not have the ability to enforce collection of non-paid local tax liabilities. These powers are vested in the TSIP only to the NRA. This, in turn, significantly hinders and substantially delays the process of collecting arrears and often causes them to be released from limitation. According to data from the Ministry of Finance for the period 2015-2016, the average collectability of two of the main local taxes administered by the municipalities - real estate and vehicles taxes - is only 71.51% and 65.86% respectively [6]. In comparison, in recent years, the state has managed to collect more than 100% of the budgeted revenue from taxes (see Table 1). Table 1 Implementation of the Consolidated Fiscal Program 2016-2018 for Revenue, Aid and Grants [8] Report Budget Performance against Indicators Report 2018 2017 2018 budget 2018 Tax and Social 29581.3 31142.3 32235.5 103.5% Insurance income total Direct taxes 5644.3 5756.6 6132.5 106.5% Indirect Taxes 14532.5 15156.4 15531.0 102.5% Social and Health 8365.2 9131.3 9458.3 103.6% insurance income
Other taxes 1039.3 1098.0 1113.8 101.4%
Municipalities collect an average of about three quarters of the taxes that have to be paid. On this basis, as well as the lack of autonomy with regard to compulsory tax collection, it should be examined whether the transfer of local tax administration to the National Revenue Agency is not a logical step that would lead to greater efficiency, centralization and autonomy of the tax administration. Municipalities' problems with tax collection are compounded by the fact that they do not implement a sustainable development policy [for sustainable development, see Raynov - 7]. Municipalities mainly focus on the present, rather than paying attention to longer-term horizons.
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It can be concluded that the autonomy of municipalities as a tax authority represents a problem. This problem is linked to the administration of taxes and is complemented by their low collection rates and the lack of sustainable development programs in the municipalities. This raises the question of whether it is necessary to restructure the tax administration and the regulations related to it, in view of the fact that different taxes are collected by different institutions, represented by the NRA and the municipalities, when competent to interpret the laws and provide guidance on the implementation of the methodology is only NRA.
REFERENCES 1. Yosifova, D. (2017) The final project for a single VAT area in the EU – a phased approach and a series of incremental steps from 2017 to 2020, ICPA [in Bulgarian]. 2. Bulgarian Tax and Social insurance procedure code. Last updated SG on 28.02.2020. 3. Bulgarian Local taxes and fees act. Last updated SG on 28.02.2020. 4. Local Taxes and Fees Directorate – Plovdiv Municipality [in Bulgarian]. https://www.plovdiv.bg/администрация/дирекции-и-отдели/дирекция-„местни-данъци- и-такси/. 5. Sofia Municipality 2020 Draft Budget https://www.sofia.bg/documents/20182/7409569/ [in Bulgarian]. 6. Ministry of Finance. Report on the cash execution of the 2006 consolidated Fiscal program www.minfin.bg [in Bulgarian]. 7. Raynov, B.(2014) Internal control as a factor in the transition to corporate social responsibility, ICPA [in Bulgarian]. 8. Report on the implementation of the State Budget of Bulgaria for 2018 [in Bulgarian].
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MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ECONOMY
Pakhomova E.A., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor Pisareva D.A. PhD student Dubna State University, Russia
METHOD FOR SETTING BACKGROUND DATA AS THE BASIS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Пахомова Е.А., д.э.н., к.т.н., профессор Писарева Д.А. аспирант Государственный университет «Дубна», Россия
СПОСОБ ЗАДАНИЯ ИСХОДНЫХ ДАННЫХ КАК ОСНОВА АНАЛИЗА СОСТОЯНИЯ РАВНОВЕСИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ
Abstract. The correspondence between the method of setting the source data and the type of equilibrium points of the socio-economic system is established. The equilibrium points, which are both real and complex numbers, are obtained as a result of solving a system of differential equations, the coefficients of which are found by regression analysis. Keywords: socio-economic system, source data, equilibrium points, complex numbers, regression analysis.
Аннотация. Установлено соответствие между способом задания исходных данных и типом точек равновесия социально-экономической системы. Точки равновесия, являющиеся как действительными, так и комплексными числами, получены в результате решения системы дифференциальных уравнений, коэффициенты которой найдены методом регрессионного анализа. Ключевые слова: социально-экономическая система, исходные данные, точки равновесия, комплексные числа, регрессионный анализ.
Экономико-математические задачи в ряде случаев приводят к необходимости анализа состояния равновесия социально-экономической системы. С подобной ситуацией мы столкнулись при продолжении разработки математического аппарата тройной спирали, адаптированного к российским условиям [1], принимая во внимание наш опыт изучения возможностей применения аппарата теории функций комплексных переменных в экономике [3]. Задача анализа состояния равновесия социально-экономической
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системы на основе [1] приводит к системе дифференциальных уравнений (1) решением которой могут быть как действительные, так и комплексные числа. где x(t), y(t) – независимые переменные, характеризующие взаимодействующие социально-экономические подсистемы Университет и Государство, являющиеся элементами исследуемой социально-экономической системы
Университет-Государство, – зависимые переменные, скорости изменения
подсистем, – постоянные коэффициенты, которые определяются с помощью регрессионного анализа.
(1) В данной статье, по аналогии со статьей [1], переменные в (1) представляют собой характеристики пространств Знаний ( и Согласия ( ), которые, в свою очередь, являются сущностью подсистем Университет и Государство, соответственно. Здесь представляет собой два набора данных: независимые переменные – набор исходных n-мерных векторов данных в виде совокупности , где – персонал, занятый наукой, – исследователи, – техники, – исследователи с ученой степенью; зависимые переменные – совокупность результирующих n-мерных векторов , где – патентов выдается в год в РФ, – разработанные в год инновации, – патенты, выданные российским заявителям за год, – действующих патентов всего, – всего действующих патентов на изобретения. Пространство , также представлено двумя наборами данных: совокупность независимых переменных , где – финансирование науки из федерального бюджета, – внутренние затраты на науку, – затраты организаций на внедрение инноваций; зависимые переменные – объем отгруженных инновационных товаров, работ и услуг. Таким образом, пространство Знаний можно представить как
причем . Тогда пространство Согласия , и формулу (1) можно записать в виде:
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(2) где – подпространства социально-экономической системы, представленные матрицами, столбцами которых являются соответствующие n- мерные векторы исходных данных. Данные подпространств имеют разную размерность, что для исследования социально-экономической системы с помощью математического аппарата является неоднозначным. Если при исследовании использовать реальные статистические данные, то на коэффициенты (2) накладывается смысловая нагрузка, определяемая размерностью, что усложняет экономическую интерпретацию результата. Если же исходные данные до проведения анализа предварительно обезразмерить, например, посредством нормирования, то коэффициенты будут представлять собой эластичности, что наглядно для экономической интерпретации. Однако в силу того, что исходные данные (2) отличаются своими оптимальными значениями, нормирование данных не даст качественного результата. В этом случае можно предварительно преобразовать данные посредством унифицированной шкалы [2]. Но и в этом случае коэффициенты системы (2) оказываются незначимыми на 5% уровне значимости. Задачу снятия размерности можно решить с помощью приведения исходных статистических данных к какому-либо периоду времени (например, начальному) или к среднему значению данных, то есть придать им вид относительных данных. В обоих случаях в проведенном анализе получены значимые коэффициенты; следовательно, возможно оценить состояние равновесия рассматриваемой социально-экономической системы. Таблица 1 Типы точек равновесия Узел Седло Фокус Центр
Анализ состояния равновесия социально-экономической системы Университет-Государство, на данном этапе исследования, представляет собой поиск собственных значений ( ) матрицы коэффициентов системы (2),
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сочетание которых соответствует тому или иному типу точек равновесия (табл. 1) [4]. В результате исследования выявлена проблема способа задания исходных данных; показано, что экономическая интерпретация полученного результата непосредственно зависит от того, использовали ли мы реальные статистические данные (рис. 1) или приведенные (относительные) данные к какому-либо периоду (рис. 2) или среднему значению (рис. 3).
Рис. 1. Фазовый Рис. 2. Фазовый Рис. 3. Фазовый портрет состояния портрет состояния портрет состояния равновесия социально- равновесия социально- равновесия социально- экономической экономической экономической системы на основе системы на основе системы на основе реальных приведенных данных к приведенных данных к статистических данных начальному периоду среднему значению (узел) (фокус) (фокус)
Как видно из рисунков фазовых портретов, в случае исследования равновесия на основе относительных данных равновесие социально- экономической системы Университет-Государство представляет собой неустойчивый фокус. Основываясь на реальных статистических данных, исследование равновесия социально-экономической системы Университет- Государство приводит к неустойчивому узлу. Заметим, что способу задания данных и полученным типам точек равновесия, можно поставить в соответствие подсчет цепного и базисного индексов, используемых в экономических задачах в процессе дефлирования данных (табл. 2).
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Таблица 2 Соответствие экономического аналога типу точек равновесия в зависимости от способа задания данных Способ задания Экономический Тип точки равновесия данных аналог Исходные статистические узел цепной индекс данные Относительные фокус базисный индекс данные
Экономический анализ остальных типов точек равновесия с последующей их интерпретацией выходит за рамки данной статьи, что является предметом дальнейших наших исследований. Литература 1. Istomina S.V., Lychagina T.A., Pakhomov A.V., Pakhomova E.A. Methods for determining the innovative potential of socio-economic objects of various hierarchical levels using elements of vector analysis and field theory. National interests: priorities and security. 2018. Vol. 14, No. 1 (358). Pp. 97-120. 2. Mkhitaryan V.S. Data analysis: textbook for universities – Moscow: Yurayt publishing house, 2020. – 490 p. 3. Pakhomova E.A., Pisareva D.A. Comparative analysis of the use of the Cobb-Douglas production functions apparatus of the real and complex argument in the study of macroeconomic processes. System analysis in science and education. 2018. № 4. 4. Pigolkina T. S. Autonomous systems. Phase trajectory. Elements of stability theory.: Uch.- method. Manual / comp.: T. S. Pigolkina – M.: MIPT, 2013. – 40 p.
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MANAGEMENT
Kvasko Alla Ph.D., Associate Professor National Technical University of Ukrane “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (Ukraine, Kyiv)
USING THE EXPERT METHOD TO ASSESS THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRINTING ENTERPRISES
Кваско А. В. канд.екон.наук, доцент НТУУ «Київський політехнічний інститут ім. Ігоря Сікорського»
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЕКСПЕРТНОГО МЕТОДУ ДЛЯ ОЦІНКИ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПОЛІГРАФІЧНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ
Abstract. The article considers the essence, types and possibilities of using expert methods in assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise. On the example of data processing of the questionnaire on the parameters of competitiveness of the printing company, the level of agreement of experts' opinions was determined and the statistical significance of the obtained results was confirmed. Keywords: expert methods, method of expert assessments, competition, competitiveness, expert, rank assessments, concordance coefficient, statistical significance.
Анотація. У статті розглянуто сутність, різновиди та можливості використання експертних методів при оцінці конкурентспроможності підприємства. На прикладі обробки даних анкетування за параметрами конкурентоспроможності поліграфічного підприємства визначено рівень узгодженості думок експертів та підтверджено статистичну істотність отриманих результатів. Ключові слова: експертні методи, метод експертних оцінок, конкуренція, конкурентоспроможність, експерт, рангові оцінки, коефіцієнт конкордації, статистична істотність.
У сучасних умовах господарювання наявність у підприємства конкурентних переваг є запорукою його виживання на ринку. Високий рівень конкурентоспроможності розглядається як результат ефективного функціонування суб’єкту господарювання, який вчасно може адаптуватись до змін ринкового середовища, забезпечує достатню якість продукції (послуг) за адекватної цінової політики та позитивне сприйняття своєї роботи з боку споживачів. Конкуренція, в загальному розумінні, сприймається як суперництво між суб’єктами господарювання за більш вигідні умови виробництва та реалізації продукції (послуг), результатом якого є отримання більш високого прибутку Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 89
або інших преваг. Саме тому одним з базових моментів успішної діяльності на ринку є забезпечення діагностики та оцінювання конкурентних позицій підприємства та безпосередньо рівня конкурентоспроможності. Вибір ефективного методу оцінки – це запорука не лише адекватної оцінки становища підприємства, а й основа для розробки коригувальних дій та заходів. Оцінка складових конкурентоспроможності передбачає використання показників (параметрів), що можуть бути і вимірними, і невимірними. Останні з них не мають чисельних значень і представлені лише в описовому вигляді. Тому, врахувати не тільки кількісні, а й якісні параметри роботи підприємства можна за допомогою експертних методів. Загорна Т. О. зазначає, що експертні методи засновані на «думках експертів певної галузі знань про стан і розвиток того чи іншого об’єкта, ринку або проблеми з подальшим обробленням отриманих результатів з метою виявлення основних критеріїв і тенденцій, властивих об’єкту» [1, c.36]. Грабовецький Б. Є. розглядає методи експертної оцінки як такі, що «ґрунтуються на припущенні про можливість проектування адекватної картини майбутнього розвитку з урахуванням всіх можливих відхилень і стрибків на основі думок спеціалістів у певній галузі знань» [2, с.31]. В узагальненому вигляді, метод експертної оцінки розглядається як процедура отримання і обробки кількісних і якісних оцінок процесів і явищ на основі думок експертів у вигляді балів, порядкових місць, рейтингів тощо. Методи експертної оцінки широко використовуються у різних сферах діяльності. Вони стають незамінними в умовах обмеженості інформації або її відсутності, зокрема чисельних параметрів роботи, за умов необхідності оцінки реального становища суб’єкту господарювання та визначення майбутніх напрямів оптимізації роботи. В основу методу експертної оцінки покладено використання думки фахівців (експертів). Його перевагою також є багатоваріантність сфери застосування та певна простота технології. Недоліком такого методу є певний суб’єктивізм оцінки, що залежить від професійної кваліфікації експерта, його знань та вміння узагальнити як свій, так і світовий досвід, та може бути зменшений при залученні групи експертів. Врахування
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думки одного авторитетного експерта відповідає індивідуальній експертній оцінці, якщо ж оцінка здійснюється декількома експертами - вона є груповою. В першому випадку мова може йти про значно менші витрати часу як на організацію, так і на проведення оцінки, а отже і коштів на ці процедури. Метод експертних оцінок може використовуватись не тільки за умов відсутності повної інформації, а й в умовах невизначеності середовища функціонування суб’єкта господарювання, в екстремальних ситуаціях та при дефіциті часу. У індивідуальній експертній оцінці найчастіше використовуються два метоли: інтерв’ю та аналітичні записки (анкетування) [2]. Перевагами першого методу є можливість уточнювати та при необхідності коригувати висновки експерта. Разом з тим, короткий період часу на роздуми і відповідь експерта – це його недолік. На відміну від першого, метод анкетування передбачає наявність у експерта достатньої кількості часу на обдумування відповідей на сформульовані у анкеті запитання. Іноді до цих методів додають і третій – метод сценаріїв, який полягає «у розгляді кількох різних сценаріїв, які характеризують ймовірні шляхи розвитку ситуації» [3, с.354]. Від кількості аналізованих сценаріїв або можливостей залежить ймовірність непередбаченої ситуації. Найбільш популярними колективними методами експертної оцінки є метод комісій та метод Дельфі. Перший метод полягає у погодженні думки експертів (членів групи) про досліджуваний процес або об’єкт у відкритій дискусії. Другий метод передбачає проведення експертного опитування групи спеціалістів у декілька турів за спеціально розробленою програмою послідовних індивідуальних опитувань, які проводяться у вигляді анкетування. До переліку методів колективної експертної оцінки також відносяться опитування експертів, метод колективної генерації ідей, метод синектики [1, 2]. Групова експертна оцінка конкурентоспроможності включає декілька етапів: створення експертних груп за результатами підбору експертів; розроблення анкет; безпосередня робота з експертами; формування правил (процедур), за якими буде визначатись загальна оцінка; обробка результатів експертних оцінок. Саме ґрунтовний підхід до відбору експертів-професіоналів
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визначатиме реалістичність отриманих результатів, а оцінка узгодженості думок експертів – підтвердженням гіпотези про відносно правильні висновки експертів, адже високий рівень даного показника (близький до 1) свідчить про приблизно однакову думку професіоналів відносно досліджуваного питання. Розглянемо на прикладі обробку результатів опитування експертів, щодо параметрів конкурентоспроможності поліграфічного підприємства, що можуть складно піддаватись кількісній оцінці або характеризуються обмеженістю (неповнотою) наявної інформації. Параметрами конкурентоспроможності, які пропонувалось оцінити експертам були: частка ринку, можливість цінового маневрування, фінансові можливості підприємства, якість поліграфічного виконання, дисципліна поставок. Експертами виступили співробітники і партнери видавничих підприємств, агенти зі збуту. У таблиці 1 подано результати опитування експертів переведені у рангові значення: Таблиця 1 Матриця рангових оцінок експертів Експерти Сума Фактори І ІІ ІІІ ІV V VI VII рангів Частка ринку 3,5 3 4 2,5 3,5 3,5 3 23 Можливість цінового 1,5 1 1,5 1 1,5 1 1,5 9 маневрування Фінансові можливості 5 5 4 5 5 3,5 5 32,5 підприємства Якість поліграфічного 1,5 3 1,5 2,5 1,5 2 1,5 13,5 виконання Дисципліна 3,5 3 4 4 3,5 5 4 27 поставок Загальна сума рангів 105
Для оцінки міри узгодженості думок використаємо коефіцієнт конкордації. Для цього було визначено ряд показників і отримано такі значення: середня арифметична сума рангових оцінок за всією сукупністю – 21; відхилення суми рангів за кожним фактором від середньоарифметичного значення – 2; (-12); 11,5; (-7,5); 6; сума квадратів відхилень – 372,5;
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сума однакових рангових оцінок, наданих експертами – 28. Коефіцієнт конкордації, визначений на основі вище наведених даних дорівнює 0,779, що свідчить про достатньо високий рівень узгодженості думок членів експертної групи. Перевірка статистичної значущості (істотності) коефіцієнта конкордації відбувається за допомогою критерію Пірсона. За даними табл. 1 розрахункове значення критерію Пірсона складає 22,02, а табличні значення для (п-1) ступенів свободи та довірчої ймовірності для двох варіантів Р=0,95 та Р=0,99 відповідно дорівнюють 9,49 та 13,28. Перевищення розрахункового значення над табличним свідчить про статистичну істотність отриманого коефіцієнту конкордації. Варто відзначити, що результати, отримані за методом експертних оцінок, підтверджуються іншими методами оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства. Отже, в умовах обмеженості інформації та нестабільності середовища функціонування підприємства використання експертних методів може бути чи неєдиною можливістю отримання адекватної інформації про рівень конкурентоспроможності підприємства та його конкурентні переваги. Умовою отримання якісної та реальної оцінки конкурентоспроможності підприємства є залучення до проведення експертиз (або до складу групи експертів) високопрофесійних фахівців з практичним досвідом роботи у відповідній галузі та зміст анкети (питань), відповіді на які має дати експерт. Література: 1. Загорна Т.О. Економічна діагностика: навч. посібн. / Т.О. Загорна - Київ: Центр навч. літ-ри, 2007. 400 с. 2. Грабовецький Б. Є. Методи експертних оцінок: теорія, методологія, напрямки використання : монографія / Б. Є. Грабовецький. – Вінниця : ВНТУ, 2010. – 171 с. 3. Присенко Г.В., Равікович Є.І. Прогнозування соціально-економічних процесів: навч. посіб. / Г.В. Присенко, Є. І. Равікович- Київ: КНЕУ, 2005. 378 с.
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MARKETING
Gezim Simoni Ph.D Candidate University of Tirana, Faculty of Economy, Marketing Department, Tirana, Albania
BANK SELECTION AND CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING IN THE BANKING SERVICES INDUSTRY
Abstract. The banking industry as part of the service industry has changed radically in the last 30 years in Albania. New marketing practices conditional and closely linked to major developments in information technology applied in banking industry. The development of information technology has brought major changes and is constantly transforming banking industry in Albania. Distribution of banking services via the internet is an indication of significant changes in the industry. Internet banking is one of the new distribution channels of banking services based on the Internet. From the study, it’s found that internet banking as a new channel of distribution of banking services applied in this industry, has positively influenced by bringing benefits to organizations, by reducing the costs of service delivery, promoting and positioning services, targeting new customer segments. This study focuses on the role of internet banking in the selection of the bank by individual customers of commercial banks operating in Albania. The questionnaire for collecting data was the instrument used and SPSS for their analysis. The study shows that internet banking influences consumers in the selection of the bank from where they will receive banking services. Keywords: banking selection, banking industry, individual consumer.
INTRODUCTION The growing demand of consumers in the banking services market conditions organizations to increase their efforts to capture, increase, satisfy and retain the consumer. In this regard, banking organizations in Albania are oriented towards identifying marketing factors that affect and determine decision-making in the selection of the bank to consumers. Commercial banks as well as banks operating in other developing and developed countries are paying more attention to providing more facilities and services to their customers. In current years, institutions strategy and marketing research have focused on the identification, creation, and delivery of services based on the preference of their customers. Many research projects have been carried out in different countries to understand and predict customer behavior as it evolves over time and within different environments, situations and cultures that present themselves. Marketers have now specifically tailored marketing strategies for each group of customers holding specific or similar patterns of behavior and consumption to gain their business. As the banking industry is considered increasingly competitive since nearly two decades, the financial services industry has
94 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 the task of differentiating their organizations and their offerings in order to attract customers (Blankson et al., 2007). In this regard, the basic aim of the study is to examine the basic motivational factors in customers’ bank selection in Albania. Specifically, the study focuses on identifying the role that internet banking plays in the selection of the bank for individual consumers in the context of Albania. LITERATURE REVIEW There are extensive studies about the topic in the area of determining the factors which are considered crucial for a customer while selecting a bank. Banks are the major type of deposit taking institution; they make their living predominantly by taking deposits which represent their liabilities and loaning these funds to borrowers which represent their assets. They loan out funds at a higher interest rate than the funds, and the difference represents their gross profit margin before expenses and tax. In addition, banks can earn commissions and fees by selling various products such as foreign exchange services, safe custody services, advice, account management charges, credit card facilities, insurance and so forth (Pilbeam, 1998). Khazeh and Decker (1992) highlight the role of "price" as determinant in bank decision-making. Almossawi (2001), highlights reputation, parking, staff, A.T.M., as determining factors. Zineldin (1996) identifies as friendly determinants in decision- making the friendly behavior of staff, the accuracy of transactions, the efficiency in correcting mistakes. Ta & Har (2000), highlights high interest rates, convenient location, quality of service. Mylonakis, Malliaris and Siomkos (1998), identify the appropriate location, quality of service, lack of order, focus on customers. Almossawi reviewed the criteria for selecting banks working by college students aged 19-24 in Bahrain, where bankers, reputation, availability of parking space near the bank, kindness of bank staff, availability and location of automated cars found as determinants. Kennington et al. examined variables affecting the choice of bank customers in Poland. According to the research findings, it turns out to have been the reputation, price and service, the main variables that consumers seek. Gupta and Torkzadeh surveyed 500 residents of Winnipeg, Canada. The results showed that the most important factors were careful account management, interest rate of payment, courtesy and courtesy, transaction procedures. Lee and Marlowe tried to identify how
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 95 they decided consumers of financial institutions to open a current account. The study showed that ease (in terms of office location, salary lending and deposits direct), low commissions, minimum required balances, personalized services and range of services are the main criteria for decision-making, where these can vary according to the socio-economic and demographic profile of the clients. Lymperopoulos et al. examined the selection criteria that determine the selection of banks by customers for mortgage loans emphasizing the quality functional service and its importance in establishing strong relationships. Devlin (2002) analyzed consumer selection criteria in the UK retail banking market. It was found that the groups with the lowest financial knowledge were influenced by the location of the branch and the recommendations they received. In groups with higher financial knowledge, it turned out to take into account service attributes, rate of return, and low fees in their selection. Safakli (2007) conducts a study in Northern Cyprus to examine the bank selection criteria employed by customers. The findings indicate that the most crucial criteria affecting customers' bank selection decisions are bank image, service quality and efficiency, parking facilities, convenient location, financial factors and affected opinion. The study indicates that it would be crucial to deal with different demographic characteristics of respondents as distinctive segments and treat different priorities in their bank selection process. Mokhlis et al. (2008) argue that even though the majority of students are unemployed and have to depend on their educational loans, they still represent a crucial target market for banking services. They discuss the 9 factors which are considered significant by undergraduate students in selecting a bank as well as to examine whether undergraduates will be a homogeneous group concerning the way they select a bank. Results of the factor indicate that undergraduate students consider secure feelings as the most influential factor in affection of selecting a bank. ATM service and financial benefits are the second and third crucial factors in order when choosing a bank to patronize. The finding also indicates that undergraduate students are not a homogeneous group in the bank selection process, Katircioglu et al. (2011) conducts a survey of 248 bank customers regarding the bank selection instrument in two cities of Romania: Bucharest and Constanta. They identify that seven crucial bank selection criteria of
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Romanian people are providing extensive ATM services, giving personal attention to customers, availability of internet banking and telephone, confidentiality of the bank for customer records, reputation and image of the banks, appearance of staff to be presentable and the number of branch offices around the country. In this case, “the number of branch offices around the country” are the most crucial factors determining customers’ bank selection. METHODOLOGY Research methods according to Mattheus B. and Ross L. (2010) are quantitative, qualitative or integrated. The quantitative method chosen for the research is characterized by: Positive approach, research questions can be posed as hypotheses for testing. Research questions or hypotheses are answered through statistical analysis, the researcher usually knows what he is looking for. The quantitative method is characterized by: The model, which is defined before data is collected. The objective is the approach of study (the researcher does not participate). As an instrument is used questionnaire or survey which are considered optimal for research of this nature. Data can be presented with numeric codes, labels. Generalizations can be made from the data. Deductive approach, which is the research approach, according to Trochim (2002), induction is usually described as the movement from specific to general while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific. The quantitative study used enables the application of various statistical tests in order to test hypotheses and draw conclusions, Saunders et al (2009). The instrument for collecting primary data in the study is the questionnaire. The design of the questionnaire is based on the review of the literature and the conceptual model in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Primary data collection through the questionnaire instrument requires less time to collect data, is costly but allows a collection of data from a sample of a larger size compared to interviews (Gay & Airasian, 2000). Sample framework, list of population members Mattheus B. and Ross L. (2010). The search was done in the consumer segment Individuals. The sample size according to Mattheus B. and Ross L. (2010), up to 1000 members of the population is considered appropriate and applied by all research organizations. Sample size for study 650. Probabilistic sample, random, stratified.
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This approach is used in experimental research surveys, and in cases where quantitative data are collected. Choosing such an approach enables the researcher to perform statistical data analysis Mattheus B. and Ross L. (2010). DATA ANALYSIS In order to study the factors that affect the preference of consumers of banking services in Albania, the study has adopted a quantitative research approach. Before the survey was conducted, we conducted a pilot test to determine the validity of the research questionnaire and to improve it. To check the reliability of the data, we adapt one of the most common internal stability indicators: Cronbach's alpha test on SPSS 19, value 0.7 limit as reference. The resulting value indicates that the questionnaire is reliable. Following the answers received, in this case, as in general, researchers will use the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to analyze it. SPSS is one of the most widely used programs for statistical analysis in the social sciences (Pallant, 2010). The variables grouped into factors, are listed as follows: The bank has a well-known brand name, the bank has good security management, the bank offers differentiated service by segments, the bank offers parking, the bank offers mobile banking, the bank has an appropriate distribution of branches, the bank has a large number of branches, the bank has low service commissions, the bank offers good interest rates, the bank offers low interest rates on loans, opening a current account is simple, the bank has simple lending procedures, the bank offers a variety of debit cards, the bank offers a variety of credit cards, the bank offers gifts to customers, the bank offers many forms of lending, the bank has a large number of A.T.M, bank A.T.M. in suitable places, the bank offers fast service, bank offers internet banking, bank employees are friendly and polite, employees have knowledge skills and expertise, appropriate appearance and attire of employees, suitable facilities for providing services. Even in this study, as in other analog studies, SPSS is used for simple descriptive data, which describe the average score of the factors. To determine the factors that influence the choice of the bank, the answers reflect in a way the order of importance of the various factors. Since there are many influential factors in this study, after collecting the answers from the questionnaires, the authors conducted advanced statistical procedures of factor analysis. Because there are a large number
98 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 of variables tested in research, the authors use a technique of summarizing and reducing data, “Analysis of the Exploratory Factor,” which analyzes as well as simplifies the relationships between those variables (Pallant, 2010). In the study, before proceeding with factor analysis and deciding whether a certain data set is suitable for factor analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and the Bartlett Test should be done before factor the resulting values are such that factor analysis can yield valuable results. A score above 0.5 is a value that is considered acceptable, meanwhile, the Bartlett's test of sphericity, the sphericity test should be less than 0.05, in which case the zero hypothesis of lack of correlation between variables is also rejected acceptable. Reliability, safety, assurance, value added to services, access, responsibility, there are six factors in which study variables are included. The internet banking variable is included in the access factor, where the variables are included, the bank has a large number of A.T.M, bank A.T.M. in suitable places, the bank offers fast service, bank offers internet banking. From the factor analysis of the variables included in the six factors that determine the selection of the bank to individual consumers, in particular, the access factor, internet banking and the number of ATMs that the bank has, have the highest values. CONCLUSIONS This study was conducted to examine the factors that determine the decision to select banks in Albania. The focus of the study was the identification of the role of internet banking in the selection of the bank by individual consumers. The research findings revealed that although all explanatory variables exerted some influence on the decision to select bank customers in the study area, technology factors and specifically Internet banking as a variable are considered important. The conclusion of the study is that the main factors that bank customers in Albania consider important in their banking selection have been identified to a large extent and the special role of internet banking as a variable, part of the factors. This is explained by the different coefficients of the corresponding regression identified. It is therefore recommended that banks should receive proper recognition of these factors as a guide in designing their future strategies for competitors advantage.
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REFERENCES
1. Al Mossawi, M. (2001), “Bank selection criteria employed by college students in Bahrain: an empirical analysis”, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 115-25. 2. Anderson W.T., Cox E.P. and Fulcher D.G., Bank selection decision and marketing segmentation, Journal of marketing, 40(1), 40-5 (1976). 3. Devlin J.F. and Ennew C.T., How the young choose financial services: a quantitative analysis, 34th EMAC Proceedings, University Bocconi, Milan (2005). 4. Elliot M.B., Shatto D. and Singer C., Three customer values are key to marketing success, Journal of Retail Banking Services, 18(1), 1-7 (1996) 5. Gupta, A. and Dev S. (2012) “Client satisfaction in Indian banks: an empirical study” Management Research Review Vol. 35 No. 7, 2012 pp. 617-636 . 6. Karjaluto H., Selection criteria for a mode of bill payment: Empirical investigation among Finnish bank customers, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 30(6), 331-39 (2002). 7. Katircioglu, S.T.,Tumer, M, andKilinc, C. (2011), Bank selection criteria in the banking industry: An empirical investigation from customers in Romanian cities', African Journal Of Business Management, Vol. 5 No. 14, pp. 51-58. 8. Khazeh K, and Decker WH. (1993), How customers choose banks? Journal of Retail Banking, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 41-44. 9. Kaynak, E, and Whiteley, A.(1999), Retail bank marketing in Western Australia, International Journal Of Bank Marketing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 221-232 10. Kennington C., Hill J. and Rakowska A., Customer selection criteria for banks in Poland, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 14(4), 12-21 (1996). 11. Lee, J. and Marlowe, J. (2003). How Consumers Choose a Financial Institution: Decision Making Criteria and Heuristics, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 21(2), pp. 53-71, 12. Lymperopoulos, C., Chaniotakis, I.E., and Soureli, M., The Importance of Service Quality in Bank Selection for Mortgage Loans, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2006, pp. 365–379. 13. Mylonakis, J., Malliaris, P. G., & Siomkos, G. J. (1998). Marketing-Driven Factors Influencing Savers In The Hellenic Bank Market. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 14(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i2.5719 14. Pallant, J. (2010), SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. , Maryborough Victoria, Canberra, Australia, McPherson’s Printing Group 15. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong 14 E (2013) “Principles of Marketin” New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall .Strategy in the Swedish Banking Industry, The TQM Magazine, 17(4), 329- 344 (2005) 16. Safakli, O. (2007), A research on the basic motivational factors in consumer bank selection : evidence from Northern Cyprus, Banks And Bank Systems : International Research Journal, Vol. 2 Issue 4, pp. 93-100. 17. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) ―Research Methods for Business Studentsǁ 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited. 18. Ta, H. P. and Har, K. Y. (2000). A study of bank selection decisions in Singapore using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 18 Issue: 4, pp.170-180. 19. Zineldin, M. (2005), "Quality and customer relationship management (CRM) as competitive strategy in the Swedish banking industry", The TQM Magazine, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780310487749
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PSYCHOLOGY, PEDAGOGY, EDUCATION, PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOLOGY
Petridou Charitini Ph.D., St. Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia, Bulgaria
PREVALENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS
Abstract. The prevalence of developmental dyslexia between the sexes is another controversial issue that needs further study. It is clear that different reasons have led researchers to different percentages between boys and girls. The definition, the size of the sample, the distribution of reading scores, the nature and specificity of the criteria, the heredity, the environmental conditions, the transparency/opacity of the language, the writing quality or quantitative criteria, are indicative of some criteria that have been used from researches which are leading to different rates of reading difficulties. However, it seems that regardless of the reason’s boys are more often have reading difficulties. It is important to know exactly the prevalence, between the sexes due to the fact that only then will comparisons be made and conclusions drawn meaningfully. Key words: developmental dyslexia, prevalence, specific reading difficulties
INTRODUCTION Clarification of this issue has created new controversy, being another controversial topic to be studied. A number of factors can lead to the emerging variability between studies. Starting from the beginning of this disorder it has been argued that the number of boys is greater than the corresponding number of girls 3 to 1 (Hinshelwood, 1917). For Orton, the incidence of reading difficulties, including mild ones, reached 10% of the total student population (Orton, 1939), much higher than 1 in 1,000 of the severe cases supported by Hinshelwood (Mather & Wendling, 2012). The two researchers may have disagreed on the rate of occurrence, due to the fact that Orton also included people with mild difficulties, but they agreed with the higher incidence of the disorder in boys compared to girls (Ceci, 1986). A smaller sample may show larger prevalence differences than a larger one. One of the largest population surveys of more than 1,133,988 students aged 8 to 10 recorded a predominance of boys. (Wheldall & Limbrick, 2010). The data came from the New South Wales Basic Skills Test (BST) 1997 to 2006 found the predominance of boys. In Australia the rating takes place at 3th and 5th grade. In third- grade, students in Band 1 were 11.66:1 in Bands 1 and 2 were 1.44:1 (combined).
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While at the age of fifth grade it was 2.26:1 respectively in Band 1 and in the combined 1.99:1 (Band 1 and 2). Sampling error associated with small studies could cause significant variability. In one of the most widely used and accepted surveys on the prevalence of boys and girls (Limbrick, Wheldall & Madelaine, 2008), with a much smaller sample but also on the basis of the difference in IQ and achievement, boys outperform girls. (Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Fletcher & Escobar, 1990). To prevent the sample from being biased, epidemiological data from 215 girls and 199 boys were examined without finding differences between the sexes (58% were boys and 42% were girls). In the second grade 8.7% (17 in 196) were boys and 6.9% (15 in 216) girls while in the third grade 9% (18 in 199) were boys and 6% (13 in 215) girls. However, after the recognition of children with dyslexia from school, the percentage increased to 3:1. In particular, boys with dyslexia accounted for 13.6% (27 out of 198) compared to girls who were 3.2% (7 in 214). This may occur because children, more often boys, who cause problems during the course recognized more easily, thus refers more often for diagnosis by teachers. (Quinn & Wagner 2015). Quinn and Wagner (2015), point out that in addition to their sample size, methodological criteria can create additional controversy. For this reason, in the evaluation process, it is advisable not to consider only one criterion such as the size of the sample but to include another, for example the difference between IQ and achievement. In a large sample of 491,103 second-grade students in the United States from the Reading First (IDEIA) database based on the growing severity (5th percentile level) of the reading problem and the IQ-reading definition, the differences were found to be real. They ranged from the most severe dysfunction of reading to 2.4:1 in a broader criterion and 1.6:1 in a narrower one. At school only 1 in 4 boys and 1 in 7 were recognized with reading difficulties. A total of 5% of the sample were people with dyslexia. Methodological problems such as sample size or definitions of dyslexia are the cause of the variability in questioning. Percentages may range from 1.2:1 the lowest to 6.78:1 the highest but it is accepted that boys are more likely to have this disorder. Taking into account the Burt Word Reading Test and the IQ in four epidemiological studies in New Zealand for children aged 7, 9 and 11, Rutter, et.al.
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(2007) summarized the predominance between the two leaves from different English- speaking areas. Participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study program with 989 children without the IQ being taken into account showed a predominance of boys (21.6%) over girls (7.9%). In the second study, Christchurch Health and Development Study, with 895 children without IQ taking into account 20.6% were boys compared to 9.8% who were girls. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) study showed 17.6% and 13% girls. Finally, with 2163 twin children, Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, 18.0% were boys while 13.0% were girls. Overall, the percentages ranged from 1.35:1 lowest to 2.76:1 highest. So, for English-speaking areas of the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand, boys were more likely to develop dyslexia than girls. It seems that the issue of the ratio between boys and girls with reading difficulties has not been clarified. Investigating the prevalence rates among both the population and between boys and girls is at stake when the criteria are only the ability to read. According to Berninger et al., (2008), the confusion created is likely to occur because the criteria do not include writing. Using the definition that the differences may be due to reading, writing, or both, associated with the presence of similar symptoms in parents, siblings, or distant relatives (a total of 5 members), the prevalence rate was studied. The sample consisted of adults aged 45 years 3 months and children aged 11 years and 6 months who came from different nationalities, different educational level of parents. From a series of language tests (Morphological awareness and Syntactic awareness), phonological and Fine motor skills (grapho-motor, oral-motor) boys outperformed girls in orthographic skills compared to girls. However, it did not appear that in properties that measured reading as in the rhythm and accuracy of reading a real word and pseudo-words ranged at about the same levels. The researchers concluded that the prevalence and real reason for the differences observed between boys or men are not due to motor skills but also something more specialized, in writing. A source of bias in the highest prevalence observed in boys may be statistics. It is therefore an "artifact of gender bias in the prediction of reading from IQ", a work of prejudice based on the relationship between dyslexia and reading. This was found
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 103 when 900 students were associated with both qualitative and quantitative data. The reading criterion overestimated the percentage of boys with dyslexia by about 3 points as opposed to girls who appeared by about 3 points underestimated. The bias was a result of the general differences between boys and girls in the distribution of reading scores (lower average and greater variation) but not the corresponding differences in IQ scores. This increases the percentage of boys who are below a given low yield. When the level of reading difficulties was set separately for boys compared to girls the percentages were about the same (32 out of 471 or 6.8% for boys and 34 out of 443, or 7.7%, for girls) (Share & Silva, 2003). The use of clinical criteria such as uncertainty left / right uncertainty, etc. can also balance the difference between boys and girls. A sample of 11,804 10-year-old children in the UK using clinical criteria found that boys were 4.51 to 1. The ratio decreased when instead of using clinical criteria, dyslexia was defined as "poor reading" in relation to intelligence ”1.69 to 1, (314 were boys and 180 girls). A total of 2.28% (269 children) of the sample with clinical criteria were dyslexic. While, according to her definition, dyslexia: "poor reading in relation to intelligence" the rate increased to 4.19 (Miles, Haslum & Wheeler, 1998). The coexistence of other developmental disorders may be an additional variable to consider. Lewis, Hitch and Walker (1994), through epidemiological data from 1206 students from England aged 9 to 10 years with specific reading difficulties (SRD) coexistence arithmetic-and-reading difficulties (ARD) and specific arithmetic difficulties (SAD) investigated prevention of coexistence of disorders. Using a cutting-score approach of arithmetic, reading and nonverbal intelligence scores, they concluded that most children in the sample had specific reading difficulties (3.9%) followed by the group where numerical and reading difficulties coexisted (2.3%) and finally children with only numerical difficulties. (1.3%). The boys outperformed the girls in the specific reading difficulties group, while similar percentages of girls and boys were in the other two groups. boys and not the real results. Factors that can affect the ratio of reading difficulties are the clinical criteria, the definition, the methodology, the statistical analysis, whether the matching of phonemes and graphs is clear or not (transparency/opacity), environmental factors. If
104 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 these parameters are not ignored, the differences between the two sheets are not a feature of dyslexia. Considering environmental factors, the transparency of phoneme- graphs in writing and not just Jimenez, at al. (2011), in a smaller sample that the selection of participants was not made by clinical criteria, from different countries (Spain-Guatemala) with a different educational system (definition of special learning difficulties) but still common language (Spanish) and different environmental factors ( lower standard of living in Guatemala) the prevalence rates of boys and girls were investigated. Among the 1048 children aged 7.9 to 12.8 of children from public and private schools and without any acquired or sensory or neurological problems, 15.6% had dyslexia with 9.3% being boys and 6, 3% girls. As a result, boys with dyslexia were detected 1.5 times more often. In Guatemala, the corresponding figure among the 557 evaluated was 19.9% who were classified as dyslexic, with 11.7% being boys and 8.1% girls. The chances of being diagnosed with dyslexia in boys were 1.4 times (1.4:1), indicating that in a clear spelling, boys' prevalence rates are declining. However, other environmentalists, such as nationality and level of reading, play a more important role. Flannery, Liederman, Daly, and Schultz (2000), examining whether variability is due to race did not find differences between this factor and the leaf. In a large sample of 16,910 white and 15,313 black children, participants were classified under two different conditions (moderate and severe dyslexia). when their reading performance was lower than 1.5 or 2.0 standard prediction errors, relative to age and their intelligence. The results showed that about twice as often as boys had dyslexia compared to girls (2:1) regardless of race, and although there was a clear socioeconomic difference and IQ between the two groups, the differences remained even when the researchers excluded children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, high levels of activity and more severe dyslexia. The researchers concluded that there is a clear gender bias in favor of boys. It is therefore not a trick (1) of bias. (2) the technique used to determine dyslexia (IQ-achievement difference) (3) greater heterogeneity of scores in reading between boys and girls or (4) behavioral differences between the two sexes.
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A different approach to domination was presented by Wadsworth, DeFries, Stevenson, Gilger and Pennington, (1992). Researchers believe that the cause of the variability is due to the neglect of the role of heredity. Five different studies included families with a history of disorders of up to three generations (biological parent’s siblings, twins of only the same sex, aunts, uncles, grandparents and siblings of individuals). The proportions per study were recorded on the basis of family coexistence, as without and with family history, only the mother or only the father and both parents, siblings. The prevalence in each of the five studies Between probands the percentage fluctuated at low levels (from 17 to 151). The boys were more while the ratio between siblings with disabilities was 1:1 among siblings who were / were not affected, 2.1:1 when only the mother was affected while 13/18 = 0.7 (2.0: 1) when the father was affected. When 44/55 = 0.8 were not affected, in the combined sample 9/6 = 1.5 (1:1) for siblings who were not affected by reading problems. None 92/118 = 0.8. On the whole of the sample 1:1 or less (158/197 = 0.8). Study characteristics can also lead to percentage variability. In a review of empirical studies, Limbrick, Wheldall and Madelaine (2008), found the predominance of boys with differences between surveys with 1.39: 1 the lowest to 4.51: 1 the highest based on discrepancy formulae. It fell to lower levels when the low score of 1:1 and 1.2:1 to 3.19:1 was used as a criterion. Sample selection methods show increased rates of 1.74:1 and 2:1. It is noted that the high variability even between surveys using the same criteria as low achievement in relation to reading ability can lead to differences due to inconsistencies in samples, reading measures, distributions, and cut off points. The predominance of boys with dyslexia is a controversial issue. The prevalence rates range from 1.2:1 lowest to 6.78:1 highest (Quinn & Wagner 2015). A common cause of this variability in favor of boys may be the more frequent referral of boys because of the annoying behaviors they present in contrast to girls who are more passive (Skårbrevik, 2002; Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Fletcher & Escobar, 1990; Vogel 1990). The question automatically arises as to whether struggling in reading creates annoying behavior or vice versa (Limbrick, Wheldall & Madelaine, 2008). Prior, Sanson, Smart & Oberklaid, 1995), confirming the behavioral problems, point
106 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 out that there is a possibility that the more frequent referral of boys is a consequence and the greater importance given to boys to succeed. Therefore, this variability may be a fact and not an artifact of research (Flannery, Liederman, Daly & Schultz, 2000). Biological as well as genetic differences between the sexes (Ingram & Reid 1966) are likely to create variability. Regardless of the reasons, this is not an easy decision, as it seems from the beginning. It should be noted that among the methods used in the recognition of dyslexia there are advantages and disadvantages (Limbrick, Wheldall & Madelaine 2008). Clarifying the causes of variability requires further investigation. Only then will it be possible to draw conclusions that will make sense, make comparisons, the results will be consistent and tests used. in this case reading will be valid (Siegel, & Smythe, 2005). REFERENCES 1. Berninger, V.W., Nielsen, K.H., Abbott, R.D., Wijsman, E. & Raskind, W. (2008). Gender differences in severity of writing and reading disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 2008 (46), pp. 151–172. 2. Ceci, S.J., (1986) Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities: 1st Edition, New York Routledge. 3. Flannery, K. A., Liederman, J., Daly, L. & Schultz, J. (2000). Male prevalence for reading disability is found in a large sample of Black and White children free from ascertainment bias. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2000 (6), 4, pp. 433-442. 4. Hinshelwood, J. (1917). Congenital word blindness. London: H.K. Lewis. 5. Ingram T.S. & Reid, J.F. (1966). Developmental Dysphasia Observed in a Department of Child Psychiatry. Archives of Disorders of Childhood, 1966 (6), 162-172. 6. Jimenez, J.E., Garcia, de L.C., Siegel, et all. (2011). Gender ratio and cognitive profiles in dyslexia: A cross-national study. Reading and Writing, 2011 (24), pp. 729–747. 7. Lewis. C., Hitch, G. & Walker, P. (1994). The prevalence of specific arithmetic difficulties and specific reading difficulties in 9- to 10-year-old boys and girls. Journal of Child Psychology, 1994 (35), pp. 283–292. 8. Limbrick, L Wheldall K. & Madelaine, A. (2008). Gender ratios for reading disability: Are there really more boys than girls who are low-progress readers? Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 2008 (13), 2, pp.161-179. 9. Mather, N. & Wendling, B.J. (2012). Essentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Intervention . USA 10. Miles, T.R., Haslum, M.N. & Wheeler, T.J. (1998). Gender ratio in dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 1998 (48), pp. 27–55. 11. Orton, S. T. (1939). A neurological explanation of the reading disability. The Educational Record, 1939 (20) 12, pp. 58–68. 12. Prior, M., Sanson, A., Smart, D. & Oberklaid, F. (1995). Reading disability in an Australian community sample, 1995 (47) 1, pp. 32-37. 13. Quinn, J. M., & Wagner, R. K. (2015). Gender Differences in Reading Impairment and in the Identification of Impaired Readers: Results From a Large-Scale Study of At-Risk Readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2015 (48) 4, pp.433–445.
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14. Rutter M, Caspi A, Fergusson D, et al (2004). Sex differences in developmental reading disability: new findings from 4 epidemiological studies. JAMA, 2004 (291) 16, pp.,2007‐2012. 15. Share, D.L., & Silva, P.A. (2003). Gender bias in IQ-discrepancy and post-discrepancy definitions of reading disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2003 (36), pp. 4–14. 16. Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Fletcher, J.M., Escobar, M.D. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls. Results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study. JAMA, 1990 (264) 8, pp. 998-1002 17. Siegel, L. S., & Smythe, I. S. (2005). Reflections on research on reading disability with special attention to gender issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, pp. 473–477. 18. Skårbrevik. K.J., (2002) Gender differences among students found eligible for special education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 2002 (17) 2 pp. 97-107. 19. Vogel, S.A. (1990). Gender difference in intelligence, language, visual-motor abilities and academic achievement in students with learning disabilities: A review of the literature. Journal of Learning Difficulties, 1990 (23), pp. 44-52. 20. Wadsworth, J. DeFries, J. μ Stevenson, J. Gilger, B. Pennington (1992). Gender ratios among reading-disabled children and their siblings as a function of parental impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1992 (33), pp. 1229-1239 21. Wheldall K, Limbrick L. (2010). Do more boys than girls have reading problems? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2-10 (43), pp. 418–429
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Arsenyev Yu.N., Professor, Doctor Technical Science, RANEPA, of Tula Branch Davydova T.Yu. PhD in Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Tula State Pedagogical University
THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE SENIORS
Abstract. Quantitative and qualitative aspects, components of mental health and quality of life, the relationship of older people and the rest of society are investigated. Keywords: quality of life, elderly people, health components, communications.
Introduction. Today, economically developed countries of the world are characterized by processes of increasing average life expectancy and the proportion of the elderly population. To solve this problem, the United Nations (UN) proclaimed the concept of creating a "society for all ages." The problems of aging are due to the leveling of family values, collective solidarity of states, threats to the survival and improvement of social security systems in most developed countries of the world. The exclusion of older people from the productive life of society aggravates the problems of social inequality among and within individual age groups, the growth of intergenerational conflicts, and the inefficient use of human and intellectual capital in countries of the world, including Russia. We examine in more detail the essence and specificity of inherent human old age, the possibility of using the reserves of the human body in the interests of the functioning of social systems such as "man - family - society," ensuring the rights and freedoms of every citizen and person, the quality of his dignified life, respect, tolerance, mitigating the threats and risks of their lives without showing hatred for the elderly and senile. Metodology. The quality of life was initially considered a sociological category expressing the quality of satisfaction with material and cultural needs (quality of nutrition, quality of health care, education, ecology, housing conditions, fashionable clothes, cultural pastime). In recent years, the quality of life has acquired a socio-psychological meaning, helping to assess more accurately the level of external influences on the condition of older people. A number of researchers are
Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 109 convinced that the characteristic features of old age are the result of poor nutrition, lack of movement and disease. Even the heart and kidneys of a healthy person in the age of 65 and older can function like a young person, and brain disorders do not occur as long as the living conditions are conducive to the activity of the person, being of high quality [1-27]. The concept of "quality of life" is still debatable. Some people consider it to be identical to the way of life, level, style or way of life, quantity and quality of people's needs, their mutual relations, emotions and their subjective expression. Others oppose the quality and standard of living, the higher the standard of living, the more intense the rhythm of life, the lower the quality of life, and vice versa. Others reduce the quality of life to the level of stressful situations or the quality of life around them. According to a number of foreign scientists, it is the interest in the quality of life of older people that initiated the research, practical activities and social policy in relation to pensioners. In the 60-70s of the 20th century, a movement "for a new quality of life" was observed abroad, raising environmental and socio-psychological problems of society. Characteristic features of life in old age include: quality of life; dependence; neediness; well-being. In general, the quality of life is considered in two aspects: quantitative assessment of all aspects of people's life according to the indicators of living standards, morbidity and mortality. It turned out that the concept of quality of life is adequate to the concept of lifestyles as an established system of forms and activities, everyday behavior and relationships of people under certain environmental conditions, affecting the health and well-being of people). The close connection between the way of life and the state of health of older people was revealed; the qualitative assessment of the satisfaction of comprehensive needs of older people with comparison of their actual level and chosen standard of living. The quality of life integrates the goals and values of social life to ensure a decent everyday life for the individual. Back in the 19th century, Bentham proposed a scale of "calculation of pleasure", calculating the main components of utility (in his opinion, pleasure). The parameters of utility are intensity, duration. They can measure
110 Science and innovation ∙ Shioda GmbH ∙ Steyr, Austria ∙ 2020 the well-being of individuals and then compare them by poverty and health factors. At that time, the general welfare of individuals was assessed by additive assessment of the welfare of all individuals. Today, foreign researchers are discussing the elements of the quality of life concept and standards (thresholds) of each element of the quality of life (values below the standard are considered unacceptable). For many of these elements, there are certain standards against which the quality of life is calculated. Thus, the level of income or social activity below the set standard is considered unacceptable. However, it has not yet been decided how to define this level. In general, there are difficulties of integration of subjective and objective elements, and this problem should be solved jointly by all. Today, the situation of the elderly Russians is characterized by the experience of heavy losses, deprivations and trials of the post-war war years, difficulties in restoring the national economy destroyed by the war, the Chernobyl tragedy, etc. Their expectations and subjective ideas about the quality of life are much lower than those who have not yet begun to age, who have experience of living in more comfortable and prosperous conditions. While the old age is defined as a problem, as an "indicator" of the quality of life within the framework of politics and ideology of society, the concept of "quality of life" remains closely related to the group of people of late age. Scientists who study the quality of life are often limited only by factors of material wealth and health, although subjective indicators - satisfaction with life, self- respect, and a sense of control over life - are equally important. It has been revealed that perceptions of the situation and its assessment by older people determine the well-being and satisfaction with the quality of life (assessment by the subject himself) to a greater extent than the objective situation. Murphy's research has shown that the health status of older people suffering from depression is linked to the presence of poor social interactions. If low self-esteem is transferred from past experience, it increases vulnerability to depression in the event of severe grief or physical illness. Elderly people who previously had experience of good interactions are able to withstand the blows of life and negative events.
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Thus, the positive experiences of the past have a significant impact on the present, increasing the threshold of vulnerability to negative late life events. Mechanisms of strategies that help to cope with the situation, to counteract individual vulnerability. Negative unexpected events do not seriously affect self-respect. Research shows that the quality of life of older people depends significantly on their activity and availability of social support; the study of social connections, activities, on the one hand, and well-being, on the other hand, allows to measure the well-being and quality of life of the subjects. Continuous employment provides better morale, a sense of personal necessity and happiness. In general, the quality of life can be represented by a matrix of interrelated elements and specifics of their relations, the integration of which determines the quality of life of each individual, its possible comparison with the matrixes of other individuals in similar conditions of real life. Therefore, the objective elements are health and financial sources, and the subjective elements are the perceptions of well-being, the basic level of satisfaction, its value, self-respect and related important events in the life of any elderly person. REFERENCES 1. Alexandrova M. Problems of social and psychological gerontology. Л., 1974. 2. Alyoshina Y. Individual and family psychological consulting. Moscow, 1998. 3. Beauvoir de S. Old age / Social gerontology: Modern research. Moscow., 1994. 4. Glukhova A. Victimological factors that determine the commission of crimes against older people // Older people - a view in the XXI century. Novgorod, 2000. С. 127-129. 5. Dementieva N. Housing conditions of the elderly and their quality of life // Psychology of aging. 1999, № 4 (7-8). С. 133-137. 6. Kalish R. Elderly people and grief (abstract review) // Psychology of maturity and aging. 1997, № 1. С. 38-42. 7. Krasnova O., Leaders A.G. Social psychology of aging. Moscow: IC "Academy", 2002. - 288 с. 8. Medvedeva G. Introduction to social gerontology. Moscow: Voronezh, 2000. 9. Minigalieva, M. Personal types and social contacts of the late people (in Russian) // Psychology of maturity and aging. 2000, № 2 (10). С. 75-88. 10. Oskolkova O. Population ageing in the European Union: Problems and judgments. Moscow, 1999. 11. Pratt H. The Elderly in Political Life // Social Gerontology: Modern Research. Moscow, 1994. 12. Spivakovskaya A. Psychotherapy: game, childhood, family. Т. 2. Moscow, 1999. 13. Stefanenko T. Ethnopsychology. Issue. 1. Moscow, 1998. 14. Frankel V. Man in search of meaning. Moscow, 1990. 15. Holostova E. An elderly man in society. Ч. 1. Moscow, 1999. 16. Chernikov A. Systemic family therapy. Moscow, 1998. 17. Shakhmatov N. Mental aging. Moscow, 1996.
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18. Ranst van N., Marcoen A. Cognitive herstructurering en zingevinglijjongbejaarden // Psychology, 1991. Vol. 31. No. 1. Pp. 53-65. 19. Fry P. A consideration of cognitive factors in the learning and education of older adults // Inf. Ref. Educ. 1992. Vol. 38. No. 3. Pp. 303-325. 20. Thompson P. Glimpess of a lost history // Ageing and Later Life / Ed. J. Jonson, R. Slater. L., 1999. pp. 297-309. 21. Thomas K. Age and authority in early modern England // Proceeding of the British Acadamy. 1976. Vol. 62. Pp. 297-309. 22. Itzin C. As old as you feel // Don”t Feel Old: Understanding the Experience of Later Life / Ed. P. Thompson, C. Itzin, M. Abendstern. L., 1999. Pp. 107-136. 23. Marshall M., Dixon M. Social work with Older People. The third ed. L., 1996. 24. Hughes B. Gerontological approaches to quality of life // Aging and Later Life / Ed. by J. Johnson, R. Slater. L., 1999. 25. Murphy E. The social origins of depression in old age // British Journal of Psychiatry, 1982, № 141. - р. 135-142. 26. Hetherington E.M., Batles P.B. Child Psychology and life-span Development / E.M. Hetherington, R. Lerner, M. Perlmutter (Eds) // Child Development in Life-Span Perspective. N.Y., - 1988. 27. Johson J., Bytheway B. Ageism: Concept and definition // Aging and Later Life / Ed. by J. Johnson, R. Slater. L., 1999. - p. 200
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Shavrina I.V., PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of Department of Religious Studies Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
COMPLEX ASPECTS OF TEACHING RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN UKRAINE
Шаврина И.В. к.филос.н., доцент Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченко
СЛОЖНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ РЕЛИГИОВЕДЕНИЯ В УКРАИНЕ
Abstract. The article discusses the problems and difficulties existing in the field of religious education in Ukraine, namely: lack of professional teaching; bias, incompetence of the teacher, ignoring the achievements of the world science of religion. Key words: religious studies, religion, education, professionalism, worldview.
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются проблемы и трудности, существующие в сфере религиозного образования в Украине, а именно: непрофессионализм преподавания; заангажированность, некомпетентность преподавателя, игнорирование достижений мировой науки о религии. Ключевые слова: религиоведение, религия, образование, профессионализм, мировоззрение.
Современное религиоведение в Украине переживает далеко не лучший период своего развития, несмотря на то, что характерным признаком нашего сложного и противоречивого времени является усиленный интерес людей к религии и церкви. Особенно это касается молодежи, для которой желание разобраться в собственной истории, культуре, попытка найти ответ на основании осмысления всего духовного опыта человечества, включая и религиозный опыт, и религиозное наследие, на извечный вопрос о смысле жизни, о справедливости, добре и зле является крайне важным фактором. Образовательный процесс в современном обществе – это часть более общего вопроса о человеке и цели его жизни. Несомненно, что знания о религии являются неотъемлемым компонентом общей и профессиональной культуры специалиста, образованности современной молодежи; они имеют не только познавательное и общекультурное, но и практическое социальное значение, поскольку способствуют межкультурному диалогу и упрочению толерантности, препятствуют развитию религиозного фанатизма, учат уважительному отношению к верующим всех конфессий. Это становится более актуальным сегодня, когда Украина входит в мировое культурное пространство, налаживает торговые, экономические, культурные связи со всем миром, где религия играет огромную роль. В таких условиях понимание культуры и религий других народов становится абсолютно
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необходимым. К тому же, сама Украина является поликонфессиональным государством. Опыт преподавания курса религиоведения на непрофильных факультетах и специальностях позволяет утверждать, что большинством студентов данный курс воспринимается с большим интересом. Но дело тут не только в заинтересованности, но и в том, что он (курс) еще позволяет осуществить коррекцию мировоззренческих ориентиров студенческой молодежи, поскольку в процессе преподавания данного курса студент лишается огромного количества стереотипов. Это касается не только, скажем, ислама, иудаизма или нетрадиционных религий. Огромное количество стереотипов и ложных утверждений встречается и относительно христианства. Многие не понимают разницы между православием, католицизмом и протестантизмом. Основательные исследования по проблемам изучения религиоведения в Украине известны прежде всего благодаря ученым Отделения религиоведения Института философии НАН Украины им. Г.Сковороды. Заметное место занимают достижения современных ученых ведущих высших учебных заведений Украины, в которых обеспечивается процесс формирования специалистов по религиоведению или налажено эффективное изучение религиоведения студентами различных специальностей. На современном этапе подобные проблемы обсуждаются во время проведения круглых столов, диспутов, конференций для совершенствования модели сотрудничества государства и церкви в Украине. Отдельные проблемы такого направления нашли свое отражение в публикациях В.Бондаренко, В.Еленского, С.Здиорука, Л.Филипович, в которых указывается на необходимость детального изучения вопросов взаимодействия религии и образования. В сфере религиоведческого образования в Украине удалось достичь определенных результатов, но мы остановимся на некоторых имеющихся недостатках, активно обсуждаемых в профессиональной среде. Безусловно, преподавание любых дисциплин всегда зависит от каждого конкретного преподавателя. Прежде всего, преподавание должно быть профессиональным, им должны заниматься люди, которые специально учились именно этому. Непрофессионализм преподавателей, отсутствие базовых знаний, использование материалов из интернета, плагиат, приход в религиоведение неспециалистов, ограниченность, невысокий теоретический уровень и т.п. приводят к дискредитации науки. Религиоведческое образование должно быть открытым, современным, динамичным, независимым от идеологических требований. Один из наиболее трудных моментов преподавания религиоведения связан с тем, что данная дисциплина затрагивает ряд особенно сложных философских вопросов, связанных с освещением вероисповедных аспектов
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религий. Понятно, что каждый человек имеет собственные мировоззренческие пристрастия, свои конфессиональные симпатии или антипатии. Заангажированность же религиоведа приводит к одностороннему анализу феномена религии, неучитыванию особенностей других, нехристианских религий. Поэтому, по нашему мнению, желательно чтобы преподавателями были светские люди, которые учились на религиоведческих факультетах ведущих вузов. Это может быть верующий человек, но он должен получить светское университетское образование для того, чтобы владеть современными методиками преподавания религиоведческих дисциплин, не принимать конфессиональность как один из образовательных принципов. При этом мы не исключаем теологов как потенциальных преподавателей дисциплин о религии. Теология – это сердцевина любой религии, ее внутреннее содержание. Но без религиоведения невозможно исследовать внешние характеристики религии. Одно без другого невозможно. Следующей проблемой, препятствующей отечественным специалистам, является проблема незнания иностранных языков. Владение языками открывает массу возможностей в учебе, в исследовании, в коммуникации, что позволяет человеку лучше ориентироваться в современном мире, привлекать результаты чужого опыта. Мы затронули лишь часть проблем и трудностей, существующих в современном религиозном образовании. Правильная ориентировка вокруг религиозно-церковных вопросов как доктринального, так и практического характера является необходимым условием гуманитарной образованности специалиста любого профиля, он должен иметь представление о духовном наследии человечества, общечеловеческих ценностях, сосредоточенных в учениях мировых религий. Именно в этом заключается смысл и цель курса религиоведения в высшей школе.
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