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Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem
Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem: Lessons from Kenya and Nigeria’s Internet Exchange Point Growth By Michael Kende June 2020 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 1 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Table of contents 3 Executive summary 6 Background: A vision for Africa 8 Introduction: How to get there from here 13 Success stories: Kenya and Nigeria today 18 Results that stand the test of time 20 Change factors: Replicable steps toward measurable outcomes 27 Market gaps 29 Recommendations 33 Conclusions 34 Annex A: Kenya Internet Exchange Point 35 Annex B: Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria 36 Annex C: Acknowledgments 37 Annex D: Glossary of terms 38 Annex E: List of figures and tables CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 2 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Executive summary In 2010, the Internet Society’s team in Africa set an The rapid pace of Internet ecosystem ambitious goal that 80% of African Internet traffic development in both Kenya and Nigeria since would be locally accessible by 2020. 2012 underscores the critical role that IXPs Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are key to realizing and the accompanying infrastructure play in this goal in that they enable local traffic exchange and the establishment of strong and sustainable access to content. To document this role, in 2012, the Internet ecosystems. Internet Society commissioned a study to identify and quantify the significant benefits of two leading African This development produces significant day-to-day IXPs at the time: KIXP in Kenya and IXPN in Nigeria. value—the present COVID-19 crisis magnifies one such The Internet Society is pleased to publish this update benefit in the smooth accommodation of sudden of the original study. -
Optical Fibre Submarine Systems
Optical fibre submarine GREENLAND systems D N ALASKA A (USA) ICELAND L Umeå N Vestmannaeyjar BOTNIA I Vaasa F Faroes SWEDEN Rauma RUSSIA 6 x 622 Turku Hallstavik Whittier Valdez Karst 2 + 1 x 2.5 Gbit/s Norrtälje Kingisepp Seward Tallin NORWAY ESTONIA U N Lena I 2 x 560 LATVIA CANTAT-3 T point AC-1 E DENMARK CANADA D Westerland LITHUANIA Northstar 2 x 4 (WDM) x 2.5 Gbit/s TAT-14 K I N REP. OF IRELAND G BELORUSSIA TAT-10 2 + 1 x 560 D S D Norden/ N O LA Grossheide ER POLAND M TH NE GERMANY Gemini North 2 x 6 (WDM) x 2.5 Gbit/s BELGIUM CZECH Dieppe REP. Port UKRAINE Alberni NPC 3 + 1 x 420 St Brieuc SLOVAK REP. M O KAZAKHSTAN L FRANCE D Seattle AC-1 AUSTRIA A V TPC-5 2 x 5 Gbit/s HUNGARY I Tillamook PTAT-1 3 + 1 x 420 Gbit/s SWITZ. I A A Odessa DM) x 2.5 St Hilaire de Riez SLOVEN 2 x 6 (W MONGOLIA i South FLAG Atlantic-1 160 Gbit/s emin CROATIA ROMANIA Pacific G Y I U Novorossijsk City Pennant Point HERZEGOVINABOSNIA- G s T O 2.5 SochiGbit/s PC-1 Medway Harbour Gbit/ S x 5 L TAT-11 3 DxM 560) A Varna Shirley x 3 (W A V Nakhodka TAT-12 2 x 3 (WDM) x 5 Gbit/s 2 I GEORGIA Ishikati TAT-13 A BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN Rhode Island F L PC-1 L ALBANIA Poti A KYRGYZSTAN N Long Island G Y TAT-9 2 + 1 x 560 ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN New York MACEDONIA TURKMENISTAN NORTH Bandon TAT-8 2 x 280 Istanbul KOREA FLAG Atlantic-1 160 Gbit/s Azores SPAIN E R-J-K C 2 x 560 0 EE 6 R 5 G Dalian A CANUS-1 TAT-14 PORTUGAL TURKEY JIH CableProject Japan-US Manasquan Lisbon UNITED STATES 3x TAJIKISTAN Point Sesimbra PC-1 Arena Tuckerton Marmaris Yantaï SOUTH P TPC-4 2 x 560 A S -
Grammar for Academic Writing
GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Tony Lynch and Kenneth Anderson (revised & updated by Anthony Elloway) © 2013 English Language Teaching Centre University of Edinburgh GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Contents Unit 1 PACKAGING INFORMATION 1 Punctuation 1 Grammatical construction of the sentence 2 Types of clause 3 Grammar: rules and resources 4 Ways of packaging information in sentences 5 Linking markers 6 Relative clauses 8 Paragraphing 9 Extended Writing Task (Task 1.13 or 1.14) 11 Study Notes on Unit 12 Unit 2 INFORMATION SEQUENCE: Describing 16 Ordering the information 16 Describing a system 20 Describing procedures 21 A general procedure 22 Describing causal relationships 22 Extended Writing Task (Task 2.7 or 2.8 or 2.9 or 2.11) 24 Study Notes on Unit 25 Unit 3 INDIRECTNESS: Making requests 27 Written requests 28 Would 30 The language of requests 33 Expressing a problem 34 Extended Writing Task (Task 3.11 or 3.12) 35 Study Notes on Unit 36 Unit 4 THE FUTURE: Predicting and proposing 40 Verb forms 40 Will and Going to in speech and writing 43 Verbs of intention 44 Non-verb forms 45 Extended Writing Task (Task 4.10 or 4.11) 46 Study Notes on Unit 47 ii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Unit 5 THE PAST: Reporting 49 Past versus Present 50 Past versus Present Perfect 51 Past versus Past Perfect 54 Reported speech 56 Extended Writing Task (Task 5.11 or 5.12) 59 Study Notes on Unit 60 Unit 6 BEING CONCISE: Using nouns and adverbs 64 Packaging ideas: clauses and noun phrases 65 Compressing noun phrases 68 ‘Summarising’ nouns 71 Extended Writing Task (Task 6.13) 73 Study Notes on Unit 74 Unit 7 SPECULATING: Conditionals and modals 77 Drawing conclusions 77 Modal verbs 78 Would 79 Alternative conditionals 80 Speculating about the past 81 Would have 83 Making recommendations 84 Extended Writing Task (Task 7.13) 86 Study Notes on Unit 87 iii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Introduction Grammar for Academic Writing provides a selective overview of the key areas of English grammar that you need to master, in order to express yourself correctly and appropriately in academic writing. -
A Blue BRICS, Maritime Security, and the South Atlantic François Vreÿ
Contexto Internacional vol. 39(2) May/Aug 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2017390200008 A Blue BRICS, Maritime Security, and the South Atlantic François Vreÿ François Vreÿ* Abstract: Analysts frequently label the BRICS grouping of states (Brazil, India, Russia, China, and South Africa) as primarily an economic club emphasising economic performances as primary ob- jectives. Co-operation of international groupings are rarely, if ever, set within the context of their access to maritime interests, security, and benefits. A second void stems from the lack of emphasis upon the economic benefits of secured maritime domains. In this vein, a common, but neglected aspect of the BRICS grouping’s power and future influence resides in their maritime domains, the value of which ultimately depends upon the responsible governance and use of ocean territories. The maritime interests of BRICS countries only become meaningful if reinforced by maritime se- curity governance and co-operation in the respective oceans. Presently China and India seem to dominate the maritime stage of BRICS, but the South Atlantic is an often overlooked space. For BRICS the value of the South Atlantic stems from how it secures and unlocks the potential of this maritime space through co-operative ventures between Brazil, South Africa as a late BRICS partner, and West African littoral states in particular. Unfortunately, BRICS holds its own maritime tensions, as member countries also pursue competing interests at sea. Keywords: Africa; Brazil; BRICS; Maritime Security; South Atlantic; South Africa. Introduction Contemporary maritime thought prioritises matters that underpin the use of the oceans in more constructive ways, underlines the importance of co-operation, and manages the oceans in a way that promotes sustainability (Petrachenko 2012: 74). -
NETWORK I2i LIMITED
NETWORK i2i LIMITED AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2020 NETWORK i2i LIMITED Contents Page No. 1. Corporate Information 3 2. Commentary of the Directors 4 3. Certificate from the secretary 5 4. Independent Auditor’s Report 7-8 5. Financial Statements - Statement of Comprehensive Income 9 - Statement of Financial Position 10 - Statement of Changes in Equity 11 - Statement of Cash Flows 12 - Notes to Financial Statements 13-54 NETWORK i2i LIMITED CORPORATE INFORMATION Date of Appointment DIRECTORS Bashirali Abdulla Currimjee February 09, 2001 Jantina Catharina Van De Vreede May 22, 2013 Naushad Ally Sohoboo September 06, 2013 Ajay Chitkara August 24, 2015 Rajvardhan Singh Bhullar April 18, 2016 Pravin Surana January 01, 2020 ADMINISTRATOR IQ EQ Corporate Services Mauritius Ltd. AND SECRETARY 33 Edith Cavell Street Port Louis, 11324 Mauritius REGISTERED OFFICE C/o IQ EQ Corporate Services Mauritius Ltd. 33 Edith Cavell Street Port Louis, 11324 Mauritius BANKERS Standard Chartered Bank (Mauritius) Limited 19 Bank Street, 6th floor, Standard Chartered Tower, Cybercity, Ebene, Mauritius – 72201 BNP Paribas, The Netherlands Herengracht, 595 1017, CE Amsterdam AUDITOR Deloitte 7th -8th Floor, Standard Chartered Tower, 19-21 Bank Street, Cybercity, Ebene, 72201, Mauritius 3 NETWORK i2i LIMITED COMMENTARY OF THE DIRECTORS The Directors present their commentary, together with the audited financial statements of Network i2i Limited (the ‘Company ’) for the year ended Mar ch 31, 20 20 . PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY The principal activity of the Company is the operation and provision of telecommunication facilities and services utilising a network of submarine cable systems and associated terrestrial capacity. The network consists of a 3,200 kilometer cable link between Singapore and India. -
02 Eassy Submarine Cable
IMPACT ASSESSMENT CASE STUDIES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA Compiled by Paul Scherzer SAIEA E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment ... working for a better Africa ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Compiled by Paul Scherzer E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Aims of the Project Brief description of the development and alternatives considered Telkom SA operates existing submarine fibre- Submarine telecommunication cables form a vital optic telecommunication cables in South African part of the global communications network. Fibre waters from two landing locations, one on the optic cables are essentially tiny glass fibres which west coast and the other at Mtunzini on the east. transmit digital pulses converted by computers at The South Africa Far East (SAFE) submarine cable was landed at Mtunzini in 2001. The existing cable station and shore-based infrastructure at Mtunzini had capacity for an additional cable. Telkom SA proposed to land another cable, the East Africa Submarine System telecommunica- tions cable (EASSy), on the main beach of Mtunzini. The aim of the proposed EASSy cable was to Figure 2: Illustration of cables enhance telecommunication links along the east and increasing levels of armouring coast of Africa, as this region relies exclusively on satellite which is expensive and limited in capacity. each end of the cable. A typical lightweight cable has a 17 mm outer diameter and comprises a welded steel tube housing multiple fibre pairs in a stress-free environment. In order to protect the cable, depending on the level of risk, the number and diameter of armour wires surrounding the cable is increased, with a high strength double armoured cable having an outer diameter of Figure 1: Route of the proposed EASSy cable approximately 45 mm (Figure 2). -
Connecting to the World by Mohamed Assoweh BOUH CEO, Djibouti Telecom
DJIBOUTI Connecting to the world BY MOHAMED ASSOWEH BOUH CEO, DJIBOUTI TELecoM ost people would find it difficult services over state of the art networks. to locate Djibouti on a world map, To date, Djibouti Telecom has a landing facility perhaps even unaware of its location serving five submarine cables, namely Sea Me We 3, in East Africa. Bearing this in mind, EIG (Europe India Gateway), EASSY (East Africa oneM of Djibouti Telecom’s objectives has been to shed Submarine System), SEACOM and the Aden- greater international light on our country, thanks to Djibouti cable. In addition, we have two upcoming which, today its role in connecting continents is fully transcontinental cables: AAE1 (Asia-Africa-Europe acknowledged. 1) and SEA-ME-WE 5 (it will connect Singapore to We have built on our privileged geographical position France, and Djibouti will be one of the 17 landing at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and points). Moreover, Djibouti Telecom Teleport provides MOHAMED ASSOWEH Europe by investing in international infrastructure that both IP connectivity, as well as backhaul services, BOUH has worked at has allowed us to develop a fully resilient international thanks to its location on DT’s fiber network. Djibouti Telecom since data network. As a result of this investment process, As the leading operator on submarine cable 1995, occupying a the Republic of Djibouti has one of Africa’s most diversity in the region, our next step has been to foster range of posts, during advanced international telecommunications networks, partnerships with regional and international companies which time he has providing it with the strongest presence in the East and to provide a diverse range of wholesale services overseen the roll out African region. -
Bharti and Reliance Jio Announce Agreement for International Data Connectivity’ Being Issued by the Company
April 23, 2013 The BSE Limited Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers, Dalal Street, Mumbai-400001 National Stock Exchange of India Limited Exchange Plaza C-1, Block G, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (E), Mumbai-400051 Ref: Bharti Airtel Limited (532454 / BHARTIARTL) Sub: Press Release Dear Sir / Madam, We are enclosing herewith a press release titled ‘Bharti and Reliance Jio announce agreement for international data connectivity’ being issued by the Company. Kindly take the same on record. Thanking you, Sincerely Yours, For Bharti Airtel Limited Sd/- Rajendra Chopra Dy. Company Secretary Encl: As above Bharti Airtel Limited (A Bharti enterprise) Regd. & Corporate Office: Bharti Crescent, 1, Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj, Phase II, New Delhi 110 070 T.: +91-11-4166 6100, F: +91-11-4166 6137 Bharti and Reliance Jio announce agreement for international data connectivity • Reliance Jio to utilise dedicated fiber pair on Bharti’s i2i submarine cable that connects India and Singapore • State-of-the-art i2i cable system will provide Reliance Jio direct access and ultra fast connectivity to major hubs across Asia Pacific New Delhi, April 23, 2013 – Bharti Airtel Limited (“Bharti”), a leading global telecom services provider with operation s in 20 countries across Asia and Africa, and Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (“Reliance Jio”) today announced that they have signed an Indefeasible Right to Use (IRU) Agreement, under which Bharti will provide Reliance Jio data capacity on its i2i submarine cable. i2i connects India to Singapore and is wholly owned by B harti. The state -of-the-art cable consists of eight fiber pairs using DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) , capable of supporting multiple terabits of capacity per fiber pair. -
Global Infrastructure Map Switz
Greenland Iceland Sweden Russia Finland Faroe Is. Norway Estonia Latvia United Kingdom Denmark TEA Canada TEA Lanis-3 Lithuania ERA Lanis-2 Lanis-1 ERA Belarus TEA-3 Ireland Netherlands Concerto Poland Solas Germany TEA-3 Belgium Czech Rep. TEA-3 PC-1 Lux. EPEG Slovakia Ukraine PC-1 Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic Tata TGN-Pacific Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic HUGO Tata TGN-Pacific Liech. Moldova Kazakhstan Austria Trans-Pacific Express France Switz. Hungary Trans-Pacific Express FASTER Slovenia FASTER Romania Mongolia TEA Japan-U.S. Japan-U.S. Apollo Tata TGN- Croatia Western Europe PC-1 EPEG PC-1 Unity/EAC-Pacific Bos. & Herz. TEA Unity/EAC-Pacific Serbia Italy Mont. PC-1 TataTGN-Pacific FLAG Atlantic-1 Uzbekistan 2Africa Kos. Bulgaria FLAG Atlantic-1 Andorra Apollo Georgia AAE-1 Macedonia Kyrgyzstan EIG 2023 2023 IMEWE Hawk Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Portugal SeaMeWe-5 North 2Africa 2Africa SeaMeWe-3 Tata TGN-Western Europe TGN-Western Tata GLO-1 GLO-1 Europe India Gatway Gatway India Europe FLAG Europe-Asia FLAG SeaMeWe-4 Turkey Turkmenistan Greece Korea Spain MedNautilus VMSCS United States Tajikistan Japan-U.S. South EAC-C2C Korea Japan Malta MedNautilus Cyprus Syria Tunisia China Lebanon TEA TPE Afghanistan ERA SouthernHawaiki Cross WACS Iraq Iran Bermuda AAE-1 EIG Palestinian Terr. Japan-U.S. Morocco EPEG SAT-3/WASC TE North Israel Jordan TGN-Eurasia SEACOM Pakistan Alexandros Kuwait TPE Asia-America Gateway Nepal Japan-U.S. FALCON AJC Algeria TEA APCN-2 EAC-C2C Southern Cross Libya AAE-1 OMRAN/EPEG Bhutan Egypt Bahrain ASE/Cahaya Malaysia FOG Bahamas EIG Qatar FLAG/REACH NAL MENA/GBI EAC-C2C Pacific Bangladesh Mexico W. -
Barriers to Safe and Legal Abortion in South Africa
BRIEFINGBRIEFING Barriers to Safe and Legal Abortion in South Africa © Amnesty International Amnesty International is a global movement of We are independent of any government, political more than 7 million people who campaign for a ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded world where human rights are enjoyed by all. mainly by our membership and public donations. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. 2 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL BRIEFING: BARRIERS TO SAFE AND LEGAL ABORTION IN SOUTH AFRICA 3 CONTENTS The South African government’s human rights obligation The South African Government’s to ensure access to safe and legal abortion services in South Africa …..........................................................…. 3 Human Rights Obligation Human Rights Framework ………………........….....……………. 7 The Failure to regulate Conscientious Objection …….......…..… 8 Inequality of Access to Services …………..…...............………..12 to Ensure Access to Safe and The Right to Access Information ……...……….........…………. 14 Conclusion and Recommendations ………......….........………..17 Legal Abortion Services Annex 1: South Africa's Human Rights Obligations in Relation to Access to Abortion ..................................... 20 Amnesty International Publications First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Publications ACCESS TO SAFE AND LEGAL ABORTION SAVES LIVES International Secretariat Peter Benenson House The World Health Organisation (WHO) is clear that access to safe abortion is a key step for avoiding maternal 1 Easton Street deaths and injuries.1 In contrast, restrictive access to abortion services violates numerous human rights, London WC1X 0DW including the right to life, health, privacy, and to be free from discrimination, torture and ill-treatment. United Kingdom www.amnesty.org Abortion has been legal in South Africa for almost twenty years. -
Centurylink® Networking Solutions DATA SHEET
CenturyLink® Networking Solutions DATA SHEET Every business is unique, which is why a combination of connectivity solutions is required to meet your business objectives. Our global hybrid networking solutions leverage both public and private connectivity options via fiber or the public cloud. Couple that with our security solutions to help ensure reliable and secure access whenever – and virtually wherever – you need. CenturyLink® Networking Solutions connect your digital business with an array of high performance, flexible and reliable networking solutions including Internet, MPLS, SD-WAN, Ethernet, Wavelengths, Broadband, Wi-Fi and LTE to build secure private multi-site global networks that can quickly adapt to meet the needs of your organization, whether it is a large enterprise or a small business. And with our proven, high- performance CDN services, we can effectively deliver your video, applications, websites and more trusted by many of the biggest names in media. Awards and Recognition SD-WAN Networking Solutions Portfolio • 2017 MEF Best SD-WAN Network Services Managed Service (Worldwide) • Hybrid Networking • Internet MPLS - IPVPN • MPLS - IPVPN • 2018 Frost and Sullivan • SD-WAN North America MPLS/IP VPN • Broadband Services Competitive • Cloud Connect Dynamic Connections Strategy Innovation and • Ethernet Leadership • Wavelength Ethernet Business Bundles • 2017 Vertical Systems • Business Internet #1 Leaderboard • Managed Enterprise with Cisco Meraki • 2017 Global MEF Retail • Fiber+ Internet Service Provider of the Year • CE -
ITU-Dstudygroups
ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite.