DOCSLIB.ORG

02 Eassy Submarine Cable

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
02 Eassy Submarine Cable IMPACT ASSESSMENT CASE STUDIES FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA Compiled by Paul Scherzer SAIEA E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment ... working for a better Africa ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Compiled by Paul Scherzer E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Aims of the Project Brief description of the development and alternatives considered Telkom SA operates existing submarine fibre- Submarine telecommunication cables form a vital optic telecommunication cables in South African part of the global communications network. Fibre waters from two landing locations, one on the optic cables are essentially tiny glass fibres which west coast and the other at Mtunzini on the east. transmit digital pulses converted by computers at The South Africa Far East (SAFE) submarine cable was landed at Mtunzini in 2001. The existing cable station and shore-based infrastructure at Mtunzini had capacity for an additional cable. Telkom SA proposed to land another cable, the East Africa Submarine System telecommunica- tions cable (EASSy), on the main beach of Mtunzini. The aim of the proposed EASSy cable was to Figure 2: Illustration of cables enhance telecommunication links along the east and increasing levels of armouring coast of Africa, as this region relies exclusively on satellite which is expensive and limited in capacity. each end of the cable. A typical lightweight cable has a 17 mm outer diameter and comprises a welded steel tube housing multiple fibre pairs in a stress-free environment. In order to protect the cable, depending on the level of risk, the number and diameter of armour wires surrounding the cable is increased, with a high strength double armoured cable having an outer diameter of Figure 1: Route of the proposed EASSy cable approximately 45 mm (Figure 2). down the east coast of Africa. © SAIEA 2009 1 Compiled by Paul Scherzer E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Brief description of the development and alternatives considered The routing and laying of a submarine mountain slopes and deep trenches below the Importantly, one survey ship is contracted to telecommunication cable is preceded by detailed ocean, areas of heavy shipping and rocky eroding undertake the survey for the entire cable and all planning involving market capacity and marine beaches as landing points. the landing locations. Thus, due to the distances cable routes, as well as negotiation between and costs involved, the survey is undertaken various international telecommunication service The greatest danger to communication cables is according to a programme that is relatively providers regarding financial contributions and from bottom contact fishing methods performed inflexible in terms of accommodating last minute market share. In order to select the optimum route by trawlers. For this reason Telkom stipulates a changes or repeating parts of the survey to for a submarine cable a range of marine charts, no trawling or anchoring zone for one nautical consider other locally proposed alternatives. regional bathymetric data, seabed topography and mile on either side of their submarine cables. geology sources are consulted. Information must Due to the fact that Telkom had an existing land- also be gathered from relevant government An international cable company is appointed to based cable station at Mtunzini with spare departments, telecommunication companies and undertake the planning and implementation of the capacity, alternative landing sites were not other groups such as marine oil and gas companies. entire cable. Once initial desktop routes have been considered for the proposed EASSy cable. planned a detailed marine survey is undertaken, However, one of the key stakeholder groups which Due to the cost of laying and repairing cables at particularly in shallower waters (less than 1,000 objected to the laying of the initial SAFE cable sea, route planning considers cable safety and m deep) where the cable approaches the landing at Mtunzini was the prawn trawling industry aims to avoid, among other aspects, steep station. The purpose of the survey is to optimise operating out of Durban. The SAFE cable the position and laying of the cable traversed both the in-shore and off-shore trawling to avoid high risk areas and to grounds and for various reasons at the time an finalise the design and protection alternative alignment to miss these trawling required for the cable. A survey is grounds was not feasible. A legal dispute between then taken of an area approximately the Prawn TrawlerÕs Association and Telkom 1 km wide along the identified occurred after the environmental authorisation route, and thereafter the final cable process and laying of the SAFE cable. position is optimised within this surveyed band. Figure 3: Landing of the SAFE cable at Mtunzini © SAIEA 2009 2 Compiled by Paul Scherzer E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Environmental setting The KwaZulu-Natal prawn trawl fishery consists prawn stocks found on the Thukela Banks, as this grounds. The prawn species targeted on the of two components: an inshore fishery, referred species is dependent on estuaries for their nursery offshore fishing grounds are species which are to as the Thukela Banks, and an offshore fishery not dependent on estuarine habitats during their (Figure 4). Trawlers can fish from March to lifecycle and, thus, had not been affected by the August on the Thukela Banks and year round on closure of St Lucia. the offshore grounds. Different species are caught at these respective grounds. An important socio-economic impact was that the existing trawling companies were concerned that Importantly there are few areas off the South any additional loss of trawling grounds would African coast suitable for shallow water penaeid further reduce the grounds and catches and, thus, prawn trawling due to the very narrow continental the economic viability of the trawling industry. shelf, particularly in the sub-tropical areas of northern KwaZulu-Natal which are the only areas There are only specific areas off the KwaZulu- warm enough to support a breeding population. Natal coast which are suitable for prawn trawling. The Thukela Banks fishing grounds support the Apart from the climatic conditions and sea-floor southernmost commercial prawn fishery in the conditions suitable for prawns, trawling needs to western Indian Ocean. occur in areas where there are no reefs which can snag fishing gear, and in areas large enough to Fishing rights had been allocated from 2006 to make it economically and practically viable to 2013 and were held by four fishing companies. trawl. It is not practical for trawlers to simply lift However, general opinion was that the trawling their nets over an obstacle, drop them again and industry was struggling to remain economically continue. So the trawlers will not operate in an competitive due to reduced catches as a result of area that is too small to obtain a reasonable catch the closure of the St Lucia estuary mouth and in one trawl. cheap imports. The closure of the St Lucia estuary mouth was considered to be having a significant Figure 4: Prawn trawling grounds For these reasons the trawl grounds, particularly negative impact upon the shallow water penaeid off KwaZulu-Natal the Thukela Banks, were identified as an © SAIEA 2009 3 Compiled by Paul Scherzer E&D Consulting Services Client: Telkom SA ROUTING OF THE EASSy SUBMARINE CABLE, SOUTH AFRICA Environmental setting EIA process followed environmental and economic resource which, The EIA process went through a Scoping Phase During the Scoping Phase, meetings were held regardless of current catches and cheaper imports, followed by an Impact Assessment Phase. with representatives of trawling companies to remains an important resource for conservation. discuss the proposed cable route. Various concerns Thus, whilst the actual size and operation of a were raised that the cable would further dissect submarine cable has practically no impact on the Scoping Phase public participation the Thukela Bank fishing grounds. Representatives actual prawns, the resource would be impacted if provided specific coordinates of the fishing the cable route resulted in the grounds being From the outset, the client was concerned that grounds. These positions were communicated to divided up into sections too small to viably trawl. appeals or legal disputes from the trawling the client who in turn requested the international industry would either delay environmental cable route team to consider an alternative route. authorisation or project implementation. The An alternative cable alignment was considered process was therefore designed to ensure that the and proposed. trawling industry was provided with maximum opportunity to comment and participate, and that off-shore cable route alternatives could be Specialist study considered. In order to ensure that the best cable route alternative could be selected, the The Oceanographic Research Institute was environmental consultant ensured that the process appointed to undertake a specialist study focusing of stakeholder consultation would align with the on the impacts of different cable routes upon the programme of the international cable route team trawling grounds and industry. The data used was who were planning the routes and the marine the most accurate data available
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Telkom to Hellkom1: a Critical Reflection on the Current Telecommunication Policy in South Africa from a Social Justice Perspective
    ARTICLE IN PRESS + MODEL The International Information & Library Review (2008) xx,1e7 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/iilr To talk or not to talk? From Telkom to Hellkom1: A critical reflection on the current telecommunication policy in South Africa from a social justice perspective S.R. Ponelis a, J.J. Britz a,b,* a Department of Information Science, School of Information Technology, University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa b School of Information Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N, Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee WI 53211, United States KEYWORDS Abstract With the development of new information and communication technologies, the Telecommunications; right to communicate assumes new dimensions, since it is almost impossible to fully participate Right to communicate; in the globalized world without access to modern information and communication technolo- South Africa; gies. South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994 and has subsequently returned Telkom; to the international arena. Its citizens should rightly expect to be able to participate in all that Social justice this return offers, not only politically, but also economically and socially. Telecommunications are vital to making such participation possible. In recognition of this fact, the newly elected government developed policies and enacted legislation to ensure that the telecommunications sector, and specifically the sole fixed line service provider Telkom, provides South African citi- zens affordable access to the telecommunications infrastructure whilst providing acceptable levels of service. However, rather than meeting its obligation to the government and the people of South Africa, Telkom has misused its monopoly. The social injustice that this situa- tion creates is critically examined against the background of the right to communicate based on Rawls’ principles of social justice and Sen’s capability approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Authorised Service Provider Select Your Telkom LTE Package Send
    Authorised Service Provider Contract Term: 24 Months Once-Off Charge: R 0.00 Hardware: Free Huawei Wi-Fi router included. Installation Lead Time: Estimated at 7 days after order is captured successfully. Select Your Telkom LTE Package Deal ID Package Anytime Data Monthly Price Selection DSF1908019 SmartBroadband Uncapped Wireless All Hours Uncapped R 899.00 Send Your Supporting Documents: Send us the below application form completed along with the following supporting documents: 1. Copy of ID (Does not need to be certified) 2. Latest Telkom Bill (Only required if you're an existing Telkom client) Email: [email protected] Fax: 086 582 9038 Whatsapp: 087 150 8595 If you have any queries, you can also contact us telephonically on: Phone: 087 802 0917 Delivery Address: You will need to personally sign for the delivery Consumer Application Form Address 1: Agent to complete: Address 2: New application Change of ownership Suburb: Porting of mobile number Customer relocation Service required Fixed Mobile Convergence City: Agent name Campaign name Postal Code: Order no. Account no. System customer ID. Supporting documentation • Proof of identification: Copy of SA ID or passport (including work permit) • Copy of your most recent payslip and three months’ bank statements • Copy of proof of residence (utility bill not older than three months) MASTER DEALER CODE: F2 • For porting purposes, account number at donor/existing service provider required ORIGINAL 1. Customer details Are you an existing customer? Yes No If yes, what is your existing number? Title Surname First names SA Citizen Yes No Identity/Passport no. Passport expiry date Gender M F Date of birth Contact details Home no.
    [Show full text]
  • Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem
    Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem: Lessons from Kenya and Nigeria’s Internet Exchange Point Growth By Michael Kende June 2020 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 1 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Table of contents 3 Executive summary 6 Background: A vision for Africa 8 Introduction: How to get there from here 13 Success stories: Kenya and Nigeria today 18 Results that stand the test of time 20 Change factors: Replicable steps toward measurable outcomes 27 Market gaps 29 Recommendations 33 Conclusions 34 Annex A: Kenya Internet Exchange Point 35 Annex B: Internet Exchange Point of Nigeria 36 Annex C: Acknowledgments 37 Annex D: Glossary of terms 38 Annex E: List of figures and tables CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 internetsociety.org 2 Anchoring the African Internet Ecosystem Executive summary In 2010, the Internet Society’s team in Africa set an The rapid pace of Internet ecosystem ambitious goal that 80% of African Internet traffic development in both Kenya and Nigeria since would be locally accessible by 2020. 2012 underscores the critical role that IXPs Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are key to realizing and the accompanying infrastructure play in this goal in that they enable local traffic exchange and the establishment of strong and sustainable access to content. To document this role, in 2012, the Internet ecosystems. Internet Society commissioned a study to identify and quantify the significant benefits of two leading African This development produces significant day-to-day IXPs at the time: KIXP in Kenya and IXPN in Nigeria. value—the present COVID-19 crisis magnifies one such The Internet Society is pleased to publish this update benefit in the smooth accommodation of sudden of the original study.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERATION TECHNOLOGY Your Mall Is Now Powered by Fibre - Move to High-Speed Connectivity Today
    MEET THE FUTURE TODAY WITH NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGY Your mall is now powered by Fibre - move to high-speed connectivity today. Meet the Future Today with Next-Generation Data Solutions Congratulations! Your mall is now powered by Boltspeed Fibre. Take advantage of high- speed connectivity that enables next-generation solutions to help you reduce operational costs, increase productivity and grow your business. Speak to your business consultant today to find out about tailor-made solutions just for you so that we can take your business into the future, today. Why is Telkom the best suited to provide you with a customised solution? The best tech you can rely on to keep you connected Telkom’s network has been the backbone of South Africa’s fixed internet operations for most of the country’s online history. It’s also incredibly secure, with multiple redundancies and network monitoring giving it the best availability and uptime in South Africa. We are the largest WiFi network in SA with over 6000 WiFi hotspots, boosting our already great 3G network. Added to our unparalleled fibre and copper networks, and the rollout of our superfast LTE-Advanced network throughout the country, you can be assured that we’ve got you covered wherever you are. And this comes with all the tech you’d expect from a leading ICT partner. So you can add IT & Cloud services, Hardware and Software, Managed Print Services, Electronic Document Management and Mobility solutions – anything you can think of – to your existing Telkom solution quickly and easily. The best value for your money Together, Telkom and Business Connexion create an end-to-end ICT partner with the breadth and scale to take your business into the future.
    [Show full text]
  • WELCOME to the WORLD of ETSI an Overview of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute
    WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF ETSI An overview of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved European roots, global outreach ETSI is a world-leading standards developing organization for Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Founded initially to serve European needs, ETSI has become highly- respected as a producer of technical standards for worldwide use © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved Products & services Technical specifications and standards with global application Support to industry and European regulation Specification & testing methodologies Interoperability testing © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved Membership Over 800 companies, big and small, from 66 countries on 5 continents Manufacturers, network operators, service and content providers, national administrations, ministries, universities, research bodies, consultancies, user organizations A powerful and dynamic mix of skills, resources and ambitions © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved Independence Independent of all other organizations and structures Respected for neutrality and trustworthiness Esteemed for our world-leading Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy © ETSI 2016. All rights reserved Collaboration Strategic collaboration with numerous global and regional standards-making organizations and industry groupings Formally recognized as a European Standards Organization, with a global perspective Contributing technical standards to support regulation Defining radio frequency requirements for
    [Show full text]
  • NETWORK I2i LIMITED
    NETWORK i2i LIMITED AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2020 NETWORK i2i LIMITED Contents Page No. 1. Corporate Information 3 2. Commentary of the Directors 4 3. Certificate from the secretary 5 4. Independent Auditor’s Report 7-8 5. Financial Statements - Statement of Comprehensive Income 9 - Statement of Financial Position 10 - Statement of Changes in Equity 11 - Statement of Cash Flows 12 - Notes to Financial Statements 13-54 NETWORK i2i LIMITED CORPORATE INFORMATION Date of Appointment DIRECTORS Bashirali Abdulla Currimjee February 09, 2001 Jantina Catharina Van De Vreede May 22, 2013 Naushad Ally Sohoboo September 06, 2013 Ajay Chitkara August 24, 2015 Rajvardhan Singh Bhullar April 18, 2016 Pravin Surana January 01, 2020 ADMINISTRATOR IQ EQ Corporate Services Mauritius Ltd. AND SECRETARY 33 Edith Cavell Street Port Louis, 11324 Mauritius REGISTERED OFFICE C/o IQ EQ Corporate Services Mauritius Ltd. 33 Edith Cavell Street Port Louis, 11324 Mauritius BANKERS Standard Chartered Bank (Mauritius) Limited 19 Bank Street, 6th floor, Standard Chartered Tower, Cybercity, Ebene, Mauritius – 72201 BNP Paribas, The Netherlands Herengracht, 595 1017, CE Amsterdam AUDITOR Deloitte 7th -8th Floor, Standard Chartered Tower, 19-21 Bank Street, Cybercity, Ebene, 72201, Mauritius 3 NETWORK i2i LIMITED COMMENTARY OF THE DIRECTORS The Directors present their commentary, together with the audited financial statements of Network i2i Limited (the ‘Company ’) for the year ended Mar ch 31, 20 20 . PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY The principal activity of the Company is the operation and provision of telecommunication facilities and services utilising a network of submarine cable systems and associated terrestrial capacity. The network consists of a 3,200 kilometer cable link between Singapore and India.
    [Show full text]
  • Connecting to the World by Mohamed Assoweh BOUH CEO, Djibouti Telecom
    DJIBOUTI Connecting to the world BY MOHAMED ASSOWEH BOUH CEO, DJIBOUTI TELecoM ost people would find it difficult services over state of the art networks. to locate Djibouti on a world map, To date, Djibouti Telecom has a landing facility perhaps even unaware of its location serving five submarine cables, namely Sea Me We 3, in East Africa. Bearing this in mind, EIG (Europe India Gateway), EASSY (East Africa oneM of Djibouti Telecom’s objectives has been to shed Submarine System), SEACOM and the Aden- greater international light on our country, thanks to Djibouti cable. In addition, we have two upcoming which, today its role in connecting continents is fully transcontinental cables: AAE1 (Asia-Africa-Europe acknowledged. 1) and SEA-ME-WE 5 (it will connect Singapore to We have built on our privileged geographical position France, and Djibouti will be one of the 17 landing at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and points). Moreover, Djibouti Telecom Teleport provides MOHAMED ASSOWEH Europe by investing in international infrastructure that both IP connectivity, as well as backhaul services, BOUH has worked at has allowed us to develop a fully resilient international thanks to its location on DT’s fiber network. Djibouti Telecom since data network. As a result of this investment process, As the leading operator on submarine cable 1995, occupying a the Republic of Djibouti has one of Africa’s most diversity in the region, our next step has been to foster range of posts, during advanced international telecommunications networks, partnerships with regional and international companies which time he has providing it with the strongest presence in the East and to provide a diverse range of wholesale services overseen the roll out African region.
    [Show full text]
  • Bharti and Reliance Jio Announce Agreement for International Data Connectivity’ Being Issued by the Company
    April 23, 2013 The BSE Limited Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers, Dalal Street, Mumbai-400001 National Stock Exchange of India Limited Exchange Plaza C-1, Block G, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (E), Mumbai-400051 Ref: Bharti Airtel Limited (532454 / BHARTIARTL) Sub: Press Release Dear Sir / Madam, We are enclosing herewith a press release titled ‘Bharti and Reliance Jio announce agreement for international data connectivity’ being issued by the Company. Kindly take the same on record. Thanking you, Sincerely Yours, For Bharti Airtel Limited Sd/- Rajendra Chopra Dy. Company Secretary Encl: As above Bharti Airtel Limited (A Bharti enterprise) Regd. & Corporate Office: Bharti Crescent, 1, Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj, Phase II, New Delhi 110 070 T.: +91-11-4166 6100, F: +91-11-4166 6137 Bharti and Reliance Jio announce agreement for international data connectivity • Reliance Jio to utilise dedicated fiber pair on Bharti’s i2i submarine cable that connects India and Singapore • State-of-the-art i2i cable system will provide Reliance Jio direct access and ultra fast connectivity to major hubs across Asia Pacific New Delhi, April 23, 2013 – Bharti Airtel Limited (“Bharti”), a leading global telecom services provider with operation s in 20 countries across Asia and Africa, and Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (“Reliance Jio”) today announced that they have signed an Indefeasible Right to Use (IRU) Agreement, under which Bharti will provide Reliance Jio data capacity on its i2i submarine cable. i2i connects India to Singapore and is wholly owned by B harti. The state -of-the-art cable consists of eight fiber pairs using DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) , capable of supporting multiple terabits of capacity per fiber pair.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Qos Changes Towards Network Performance
    International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Security VOL. 3, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2015, 48–53 Available online at: www.ijcncs.org E-ISSN 2308-9830 (Online) / ISSN 2410-0595 (Print) The Impact of QoS Changes towards Network Performance WINARNO SUGENG1, JAZI EKO ISTIYANTO2, KHABIB MUSTOFA3 and AHMAD ASHARI4 1Itenas, Informatics Engineering Department, BANDUNG, INDONESIA 2, 3, 4 UGM, Computer Science Program, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Degrading or declining network performance in an installed computer network system is the most undesirable condition. There are several factors contribute to the decline of network performance, which their indications can be observed from quality changes in Quality of Service (QoS) parameters measurement result. This research proposes recommendations in improving network performance towards the changes of QoS parameters quality. Keywords: Network Performance, Quality Parameters, QoS Changes, Network Recommendation. 1 INTRODUCTION very sensitive issue because there is no system that is safe while they are made by human hands, the At the time talked about the Reliability of a system can be improved security built only from system supporting network devices (network one level to another level . infrastructure). The main factors that influence it is Once a network is built, the next job more Availability, Performance and Security, the difficult it is to maintain the network still works as relationship of these factors are as shown in Figure it should, in this case maintain network stability. If 1 [6]. a device does not work then it will affect the work of the overall network.
    [Show full text]
  • Telkom Workshop with the Portfolio Committee on Communications in Parliament
    Telkom Workshop with the Portfolio Committee on Communications in Parliament 06 – 07 October 2004 Terms of Reference The Portfolio Committee on Communications has requested Telkom to present on the technical and regulatory aspects of its business 2 Introducing the Telkom Delegation • Nkenke Kekana Group Executive – Regulatory & Public Policy • Benitto Lekalakala Executive – Parliament, Policy & Legislation • Wally Broeders Executive – Integrated Network Planning • Jack Tlokana Senior Specialist – RC: Advanced Technology • Graham Keet Senior Specialist – RC: Special Markets • Josephine Mabotja Senior Specialist – Competition Law & Economics • Izaak Coetzee Senior Specialist - Regulatory Economics • Nozicelo Ngcobo Senior Specialist – Research and Strategy • Keso Mbali Senior Specialist - Multi-media and Convergence • Maphelo Mvunelwa Specialist – Parliamentary Liaison 3 Agenda items • Overview of the Current • Interconnection Regulatory Environment • Carrier Pre-Selection • Overview of the Expected Regulatory Environment • Number Portability • Telkom Licences • Network Planning and Management • Numbering Plans • Square Kilometre Array (SKA) • COA/CAM • Convergence 4 Overview of the Current Regulatory Environment in South Africa International Telecommunications Reform • Early 1990’s - end of telecommunications natural monopoly across the world as administered by governments • Economic and technological developments necessitated a review of the treatment of telecommunications • WTO, ITU, EU and other international bodies reassessed the increasing
    [Show full text]
  • Global Infrastructure Map Switz
    Greenland Iceland Sweden Russia Finland Faroe Is. Norway Estonia Latvia United Kingdom Denmark TEA Canada TEA Lanis-3 Lithuania ERA Lanis-2 Lanis-1 ERA Belarus TEA-3 Ireland Netherlands Concerto Poland Solas Germany TEA-3 Belgium Czech Rep. TEA-3 PC-1 Lux. EPEG Slovakia Ukraine PC-1 Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic Tata TGN-Pacific Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic HUGO Tata TGN-Pacific Liech. Moldova Kazakhstan Austria Trans-Pacific Express France Switz. Hungary Trans-Pacific Express FASTER Slovenia FASTER Romania Mongolia TEA Japan-U.S. Japan-U.S. Apollo Tata TGN- Croatia Western Europe PC-1 EPEG PC-1 Unity/EAC-Pacific Bos. & Herz. TEA Unity/EAC-Pacific Serbia Italy Mont. PC-1 TataTGN-Pacific FLAG Atlantic-1 Uzbekistan 2Africa Kos. Bulgaria FLAG Atlantic-1 Andorra Apollo Georgia AAE-1 Macedonia Kyrgyzstan EIG 2023 2023 IMEWE Hawk Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Portugal SeaMeWe-5 North 2Africa 2Africa SeaMeWe-3 Tata TGN-Western Europe TGN-Western Tata GLO-1 GLO-1 Europe India Gatway Gatway India Europe FLAG Europe-Asia FLAG SeaMeWe-4 Turkey Turkmenistan Greece Korea Spain MedNautilus VMSCS United States Tajikistan Japan-U.S. South EAC-C2C Korea Japan Malta MedNautilus Cyprus Syria Tunisia China Lebanon TEA TPE Afghanistan ERA SouthernHawaiki Cross WACS Iraq Iran Bermuda AAE-1 EIG Palestinian Terr. Japan-U.S. Morocco EPEG SAT-3/WASC TE North Israel Jordan TGN-Eurasia SEACOM Pakistan Alexandros Kuwait TPE Asia-America Gateway Nepal Japan-U.S. FALCON AJC Algeria TEA APCN-2 EAC-C2C Southern Cross Libya AAE-1 OMRAN/EPEG Bhutan Egypt Bahrain ASE/Cahaya Malaysia FOG Bahamas EIG Qatar FLAG/REACH NAL MENA/GBI EAC-C2C Pacific Bangladesh Mexico W.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa
    FREEDOM HOUSE Freedom on the Net 2012 1 SOUTH AFRICA 2011 2012 POPULATION: 51 million INTERNET FREEDOM STATUS Free Free INTERNET PENETRATION 2011: 21 percent Obstacles to Access (0-25) 7 8 WEB 2.0 APPLICATIONS BLOCKED: No Limits on Content (0-35) 9 8 NOTABLE POLITICAL CENSORSHIP: No BLOGGERS/ICT USERS ARRESTED: No Violations of User Rights (0-40) 10 10 PRESS FREEDOM STATUS: Partly Free Total (0-100) 26 26 * 0=most free, 100=least free INTRODUCTION Digital media freedom is generally respected in South Africa. Political content is not censored, and bloggers and online content creators are not prosecuted for online activities. Nevertheless, the status of South Africa’s internet freedom was threatened by two pieces of proposed legislation in 2011—the General Intelligence Laws Amendment Bill, which could potentially legalize the bulk monitoring of internet communications, and the Protection of State Information Bill, which would make it illegal to publish and access certain state information, affecting the traditional and digital media, bloggers, and internet users. Access to the internet has improved, and more people have the option to access the internet from their mobile phones than from computers. Nevertheless, the majority of South Africans are unable to benefit from internet access due to high costs and the fact that most content is in English—an obstacle for those who speak one of the ten other official languages—although there is now content in some local languages, especially on social- networking platforms. The first internet connection in South Africa was established in 1988, and the internet was commercialized in 1993.
    [Show full text]