DOCSLIB.ORG

Scouts Survival Skills Badge Demonstrate Different Techniques to Light a Fire Fire Techs Competition Manual©

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Scouts Survival Skills Badge Demonstrate Different Techniques To Light A Fire Fire Techs Competition Manual© By Samantha Eagle © All Rights Reserved 2019 Copyright Notices © Copyright Samantha Eagle All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means mechanical or electronic, including photocopying and recording, or by any information and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The purchaser is authorised to use any of the information in this publication for his or her own use ONLY. For example, if you are a leader trainer you are within your rights to show any or all of the material to other leaders within your possession. However, it is strictly prohibited to copy and share any of the materials with other leaders or anyone. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to [email protected] Published by Samantha Eagle PO Box 245, La Manga Club Murcia, 30389, Spain. Email: [email protected] Legal Notices While all attempts have been made to verify information provided in this publication, neither Author nor the Publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions, or contrary interpretation of the subject matter given in this product. Page | 1 © All Rights Reserved 2018 EasierScouting.com Fire Techs Competition Manual© Preparing a Tinder Nest 1. Before you start a fire you will need a properly prepared ‘Tinder Nest’ this can mean the difference between the warm glow of success and cold sting of failure with fire! A ‘Tinder Nest’ can consist of soft dried natural materials for example, Dry grass, Cattail fluff, Birch tree bark and Dandelion clock Dry Grass The head of the Cattail after Birch Tree Bark Dandelion Clock it has turned dark brown will have “fluff” inside, which is excellent tinder 2. Before you light your tinder nest you need to make sure you have plenty kindling ready to place on top otherwise the fire will quickly go out 3. For kindling you can use materials such as... Cedar bark, dry leaves of any type and small twigs. Kindling is just as important as tinder 4. Some kindling can be used as tinder if properly prepared. By cutting and shredding materials they become thinner and more able to ignite with a simple spark 5. Find a flat surface that is not moist 6. Take the natural materials you’ve been able to find and mold it in your hands into a nest-like bundle, about the size of your palm. This will be the base layer of the tinder nest. Make sure that your nest is not too compact, to allow the flow of oxygen which is crucial for ignition 7. Put any fine materials into the center of your tinder nest 8. At this stage you would lightly place some of your kindling and light your tinder but for the purpose of our ‘Fire Lighting’ experiments we are just going to be lighting the tinder Page | 2 © All Rights Reserved 2018 EasierScouting.com Instant Ways to Lighting a Fire Method - Lighter Tools/Materials • Lighter with Spark wheel • Tinder Nest Warning Do not allow your lighter to continuously burn for more than two minutes, as it will over heat and get broken or might explode. Directions 1. Hold the lighter using your dominant hand. Using your thumb, roll the spark wheel and land your thumb with a quick push on the ignition button Method - Match Sticks with Match Box Tools/Materials • Matches in match box • Tinder nest Warning Hold the lit match sticks in a slightly downward angle to maintain the fire burning. But be careful not to burn your hands. Directions 1. Hold the match firmly at midpoint with your index finger and thumb 2. Press and drag the match along the striker in a quick manner, to produce friction and create fire. Method - Match Sticks Only Tools/Materials • Matches Directions 1. Strike a Rock - Look for a dry rock with slightly rough surface 2. Sandpaper - You can use sandpaper to light your match stick 3. Try your Zip - Zips are often rough, which means that it can be used to strike and light a match stick. Just be cautious because you might burn your clothes, or body parts. Make sure you are not wearing the clothing at the time of striking the match. Page | 3 © All Rights Reserved 2018 EasierScouting.com Bender Ways to Lighting a Fire (you will need the sun for this method) Method - Magnifying Glass Tools/Materials • Magnifying glass • Tinder nest, you can also use paper Warning Never try to expose hands under a light beam caused by a magnifying glass, because they will burn. Directions 1. Place the tinder nest under the sun 2. Hold the magnifying glass horizontally under the sun. Make sure that the face of the lens is somehow at a right angle to the sun light 3. You will notice a beam of light passing through the lens. Tilt the lens slowly until the beam of light narrows and becomes as little as a dot. You can hold the magnifying glass higher or lower to focus the light 4. When the beam of light is small enough, it means that the heat is concentrated, thus starting a smoke on the paper. Stay on this position until the tinder burns. You will need to blow on the smoke to get it going Method - Reading Glass Tools/Materials • Reading glasses, water • Tinder nest, you can also use paper Warning You will need to remove the lens from its frame, so be careful as the lens might crack and wound you. NOTE : If you’re using a reading glass of someone who is near-sighted, you won’t be able to start a fire. Use the glass of a far-sighted person, as it bends the light inwards to a focal point. Directions 1. Place the tinder nest under the sun 2. Hold the lens horizontally under the sun. Make sure that the face of the lens is somehow at a right angle to the sun light 3. Notice that compared to a magnifying glass which is biconvex (curved on both sides), a reading glass is only curved on one side. Add water on the other side to make the lens work like a magnifying glass 4. Tilt the lens slowly until the beam of light narrows and becomes as little as a dot. You can hold the reading glass higher or lower to focus the light 5. When the beam of light is small enough, it means that the heat is concentrated, thus starting a smoke on the tinder. Stay on this position until the paper burns. 6. You can also try creating fire without water in the lens. This procedure will take longer though Page | 4 © All Rights Reserved 2018 EasierScouting.com Method - Balloon Tools/Materials • Balloons • Water, Water Bottle • Tinder Nest Warning You will be dealing with water in this method. Be careful not to spill water on your tinder nest. Directions 1. Place the tinder nest under the sun 2. Fill the bottle with water 3. Put the balloon on the bottle’s mouth, and turn the bottle upside down to fill the balloon 4. Fill the balloon until it is stretched and spherical as it can be 5. Tie the balloon closed and hold it above the tinder nest 6. Make sure that the outer surface is dry, and that there is no water dripping down from the balloon because it might make the tinder nest wet 7. Tilt the lens slowly until the beam of light narrows and becomes as little as a dot. You can hold the balloon higher or lower to focus the light 8. When the beam of light is small enough, it means that the heat is concentrated, thus starting a smoke on the tinder. Stay on this position until the tinder burns 9. Sometimes, when the balloon is large, the beam light passing through it appears to be distorted. Remember that the beam of light should be round. To fix this, you can gently squeeze the balloon to make the beam of light round. Mind-blowing Ways to Lighting a Fire In a survival situation, you may not have the tools used in these methods, but they are good techniques to know if you have. Method - Bacon Grease Tools/Materials • Bacon grease (this method is more effective when the grease becomes hard) • Paper cup • Tissue papers Warning Heated grease can cause severe burns on skin. So be careful. Page | 5 © All Rights Reserved 2018 EasierScouting.com Directions 1. Put the tissues in the cup, and pour the grease on it 2. Allow it to cool down and harden 3. You can now use it as a candle because the tissue will act as the wick, and the grease will act as the wax. Its fire can last up to 30 minutes. Or you can use this as the fire starter Method – Soda Can and Chocolate Tools/Materials • Soft drinks can • Chocolate bar (you can also use toothpaste in place of the chocolate bar) • Tinder nest Warning This method might harm the eyes. You can use sun glasses to protect your eyes. Do not eat the chocolate used in this activity as it might get contaminated by aluminum. Directions 1. Polish the bottom of the can using the chocolate bar until the surface looks like a mirror (if you don’t have a cloth, use the chocolate bar wrapper to hold the chocolate while polishing) 2. Take a piece of tinder, and place it about 1” from the centre of the bottom of the can 3.
Recommended publications
  • In the Autumn 2011 Edition of the Quiver I Wrote an Article Touching on the Topic of Survival As It Applies to the Bowhunter

    In the Autumn 2011 Edition of the Quiver I Wrote an Article Touching on the Topic of Survival As It Applies to the Bowhunter

    In the Autumn 2011 edition of The Quiver I wrote an article touching on the topic of survival as it applies to the bowhunter. In this article I want to talk about fire specifically and the different types of firestarters and techniques available. Fire is an important element in a survival situation as it provides heat for warmth, drying clothes or cooking as well as a psychological boost and if you’re hunting in a spot where you are one of the prey species it can keep predators away as well. There are many ways to start a fire; some ways relatively easy and some that would only be used as a last resort. There are pros and cons to most of these techniques. The most obvious tool for starting a fire is a match. While this is a great way to start a fire in your fireplace or fire pit I personally don’t like to carry matches in my pack or on my person. They are hard to keep dry and you are limited to one fire per match IF you can light a one match fire every time. It would be easy to run out of matches in a hurry as you are limited in how many you could reasonably carry. A Bic lighter or one of the more expensive windproof lighters is a slightly better choice for the bowhunter to carry. They are easy to use, easy to carry, fairly compact, and last for a reasonable amount of “lights”. They don’t work well when wet but can be dried out fairly easily.
  • On the Evolution of Human Fire Use

    On the Evolution of Human Fire Use

    ON THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN FIRE USE by Christopher Hugh Parker A dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology The University of Utah May 2015 Copyright © Christopher Hugh Parker 2015 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF DISSERTATION APPROVAL The dissertation of Christopher Hugh Parker has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Kristen Hawkes , Chair 04/22/2014 Date Approved James F. O’Connell , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Henry Harpending , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Andrea Brunelle , Member 04/23/2014 Date Approved Rebecca Bliege Bird , Member Date Approved and by Leslie A. Knapp , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Anthropology and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Humans are unique in their capacity to create, control, and maintain fire. The evolutionary importance of this behavioral characteristic is widely recognized, but the steps by which members of our genus came to use fire and the timing of this behavioral adaptation remain largely unknown. These issues are, in part, addressed in the following pages, which are organized as three separate but interrelated papers. The first paper, entitled “Beyond Firestick Farming: The Effects of Aboriginal Burning on Economically Important Plant Foods in Australia’s Western Desert,” examines the effect of landscape burning techniques employed by Martu Aboriginal Australians on traditionally important plant foods in the arid Western Desert ecosystem. The questions of how and why the relationship between landscape burning and plant food exploitation evolved are also addressed and contextualized within prehistoric demographic changes indicated by regional archaeological data.
  • ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume 25

    ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume 25

    ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume 25 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE SOUTHWESTERN POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1967 ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE SOUTHWESTERN POMO ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE SOUTHWESTERN POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume 25 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Advisory Editors: M. A. Baumhoff, D. J. Crowley, C. J. Erasmus, T. D. McCown, C. W. Meighan, H. P. Phillips, M. G. Smith Volume 25 Approved for publication May 20, 1966 Issued May 29, 1967 Price, $1.50 University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles C alifornia Cambridge University Press London, England Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Introduction ............................................ 1 The Southwestern Pomo in Russian Times: An Account by Kostromitonow ..1 Data Obtained from Herman James ..5 Neighboring Indian Groups .. 5 Informants ..5 Orthography ..6 Habitat .. 7 Village Sites ..7 Ethnobotany ..10 Ethnozoology. .16 Mammals .16 Birds. 17 Reptiles and batrachians .19 Fishes . 19 Insects and other terrestrial invertebrates. 20 Marine invertebrates .20 Culture Element List .21 Notes on culture element list .38 Appendix: Comparative Notes on Two Historic Village Sites by Clement W. Meighan. 46 Works Cited .............................................. 48 [ v ] ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE SOUTHWESTERN POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD INTRODUCTION* The Southwestern Pomo were among the most primitive Charles Haupt married a woman from Chibadono of the California aborigines, a fact to be correlated with [ci'?bad6no] (near Plantation and on the same ridge). She their mountainous terrain on a rugged, inhospitable coast. was called Pashikokoya [pasilk6?koya? ], "cocoon woman" Their low culture may be contrasted with the richer cul- (pashikoyoyu [pa'si-oyo-yu], cocoon used on shaman' s ture of the Pomo of the Russian River Valley and Clear rattle; ya?, personal suffix), but her English name was Lake, environments which offered opportunities for Molly.
  • Low-Impact Living Initiative

    Low-Impact Living Initiative

    firecraft what is it? It's starting and managing fire, which requires fuel, oxygen and ignition. The more natural methods usually progress from a spark to an ember to a flame in fine, dry material (tinder), to small, thin pieces of wood (kindling) and then to firewood. Early humans collected embers from forest fires, lightning strikes and even volcanic activity. Archaeological evidence puts the first use of fire between 200-400,000 years ago – a time that corresponds to a change in human physique consistent with food being cooked - e.g. smaller stomachs and jaws. The first evidence of people starting fires is from around 10,000 years ago. Here are some ways to start a fire. Friction: rubbing things together to create friction Sitting around a fire has been a relaxing, that generates heat and produces embers. An comforting and community-building activity for example is a bow-drill, but any kind of friction will many millennia. work – e.g. a fire-plough, involving a hardwood stick moving in a groove in a piece of softwood. what are the benefits? Percussion: striking things together to make From an environmental perspective, the more sparks – e.g. flint and steel. The sharpness of the natural the method the better. For example, flint creates sparks - tiny shards of hot steel. strikers, fire pistons or lenses don’t need fossil Compression: fire pistons are little cylinders fuels or phosphorus, which require the highly- containing a small amount of tinder, with a piston destructive oil and chemical industries, and that is pushed hard into the cylinder to compress friction methods don’t require the mining, factories the air in it, which raises pressure and and roads required to manufacture anything at all.
  • 5 Yr Drilling Tec Plan

    5 Yr Drilling Tec Plan

    Ice Drilling Program LONG RANGE DRILLING TECHNOLOGY PLAN June 30, 2020 Sponsor: National Science Foundation Ice Drilling Program - LONG RANGE DRILLING TECHNOLOGY PLAN - June 30, 2020 Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.0 ICE AND ROCK DRILLING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................. 7 Chipmunk Drill ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Hand Augers .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Sidewinder .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Prairie Dog ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Stampfli Drill ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Blue Ice Drill (BID) ................................................................................................................................... 13 Badger-Eclipse Drill ................................................................................................................................. 14 4-Inch
  • August 2015 the LEARNING CIRCLE: NOTES, THOUGHTS & PROJECTS

    August 2015 the LEARNING CIRCLE: NOTES, THOUGHTS & PROJECTS

    EARTH SKILLS NEWS www.earthskills.com © Jim Lowery August 2015 THE LEARNING CIRCLE: NOTES, THOUGHTS & PROJECTS I. Improve your bow drill firemaking Have you struggled with getting a bow drill fire consistently? Do you wonder what’s wrong with your apparatus or technique? Would you like to be able to try some more advanced tricks that will make firemaking easier for you? The bow drill is, in my view, the most practical of all the primitive firemaking techniques. You can get fire with many kinds of woods in many habitats, without bringing anything with you—even cordage or a knife. The hand drill is simpler, but in most locations only two or three woods at most can be used for the hand drill and hearth, and that only using very well practiced technique and strength. However I have made bow drill fires with 28 woods in my area. When we teach bow drill firemaking in our classes, we stress that mastering the technique is the most important factor. Many students, both men and women, need practice and especially the wrist and arm strength that goes with it, but if the technique is correct, success will come with time and practice. On the other hand, bad habits die slowly and so in this article I want to offer some trouble-shooting, a few reminders based on the mistakes we see most commonly with students, and some more advanced tips. (A review of the bow drill apparatus and technique can be found in your notes from our Wilderness Skills class, in Tom Brown, Jr.’s Field Guide to Wilderness Survival, and Larry Dean Olson’s Outdoor Survival Skills.
  • Fire Before Matches

    Fire Before Matches

    Fire before matches by David Mead 2020 Sulang Language Data and Working Papers: Topics in Lexicography, no. 34 Sulawesi Language Alliance http://sulang.org/ SulangLexTopics034-v2 LANGUAGES Language of materials : English ABSTRACT In this paper I describe seven methods for making fire employed in Indonesia prior to the introduction of friction matches and lighters. Additional sections address materials used for tinder, the hearth and its construction, some types of torches and lamps that predate the introduction of electricity, and myths about fire making. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction; 2 Traditional fire-making methods; 2.1 Flint and steel strike- a-light; 2.2 Bamboo strike-a-light; 2.3 Fire drill; 2.4 Fire saw; 2.5 Fire thong; 2.6 Fire plow; 2.7 Fire piston; 2.8 Transporting fire; 3 Tinder; 4 The hearth; 5 Torches and lamps; 5.1 Palm frond torch; 5.2 Resin torch; 5.3 Candlenut torch; 5.4 Bamboo torch; 5.5 Open-saucer oil lamp; 5.6 Footed bronze oil lamp; 5.7 Multi-spout bronze oil lamp; 5.8 Hurricane lantern; 5.9 Pressurized kerosene lamp; 5.10 Simple kerosene lamp; 5.11 Candle; 5.12 Miscellaneous devices; 6 Legends about fire making; 7 Additional areas for investigation; Appendix: Fire making in Central Sulawesi; References. VERSION HISTORY Version 2 [13 June 2020] Minor edits; ‘candle’ elevated to separate subsection. Version 1 [12 May 2019] © 2019–2020 by David Mead All Rights Reserved Fire before matches by David Mead Down to the time of our grandfathers, and in some country homes of our fathers, lights were started with these crude elements—flint, steel, tinder—and transferred by the sulphur splint; for fifty years ago matches were neither cheap nor common.
  • AL Kroeber and Catharine Holt Source

    AL Kroeber and Catharine Holt Source

    Masks and Moieties as a Culture Complex. Author(s): A. L. Kroeber and Catharine Holt Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 50 (Jul. - Dec., 1920), pp. 452-460 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843493 Accessed: 01-02-2016 04:49 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 204.235.148.92 on Mon, 01 Feb 2016 04:49:06 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 452 MASKS AND MOIETIES AS A CULTURE COMPLEX. By A. L. KROEBERAND CATHARINEHOLT. IN 1905, Graebnerand Ankermannpublished synchronous articlesL in which they distinguisheda nlumberof successivelayers of culturein Oceania and Africa. This scheme Graebnersubsequently developed in an essay which traced at least some of these culturestrata as far as America.2 Graebner'stheory has been accepted, with or without reservations,by a number of authorities,including Foy,3 W.
  • A1128 Able to Light a Fire Map of Influence

    A1128 Able to Light a Fire Map of Influence

    11591: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF A LIMPET SHELL 12278: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF A SAW 12113: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF A MUSSEL SHELL 09112: A HUMAN BEING CUSTOMER 09475: A HUMAN BEING IN 12729: A HUMAN BEING IN 12281: A HUMAN BEING IN OF WH SMITH OR OR AND OR OR POSSESSION OF A ELASTIC BAND POSSESSION OF A WOOD WASHER AND OR POSSESSION OF A FIRE BOW DRILL FIRE LIGHTER 10630: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF CHERRY TREE OUTER BARK 12394: A HUMAN BEING IN OR POSSESSION OF A RIBWORT PLANTAIN PLANT LEAF 11946: A HUMAN BEING IN OR AND OR POSSESSION OF STINGING NETTLE PLANT BARK 09477: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF CORDAGE 11550: A HUMAN BEING IN AND OR 10437: A HUMAN BEING IN OR AND POSSESSION OF A BOW POSSESSION OF WHITE WILLOW TREE INNER BARK 13740: A HUMAN BEING IN 00924: A HUMAN BEING USER 10197: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF SKIN BUYER OF TRADE-IT POSSESSION OF SWEET CHESNUT TREE INNER BARK 10607: A HUMAN BEING IN 10086: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF RASPBERRY PLANT BARK POSSESSION OF ASH TREE WOOD 09148: A HUMAN BEING IN POSSESSION OF AN OPTICAL LENS 09472: A HUMAN BEING IN AND OR POSSESSION OF A SUNLIGHT FIRE LIGHTER 09149: A HUMAN BEING LOCATED 01552: A HUMAN BEING IN IN DIRECT SUNLIGHT POSSESSION OF A KNIFE 09471: A HUMAN BEING IN 09720: A HUMAN BEING IN AND OR POSSESSION OF A FIRE DRILL FIRE POSSESSION OF LIME TREE WOOD LIGHTER 09479: A HUMAN BEING IN 10314: A HUMAN BEING IN 09965: A HUMAN BEING IN OR OR AND OR POSSESSION OF A FIRE PLOUGH FIRE POSSESSION OF HAWTHORN TREE WOOD POSSESSION OF A WOOD ROD LIGHTER 10182:
  • Forest School Policy Handbook

    Forest School Policy Handbook

    Child’s Play Child’s Play Forest School Handbook This handbook is for use by both Forest School Staff and Forest School volunteers. The policies within the Handbook are closely linked to all the policies that Childs Play Pre-school adhere to when in session at the hall. Further details of all the Pre-school's policies can be found on the Pre-school Website. Contents: 1. Setting Up and Packing Down Guidelines 2. Forest School Rules 3. First Aid and Kit Lists 4. Risk Assessments 5. Transport and Travelling Policy 6. Health and Safety Policy 7. Clothing Policy 8. Sheltering and Toileting Policy 9. Woodland Conservation Policy 10. Hand Tool Safety Policy 11. Emergency Procedures Policy 12. Forest School Visits and Outings Policy 13. Fire Safety Policy 1) Setting Up and Packing Down Guidelines The day before Forest school session: All staff and volunteers will familiarise themselves with the Childs Play Forest school handbook and it's policies before taking part in the session. • The Forest School leader will remind parents of travel arrangements and kit list at the beginning of term. • Forest school leader and Pre-school leader will gather all the equipment together using a check list. Ensure this includes the register. • Forest school leaders will ensure tools are in good condition and the First Aid kit is complete. On the day of a forest school session: One of the forest school leaders will stay in the woods to safeguard the equipment if needed. The Forest school leaders will also check the site. This will include: • Checking for dog mess and dangerous objects • Checking for any increased risks due to changes in the weather • Carry out all safety checks in line with the risk assessment • Arrange logs and stumps for seating if available.
  • Bushcraft Skills & Techniques

    Bushcraft Skills & Techniques

    A selection of articles from the archive O O S H ProfessionalRIZ development in outdoor learningN BUSHCRAFT SKILLS & TECHNIQUES l Using friction fire lighting with groups (Horizons 34, 2006) l Land navigation coaching concepts (Horizons 73, 2017) l Tracking and the art of seeing (Horizons 53, 2011) The Institute for Outdoor Learning is the professional body for instructors, teachers, leaders and organisations that provide purposeful and planned outdoor learning experiences. We use the outdoors to make a difference for others. “helping to share what we learn on our journeys discovering the great outdoors” “a great magazine for professionals” ““makes me feel part of the IOL family” Articles by, and for, outdoor professionals 4 issues per year: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter Contributors share good practice, expertise or experiences of their work in the outdoors All current full IOL members get a free subscription to Horizons included as part of their membership. You can also subscribe as a non member. Find out more about: Horizons IOL Membership Teaching Outdoors [email protected] Activity Ideas Using Friction Fire Lighting with Groups ncreasingly outdoor practitioners are using, or thinking about using Bushcraft-type Iactivities in their programmes and after a period in the wilderness these traditional skills making a reappearance in outdoor learning. Thanks to television young people (and the not so young) are being reawakened to these ancient human skills and are curious to discover the secrets for themselves. Bushcraft activities include things like natural shelter building, string making, cooking wild foods on an open fire and maybe even a bit of tracking.
  • Pomo.' Habe'napo (Ha), "Rock-People," Is the Name of a Group, Not of a Village Site

    Pomo.' Habe'napo (Ha), "Rock-People," Is the Name of a Group, Not of a Village Site

    CULTURE ELEMENT .DISTRIg1UTI:ONS: IJV ~OMlO BY E. W. GIIPFORD -AND A. L. ~KROEBBER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATI'ONs IN ,AmERICAN AIpcamLoay AND ]IRTHNOLOGY, Volme 7, No. 4, pp 117-254 11 tables, 6 fi'gu'res, 1 map UNIVEBRSITY Of CALIFORNIA PRESS -BER-KELEY, CALIFORNIA, POlMO --- POMO COMMUNITIES CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: IV POMO BY E. W. GIFFORD AND A. L. KROEBER UNRVSITY 01POFCAjORNIA PUBLiCATIONS IN AMuaICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Volume 37, No. 4, pp. 117-254, 11 tables, 6 figures Issued July 1, 1937 Price, $1.50 UNIVERSITY OP CALnIORNiu Puzss BEKrLEY, CATropwu CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSrrY PR&ss LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES Or AMERICA CONTENTS PAGE Introduction .................................................... 117 PART I: DATA, BY E. W. GIFFORD Pomo communities ................................................ 117 Informants .................................................... 122 Element occurrence list ........................................... 125 Symbols used .................................................. 126 Elements lacking among the Pomo ................................. 165 Supplementary notes: Pomo ....................................... 167 Supplementary notes: Wintun, Patwin, Miwok ...................... 214 PART II: ANALYSIS, bY A. L. KROEBER Reliability .................................................... 223 Method of analysis ................................................ 2-229 Reliability again ................................................. 236 Ethnographic interpretation ......................................