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Bushcraft Skills & Techniques

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A selection of articles from the archive O O S H ProfessionalRIZ development in outdoor learningN BUSHCRAFT SKILLS & TECHNIQUES l Using friction fire lighting with groups (Horizons 34, 2006) l Land navigation coaching concepts (Horizons 73, 2017) l Tracking and the art of seeing (Horizons 53, 2011) The Institute for Outdoor Learning is the professional body for instructors, teachers, leaders and organisations that provide purposeful and planned outdoor learning experiences. We use the outdoors to make a difference for others. “helping to share what we learn on our journeys discovering the great outdoors” “a great magazine for professionals” ““makes me feel part of the IOL family” Articles by, and for, outdoor professionals 4 issues per year: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter Contributors share good practice, expertise or experiences of their work in the outdoors All current full IOL members get a free subscription to Horizons included as part of their membership. You can also subscribe as a non member. Find out more about: Horizons IOL Membership Teaching Outdoors [email protected] Activity Ideas Using Friction Fire Lighting with Groups ncreasingly outdoor practitioners are using, or thinking about using Bushcraft-type Iactivities in their programmes and after a period in the wilderness these traditional skills making a reappearance in outdoor learning. Thanks to television young people (and the not so young) are being reawakened to these ancient human skills and are curious to discover the secrets for themselves. Bushcraft activities include things like natural shelter building, string making, cooking wild foods on an open fire and maybe even a bit of tracking. Among the many benefits to be gained are an awareness of natural resources, the drawing out of people’s initiative/creativity, self- reliance and an atmosphere of a mini adventure. One of the most exciting parts of Bushcraft is the lighting of a fire using only natural resources by Dave and your own skill and ingenuity. Watson There are many modern ways of making fire and to There is some value in all of these concerns but as use a match effectively in the outdoors can be a this article unfolds I hope to reveal to you some of very useful skill. Fire Steels have become justifiably the secrets to successful ‘Bow Drill fire lighting with popular amongst outdoor folks and these have a great groups of people’. novelty value as well as being extremely effective ... but wouldn’t it be that bit more rewarding, for both From experience these are my observations in response ourselves and our groups, to acquire the skill to create to the above concerns: fire using just the traditional wood on wood? - I would agree that the hand drill can be a bit tricky but the bow drill I find I can teach quite quickly There are many friction fire lighting methods, the to most adults. ones which most people know something about are - Although historically these techniques were mainly the hand drill and the bow drill methods. individual, the bow drill can easily be adapted to fit a group of 3-5 people. The usual reasons for practitioners to choose simpler - The bow drill principle is very adaptable and with or more modern methods of fire lighting – even on a few modifications groups of children aged 8 or Bushcraft activities are: younger can get success ● I don’t have enough skill myself - The key to setting up for success is getting the ● It’s far too hard for adults let alone children right types of wood in the right place to generate ● It’s an individual task and I want group work heat and the right material in the right place to ● I am not really sure what wood and other natural catch light. material I need or where to get it ● Isn’t it a bit dangerous? - There are of course some dangers to be aware of but that’s the nature of anything adventurous and the benefits, I believe, outweigh the risks.. Institute for Outdoor Learning 6 Horizons (34) Summer 2006 This is not intended to be a complete beginners (the bow should be slightly guide, although I hope to whet any Bushcraft bendy and strong enough novices’ appetites, instead it is directed to those to be compressed by 3 to 4 who have had a go with such methods and inches). Place the drill onto would like to adapt them to use with groups the string as shown and of students. lever the drill until it is at right angles to the string. Working with groups I have been teaching Bushcraft for 11 years and 2. The drill keeps have found that with a bit of lateral thinking popping out there are ways of using friction fire lighting with This is for one of several any age above 8 successfully, less if you consider reasons that my own children have been working with a) There is not enough various methods since they were five or six. downward pressure from the bearing block. In my experience I have found 2 main methods b) The drill is not vertical. of friction fire lighting which are suitable for c) The starter hole in groups of young people, the Bow Drill and the the baseboard is not Pump Drill. In this article we will be looking at sufficiently deep/shaped to hold the bow drill. the drill tip. d) The people using the bow are Bow Drill Group Method using too much force. Traditionally this method involves just one e) The bearing block is not being person and uses the sort of equipment shown held securely. in the photo. A list of suitable woods for each of the components can be found at the end of 3. The bow string slips this article. a) There is too much downward pressure from the bearing For most beginners the single-handed bow drill block. is a nightmare since you have to cope with b) The string is too loose (grip it holding all the components securely whilst trying better/tighten it). to balance in a less than comfortable position c) The drill is very shiny from and then work the bow back and forth with lots previous slipping (rough up the of downward pressure on the bearing block. This surface). causes all sorts of initial problems: getting the d) The string is very shiny drill on the bow, keeping the bow level, keeping from previous use (change the bearing block steady etc. At first glance it the string). may not seem the obvious choice for group work, if however, you change the single-handed Setting Up bearing block to a longer pole you find that it Setting up the equipment for lends itself to having two people holding it, and beginners and groups. if you have a fairly long bow then a group of 4 people can position themselves reasonably Set up the baseboard to comfortably and keep hold of the components. produce hot charcoal: ● Use the wooden drill you plan There are still some basic difficulties which to use to drill into the base groups encounter. Here are the most board until a hollow deep common with some suggested solutions. enough to take the whole of the rounded point of the drill 1. Can’t get the drill onto the bow due to head is made. being so tight. ● Cut a notch into the side Get one of the students to place the end of of the baseboard corresponding to about a sixth the bow into their shoulder with the other of the circumference of the drilled out hollow. I end in the ground and apply a little pressure supply a junior hacksaw with a wood cutting blade next page Institute for Outdoor Learning k Horizons (34) Summer 2006 7 oprevious page (instead of a knife), that way I can allow Get some suitable tinder (we use a dry grass some groups (depending on their age) nest with some fine fluffy material in the to do it themselves, although generally middle) and drop the ember into middle. I get instructors to do this, as if it is Enclose the ember by compressing the nest done badly there will be little chance slightly and start to blow into the tinder of success. bundle with long drawn-out breaths. ● Once the notch is cut you will need a thin slither of dry wood to place under the This hand-held bundle is hopefully going notch so that it collects all the charcoal to burst into flames at some point so you powder. You will need to ensure that obviously need to consider these safety this is flat against the baseboard which points: itself needs to be firmly placed on the ● Sparks can fly out of the bundle and into the ground so as not to slip. face/eyes so controlled blowing is required. ● Hold the nest below the line of the ember and One of the most important steps to wear gloves. success is the efficient use of the ● Make sure that the bundle is able to stay bow. together long enough for you to get it into ● Use the whole length of the bow and flame and safely get it into the fireplace. get the group to concentrate on keeping ● Hold the nest at head height and downwind control of the equipment. as smoke pours out, especially just before People generally use less than a third of ignition. the bow length and put all their effort ● Practise this thoroughly before you get into it too soon, which usually means students involved. that they are out of breath within 20 ● Consider the students’ clothing if they are to seconds and the drill flips out at high be by the fire, some materials melt too easily speed and frustrates the group.
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