Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations

1923 development of test to determine the durability of lubricating oils for the internal combustion engine Hiram Lew Wallace Iowa State College

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Recommended Citation Wallace, Hiram Lew, "The development of a test to determine the durability of lubricating oils for the internal combustion engine" (1923). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16413. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16413

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IfMSS .^XCA'^im OIL

The cabject Xubrleation for the IntomaX ooralxifttlea engine le an extreiaely Impojrtant one. Hot onXy does the euoce««- fUX operation of the engine depend on adequ&to luhrloatlon txit very aerlooe daiaagea to the engine vlXX reauXt tvoa poov, or Im* proper lutoloation* The resuXte of InadeqEuate Xubrleation la an IntemaX oonbustlon engine are| bumt-^sat iMwrlnga^ aeored eyXlnder walXs and reduced effieleney of the engine. Xn fact the above tsentloned resuXta may so serious as to entlreXy render the engine unfit for further use, and In aXl eaaes the repair of such damages are costly* % census report for lOSX shows that X2«567»576 auto^ moblXes and trucks^ were registered In the United States In addition the Departtaent of AgrlcuXture yearbook for XOSX states that traetore were ovnsd by fomers of the United Statee* there are quite a number of traetors used la hii^swagr «ork« general eonstxuctlon voz4c axxl various othar usesy whlCh are not ccnmted in the above census report*

!Ihe above mentioned rsachlnea are t>ie chief usez^s of lubricating oils* In addition, there Is a considerable muaber of statloxiary IntemaX oombustlon engines that require lubrication*

Sinee adequate Xubrleation pXaya an extrMeXy isiportant part in title euceessfuX operation of the engine, wMeh in turn is tte witaX part of an aatomobiXe, truck or tractor, m greater in* portanee of this aubject nay be reaXiaed* Tboro is no ^ m

doubt t^t tho 12,664,7X0 aut<»tobllea, trueks and tractor* wmtloned Above required the expenditure of BsllXione of dollars in the nature of repairs, a large percent of irtilch adLi^t be; traced to Improper lubrication* The initial cost of any of the above mentioned macMnea repreecnta the Izsmetment of ooai» siderablo aura of money* Than, If proper lubrication of the onglne la of vital iinportance, there arlacs the question, wiiot la a good lub- ideating oil, or what is the be t lubrloating oil to uee« It is not an idle statement but ons which la being aaked by every owner of one of these nachines* Vie eenrnis report for 19ei Btnttn that 877,850,094 gallons of lubrloating oil were produeed in Qhited statoa*

13ie lubricating oil as produced by the rnamfacturer laay vary widely In Its etaarecterlatlcfl. Ihis variation is due dhiefly to the dlffdrenee In the crude oil frcan wliloh the lubricating oil Is manufactured* The olaaslfleatlon of dltferent lub» ri

Hasis* n&ese are usuKlly elaaslfied as to their ultinate uee, as, steu cylinder oil, spindle oil, engine oil, erankease oils and etc* Such uses as exiomerated above dmand that tS»s lubricating oil possess certain qualifications} it sttst withstand high tcoperBturea without carbonisation or appreo* iable loss £ vol&tlls conatltuents, while others tmist withstand low tcnapcrat^ircs without solidifi

The orankoAoe ov engine oil toT the InterneX oomtttet* Uax engine la eXaeolfleO eeoordlKms to vleooelty Into gradoe eueh^as Xli^t* aedlua, heavy and extra heavy, ttio propoeed epeeltleatlone of s«a«E* and A«r*l* for Xutirloetlng olXe for ^xe IntemaX eonbuetion motor are foXXovsi

vi^'C^^sifY IH rmafmA » apee«7ie« Orade 1 100 Dejiireos Fahr# 8X0 DORrees yahr« 1 t 1 t 1 l^ln* Ava, fi Max. Kln« 1 AVK. t 8ax« 1 f f 1 le Lll^t t X80 1 t t 9 t i m 1 ao 100 fiOO 1 080 48 1 t 1 000 m . 100 000 1 800 48 1 t t 1 00 Itedlum 1 870 000 1 080 44 t t 0 • 1 a t 0» 870 aoo 1 380 44 • 1 1 1 9 a 1 do MO dOO t 4d0 46 t s

e i 8 80 Heavy s 460 SIS t 070 60 8 1 1 e s •0 s » « 00 t 00 4 t 1 i 00 HxtReavyf 1 70 1 00 f 80 1 1 N e 1 M 1 80 1 86 1 100 1 s a s 1 no s 110 1 110 t 100 1 f » •

9ie foXXowlng teeta have been devlaed for Xu^nplo^^tlng olXa> eome of idtleh are of i^re laportanoe than others* VlMosltar

Is a neasure of the Internal reslstanee vlttiin the oil iteelf end Is soDsetlnes refored to as the fXuldlty of ell et a eertain tos^erature* It Is theoi^t that vlsraslty Is an isportant • 4

test* She Seybolt llhlverssl Vlseosoneter baa beeome tbe stand*

ex>d instrunent for asasuring Ylaoositgr* Ylsooalty is an in*

portant Tastor vhen seleoting oils fop a partieular uae| fw exaaipXe, heavy duty# slow speed engines use a heairier oil or

one with hi^^ viscosity than do high speed, Xi^t duty

sngines* However^ once the class of oil has been established

by vise0sityt little or no further information concerning the lubricating value ean bo gained at present* Since viscosit^r is a measure of the Internal resistance of an oll^ it Is ad** vlsable to use an oil with the lowest viscosity whlsh will

give satisfactory perforoanee la the engine*

yiaeh fand glres ! flash point Is the lowers teziqE>erature^ to which an oil may be heated,to give off vapors In sufficient q[uantlties, when mixed with air and exposed to flame, to cause an explosloa

or flash* The fire point Is the lowest tei^perature at the oil will give off vapors idslch, when ignited will bum eoi»»

tizsiously* *Sbm flash and fire test serve as an identificatlfiai test to the mamfaotorer but are of no great isportanee to

the consuBter or user of the oil* the flash and fire tests do

Indicate the teo^erature at which the vapor fonas luxt do not indioate the quantity, which la of fter greater Importance, so far as the stability of ^le oil is concerned when put in aetual use in the engine* m im

amlBlfloatlon toat*

Thla test tSxowm to i^t extsnt an oil viXX mmxX^itT wntBVt Ihs oiX is thovou,^7 shaken wltii an equal toluM of distilled water and allowed to settle tor one day* If "sulptoo" ccnnpotinds are present the oil will essAilslf^r with water forming a ourd like appearance* Also an oil that baa been treated exoesslvely or one thet Is iaproperly refined, with the acid tre^^tment may €ive an eiatilslfloation effect*

test and aaso the aeidity test lias held to he of smjm or less doahtfoX valM*

Coyro«loa

this teat consiets of placing a clean stisdp of medUKO*

ieally polished pure siieet ociyper, about one-half inch wide and

three inches long and 10 e e of saii^le, in a clean test tube*

Close the ^be with a vented stopper and hold in a thermostat fW tibree hours at X£29 F op 2X0® Rinse ^ ec^^P^ strip witin sulptmr free fteetone mnd eoa^re irit^ a similar strip of freshXy polished eepper* JHsooloration or pitting denotes corrosion*

Oasoline jee^^t

1!his tost is performed by dissolving the oil in gas4|w line (from Pennsylvania crude) and noting the precipitate OT • e ....

~•pbBl.tio tll.it 1ptt0duc0d.. It ind.leaton adulteration \ th ne•VJ' Oll8 01' ta~ &till l'eRidue&.

OW.1¥ 7e&ta. It dependa on the artiO\l41t of ta~ ma.ttol' p~Od 1n the oil ~ rcd.xing 1 t w1-th n'- tro-aulpburtc acid.

Cold '?eiJ't.: The cold ~st 1e the temperature at Wh1¢h th~ o!l wi:ll ju~t f,low and 1nd1oo.tee the uvn1lab111ty of tb.e oU at t1l1 a tempera tu.re• ft.z84 aai-~9 Test. 1.he '0Vap(i1'ation l.:QOB and Ct.U"boniza~1 o n t1'tite are c&J'i-lod out by heo.tizlg a rre1$bl_d. ~· quant1ty o1 oil at higb tcmperatttre, ~ to 500~ P to» a definite ionsth ot time.. from the d!!!'et-ence 1.n •olgbt the ovapo1'1..zat1on 1.Qao iB ~ndily 1 ~leulatede TL.~ ~t ot· aopho.11; mat:o~1al or tar 1n ·the o.S.l left af'ter Q>Vupol'-io J,:Ation baa taken plfl.C~ g!veo the amount of cn,..-bohl,gtion. Thie teat require:~ apeeinl ·app$tJatue and many precau.tiona r:nflt be taken to obtai n co11s~ti~nt ro&uJ.. 1'he a.pparntus of Water• is used the most widoiy to determine oarbon!&ation at proeent time. Oolli'adaon'' a apparatue ifl used to c:tctel"mine the find carbon content ot: lubrlcatins oile in thte coontry. 1\l()ae · ~ts t1l'e important* for- they 1nd1e-ate tho doQompou1tion tho oil. ·UndeJ:'- goee in the Gtl:indcr head on tho t'1p o~ the piaton. Tbese t.ea" compo..re ~tho~ tnvor~b1¥ 'flit;h ~otual teeto in a..n .ongtne. «» 7 «»

Qyvlty Teat>

Spoolfio g»vlt7« vOsm BtRt«d M a d«olisftl|» indioates tlw umial vexation to water* the g!ravlt7 of mineral oil ia usually ttcpreased in d«gz*eas Bausio soale* The lighter the oil the higher the aeale reading of Bauime'ib Speoifle greirlty does indicate sc^ what the base from lAiloh the oil vas produced*

As parafflne base oils have a lighter apeolfio gravity than those of aaphaltio base* However^ the twse may contain both asphaltio and parafflna pro^ets^ or the oil i&ay be blended so the above statttoent holds true oidy for those oils naxBifaotored froM the pave asphaltie base and pure paraffins base«

OoXer l^at* A report on ^'Stazsd&rdized Specificationa for Lubrirat* ing Oils" by Q« Stratford in the Journal of the Soeiety of Aatomotive Engineers reads as follows s "As the petroleom iiv» dustry developed certain produots were gradually aeeepted as standard because of their most obvious ebaracterlatie eolor*

It has long been eostooai^ to include the eolor value of aa oil ae a neeesaaxT' isarketing re^isi^^ along with otSuir pre* pertiee« ^ refiner takes the oolor of oils into eoneider* atlon as being a valuable Indication of their uniformity^ it also being a on the correct processing* Although in the past color was considered as an Indication of purity# it has been deiaonatrated beyond any doubt that it alone means nothing in aervlce to the ultimate eMsuBcr*" 8

A Study of Idle vftrlooa tests sboirs that some of l^bsa ttvenaep# or tend to shew the seae thing* Oth»re are merely for Identlfleatlon pa3*poses Whleh are of greater tnportaoee to the manufaeturer than to the eonsumer* Other testa show lieapurttles*

It Is possible to select a mmber of oils falling Into one grade such as lights medlunif ete, whlcla may meet the standard specifications In regard to the above testa ar^l yet show mther wide results when used In an exiglne* Since the object of the nsmfaetorer Is to pvoduee an oil that will give satlsfaetovy service In adtual use* then a test of the oil in an Inteml eombastion engine would be the ultlmte or supresos test. Bat as such tests require considerable tlxoe of actual use In the engine, and would curtail a rather large amount of expense, it would be Impractical to carry on actual teats In the engine on a large or extensive scale*

It Is tlie object of this Investigation to devise a teat which will take Into account the factors encountered in an englxM while in usei one l^t will be simple and will pjMtm duee effeets on the oil sindlar to those produced by actual ase la an internal eoaibustlon engine* Such factos^ aret heat, pressure^ agitation, the oil In a film state, and periodic heating and eoollng* The work 4s outlined above was Investigated froB several standpoints with the Idea of Incopporatlng in th* testo as many of the fundaioental factors as possible, also to «» 9

determine their reletlTe laqKn^tenee ee agents affeotlisig tbe lubrieatlng oil idiile under uae In the engine*

Pre3.1mlt»rr Inyestlgatione.^

Sinoe the oil la in a fllu state la aotoal use and also, sinee the lalaErleatIng oils have a tendenoy to seal piston rings to the eyllnder wall, the theory was advanced that perhaps the surface tension of a lubricating oil lal^t be a zseasure of Its sealing quality* Surfaee tension is taken to isean the Interfaclal energy developed between the oil film, the cylinder wall and the piston rings* A surface tension testing imieKlne was designed stnd built aeoordlng to plan, as shown on page 10* 1!he oaohlne me eallbrated to t9b^ in grams, directly by deflection of the pointer* %e surfaee tension Is expressed in dynea per centl-' mOter* 5lie machine was checked with dlatilled water and gave 68«5 dynes par cm., at 86«6® 0| this gives an erx*ox^ of Zm9ft from standard tests at 0® G* Several lubricating oils were seleoted and the «ai^ faee tension measured as Indicated by the following table* iKai Icai

L

i-3 u"®a £ fast/c!fy //? Cent/rneter^

r- r • rT ' r ••••!

K- -R 12

Sartmw fBtmtom la S^ntm par 0&« m.i I g t i "TAi,! 3®5BEi 2lt«x» : lag iHmjk* ting iltox« t lag I Mu» t I iMinti twnnts ^ : Pointt iS^LsSL I t < t f } t I m^ArtlO s9&*8 |S9«4 I I t II t t t t t t « f tl *A S^.a 197.8 idl.0 fM.8 t 91»0l 30*8 I 84«8 I t I I f I I I *B i37«8 s53«6 i;yy«8 ta8»ft tM,8 I a8«8t 9a*o t 86*0 I I t I I f I t 8aa Um&t tS8«8 i88«3 154.8 tSO.e l5ft«8 I 90*81 ao«5 I m«8 t I I I I S I I hoaw ta8>8 l»^e 137.8 |»>8 t 83l«0 I 87.3

TABLS 80« XI

1 loo*» 1 810*F 1 1 ittrMXoU Artie 1 890 I 48 i •A t 880 > 80 1 "B 1 1889 1 184 M 8iai 1 881 ( 44 1 ainn heew I. JWW . m

Bkum raiding on above oils u% 80^ Fwereag follcmac

Kotdloil Artie 88.8

»A 18«8

" 8 8d«8 ami higa.% 80«7

9am n ixMiff aD»6

• 16

Bgr ooi&parlxis X wlt^ TftttLo ZZ» it toUovs that tti9 sortaM tension does not vary as na4h as the viseosi^ witti dirfex^ent oils* In Ohart Ko« II the stress of the flln of oily «* noted by its elonsatlon^ was plotted against the strain^ or torque, producing the elongation of the fila*

In Chax^ Ho* III the surfaee tension of tvo oils vas neasared at various t^iq^erBtures* Zt is evident frora this ehart^

Itot the surface tension grovs less^ as the tes^rature inoreaaes^

In a «ay this is e

Chart ifo* IV shows the effect of diXluting a aaa^le of oil vlth a given <»int of kerosene and ineasurlng the sur^ face tension of the ralxture*

Seconds

next line of investigation was the affinity ot a lubrieatiag oil for gasoline vapor* This vas soggeated f^ran 13ie fact ^uit some oils seem to dilute i«>re uzsder wox4cing eon» ditlona than others* tb» theory suggesting this test Is as follows 3 the fllsi of oil on the oyllnder oomlng in dlroct con* tact vlth the fuel vapor vould absorb a oartaln amount of tha fuelf vhlch vould be carried by the piston, or othervlse find its vay into the crankcase* Oil diluted vlth gasoline or kerosene zoakes the mixture nore fluid, ^loh eon be proven by tlM viaeoaaw Fonu Gel

^our^ exposed to

* Id -

vueh dlXlution ftlsa «Mk»nttd IShe strength or tho fila tt« ohoim la ths tost oondaotod on iuvffteo tozwioa* X% lo

•ntireXy possible^ If th« abovo aasuaptlon la trao^ ttmt Urn aoallng pev^r of the oil vould bo liiq;)alrod to mioh an axtont that on the oosopression Btx*oke a eertain amount of the fuel vapor would be foreed by the pleton into the crankoaae due to the poorer eeallng power of the oil* Aa a meana of oarryls4( on an Investigation along this line, an nmiaed a«»ple of two different Xabrleatlng elXa that had prevlaaalr been tested In a motor and found to differ Is the aaoont of dlXutlim In the oil at the duration of the test« was welfi^ed (oare being uaed to get as nearly the aame amount of eftoh as poaelble) and pXaoed In a dlsfiioator, which was filled with jpasollno* Wel^^ngs were made at certain Inters valB and the gain In weight noted, the san^Xee were exposed to the air and welipilngs made to denote the lose thiM evapor* atlonst Chert V shows rate at whloh the vapor ks absorbed* Xt Is noted that some XlttXe dlfferenee Is shown la the first three hours bj oil Vo» 6 and Ho* S« She stt&e is true after hours of esq^osure*

Chart VT shows the rate of evaporation for Intervale up to li houibs* ThB teat was oaxvled on and weighings made ttp to 48 hours, ait after two hours the rate of evaporation waa about the same for l>oth oils* this Chart shows So* S oil as giving off the gasoline vapor faster than Be* 5 ell. - 19 •

noweTCr. Chart V ahowa Bo. 3 oil absol' th vapor (that ia the r1~et thre houre) t atGl' than 110, 2 011. In tbs teet1?1S ot tbeoo o11D in tho otor, oil No. 5 · mred a ~ater p cent d1llut1on in tho cr

tentn o oopt th t tho rn~e o a vc17 tro the two oils. uinco

the tilm of 011 a uubjeot to the v poi• r. r 11 voey ahovb inte~ '.'ia1 only, tbe t1 e olement cr.iln ot the Yf?'_tcl'• would bear tu.rth~r 1nvnat1g t1on, eo-peo1ally as to ti!DO exposed, AJ.ao the tempoNature or the vapor an the oil at the time ot expoaure.

i'be third l1na ot investigation wna to hont a aaxnple ot :tubric tins oil in a bomb to temper turoa vaeying ho ~ P to appi'OX1.l:lato11 eooo P and teat thO sample eo treated in ~ 887bolt Vi•ooeometor. 1'b.o bomb was m de from a ptec-e ot l 1noh oold :rolled

•hnf't1ng nlno 1noheo long1 by boring out a hole oi;e inch 1D diameter and e18ht and one long. 1'ho o~n end •a• threaded d a p ug made to tit. 'lb.la vo a 4 paoity ot ao to ~ o.c'a. allowins room tor expansion ot the oil under the inoreaae 1n tempc~atu • Chart VII •how the etfeet ot 1ncreaa- 1na the te -perature ot the bomb and ite accompanf1ng ettcot upon the Tisooa1t1.

- 21 ·•

~

A acmp1o ut> 011,. -which • Nn 1n a ~ ·"1th. a vt.acoetty ro.o.d1Q8 tnkttl'l ev&~ twl' houre, 'lUU\ teet-e4 in t.t. ~at app~tel~ OOOo 1'• Thia oaupet\ the o.S.J. to .\)rrCfl1t 1xtettt u 24 ~o ot actual rormins ln a moto19. 4 • -~11.l tu~th&zt toa.t waa made UJ>Qn ttwoe 1l oJ.l•• Whleh w~~e hente4 1n ·tho bomb to 43QO tr re!lpootivo.lJ' amt tbon a vi·aco•1t7 tee.t wn_e mad" u.pon \loth tllil '"911 the bmAb aamplo. l"Oault 8 eh.1 below.

Vteco•1t7 ·at of ,: ·1DQ0 P FrerJb ----nie 011 Dlllut lo"

flO • J. 306. 0Q 8 e .. 46 • 9 MOO 3350 s ~. ea '0• I .!880 ;$ l.,4. 50 s e.18 011 lkh 1 la (Jenorally roe:ogn1Z04 a 600d ~ ot otle while no. :s 1a mol'O or 1cos clotibtfnl t. or ~_ tbe throo 11noa ot !nvoo.tigatS.on• tbe Idea ot h(\f.ttl .e oll· 1n o bomb .and tcot-1m: tho 401D'P1& so treated gtive .too moat l'>rotaie! aillt•• Ther efore it was decided to carry on a def inite progr am using the above method. 82 ^

fttrpoM* ISm parpos« of thla «ex4c mi* to Investlgata tbm behavior of Xubrloatlng olia whan baatad In an aiv tight boab or oyllndor to certain tamporaturea and ctMBpara the ra* aulta with the aaiae olla uaed In an internal eombaation engine for alxteen hours under full load*

Apparataa» A Oeneo Limiting Plant aodal 19 type 3 nanafaetared by tha Oaneval daa and Kleatria Conqmsy^ Hanorert Pennaylvanla* One light bank of S8* « 86 bnlba*

One Yolt meter*

One ajianeterf thenaometera •

One eteel cylinder wltli opening to take standard alM apark plug* Blstillatlcm apparatus including water condenser, flasks and one thermCMter 7} and ato* Baybolt Standard TiaooflMter and S^ipoent* faehmwter*

Hathod* The lubricating oil was first xun in the Qeneo angina

Which has a direct shaft connection to the generator* The generator was wired up to light bank of aufflclent else to use about full load tram the plant* A woltmeter and aianMtor were acmnected • 83 •

Into tbi« eirouit and a reading of the cuttut of the generator vas taken every half hoar* This energy wa eonverted into horse power and ao accorded in the tatxiXatlon of the notodP data*

A themometer vas plaoed In the oirouXatlng ayatea of the ooollng fluid near the upper outlet from the cylinder Jaeket« also one in the erenkoaee* The above thermometeraf aa veil ae one hong in the rooo^ vere read each h&Xf<»hour dor* lag the teat*

the teat of each oil in ^ motor «aa divided up into four* four hour rona* At the end of eaoh run a aaaple was drawn off and the viseoaity testted at lOO^and 130^ 7* reapectlvely* !Ehe sample being returned to the engine before

the succeeding iKua was started* The amount of fuel «aed was recorded, the amount of

lubricating oil put in at the atart of the test, also the

Mount removed at the end of the alxteen hour man*

Vo reooTd waa made of the Mount of water uaed in

the radiator^ a eonatant level being maintaixied for eaeh oil

while on teat*

Thn unused aaisple of lubrloating oil was tested as

followas vlaeoslty in a Saybolt atand&rd Viscometor at lOOO F and ISQO F^ a distillation (destmctlve and under atmospherie

preasure) test* oil vaa plaeed in an air tight bcnb whieh vaa in turn heated in a lead bat^ to F for 80 simteai M«

oll» «o treated were tested In the ^aybolt UnlTersaX Vis* eoitaeter, « dletlllatlon test v&s aleo run on each*

^ dletllitttion teat ma eondaeted as toUcnmi ft steady inorease In teaperetore of a1>out 8^ F viam per loliaite*

If rate of d»pping from the eondenaer was ateut 80 drops per minute vbca the fraction waa reaOhed^ the temperature vaa

reduoed 10 to &0 degrees and allowed to rise at previous mentioned rate^ this was repeated until the rate of drop frc»a the eon- denser was below SO per minute after which It was allowed to

l&ereass to the neatt frastlon azxl ete«

Svery preeoutlon was taksn in the en^^ne tests to have all eojidltioiu la so far as It was possible to do so« exactly the aame for eaeh oil used, ^erefore^ one oil mle^t be compared with another^ assuialng that the factors within

the engine that would cause the oil to wear down or bec

She bomb or shell In which ^ oil was treatsd was sHide from a piece of three Int^ cold rolled steel shafting elfiiht Inches Icmg* It was bored oat to a dlsmeter of two and one«half Ineluis from one end and of sufficient lexigth to give • •olune or capacity of about 500 cubic centimeters« %e large open end was then plugged up and welded* ^ opposite end was drilled and tapped to take a 7/B Inch solid plug of one and three«fourtiis Inches length and eighteen threads per Inolu ordinary spazic plug gasket ms used on -Uw plug* « 8d •

A 860 o«o* QUAHtlt/ of oil vae treated io tbt lottb tor ea«b iiU tdstad* - 26 -

:H»p• s^E'eop*T?^»m«of^s 1 t 1 SG&S l^rlode tof s of tCrank«> 1 1 s t msed iroea liiftd* fOASe ^lVOltSfASI|>S*tfi*F*tlt*P»H« flbe* t§ F tO i? f 1 s 1 1 t s : s 1 2 t 2 1 1st 4 hrs*f B6 1 803 2 U7 i41*4 ilB*7 ll«03lft430 t 18 $ 1 S t s t t 1 tod 4 hre.i 69 1 806 1 114 140*00Il7*8 fO«03tX400 1 18 t s t 1 t 1 3 1 Srd 4 hrs*s 86 s 806 1 ua l40.75ll7*7 I0»OTS14CX} 1 18 s 1 t t s S 1 1 4tb 4 hra*! 76 t 806 t 106 :43*8 {18*6 <1*08x1800 f 8*86 1 s ( 1 s 1 t t Avorftge 2 63 s 806 1 U4 i4i*3isie*e a*0011438 146*86 1 1 i. 1 t 1 t 1

Anount ot freih oil put In «t atart of test £(«60#

momt drftwa off at «euI of teat l«i

^iseimt uaoa or terotd up la 16 hours

Xatoraal raelstttnM of notor vlth fresh olX (motor at roon t<»ap«!ratare)

i'lth oOB^roaeion on*

JOB^rnm Volts* H.P* H*P.iS.

X7 a0*3 *69 660

Wltii eoiBi^sslon relieved

U 31 *60 630

XatemaX roalatanoo of motor «ltb olX after being used 16 hours* (aotor at roon toesperaturo) AapS* Volta* H,P* R«7«K.

^Ith ooeq^selon on

17.9 50,3 •1107 mo - 27 -

• Volts. a ....~. R •.P•f4• 1 1amnm11a1on reli«l'ffod 1• $1 000

OJM 8 -I : -. • • • - I .. f T I - • t : ~ · c • od• 1 of : ot 1 erarik.- s = ' , U.Ja• : : : iua$d. c11--'dl.Qe2• · •!!•,P·:n . ;r>'i~ •jl:l~, . .... ; Lt ....§; .. I ,! I .. - · : , ...A : l . = . t . · ; ·.· : . bra ·~~~'iQ •16 . ~ l•t• • a EM • 20• a 108 i1'1.-6 :(>.9'1s14'15 0 ; I C I - C : : # .. 4 hr8 i 84 1 'B0'1 , 109 :~ . o .:18.a io.Do :avo tia. i t I t S C : S 3l"d.. 4 brru 85 1 208 r 106 t36e0 110 ~0 &0.0~ tl~ i G•O'I J : I I I : I I 4th• " brat 06 s BOG : 10'1 :42•3 :19.0 :l.oa:1'89 c 7.• I I : I .• a • I AMrage I e& I 806 : 1Q7.,·6r39. 2&t18. G 10-.981&"3 c41,0l

. 1 . lJ I I . t t t I . t . s: a 1 ,. r JI u - '* a J

.AmOUnt ot ~lb 011 Plt 1n motcn' •t4U"t ot teat 3•B

.a1nu1u&t of oil c1 ou\ at on4 .ot to ~t u.aed 1n 10 ••• .10B

Internal l'eeiata.nce of motor with f?'()oll 011 B (J.lOtoJ' at rc>OCI ' '-'~.;mol'otu.re)

:~Wl8$1on o: Volts. n • .-- R.P.ua• 14.s ~1 •60 1 ·~-as1on »elloveil .11. & 31•1 •40 088 oil u 10 hottra 1n motox-. '(mo~ at room ... __ tu.1"8) m WB m

VoXt®» U«P*

With ooti^resolon on IS 90 ^70 MO

Vltto ooBqmaslon x

--I_

lJa JI ^ I i_-9

.1 i' r •'

".?. "• ifj

- ~ 111 fi •: 4 Lj •- J_ tj ^ _' -

"r*^_Ll •' i' _i oo·~ ~o

99•9 •ot ~ 93•99 o•zn 9•8&9 OQ~ g•g o•tt •s o•u ~ •o o•t ~t •do.IP ~9

98 06 t-iOJ. 0 0 89~ ~ a•ae 11•91.t 399'-alS ~ 09 0 o•t Bl.9~ ~ og•o o• ~ 0 0 aes-.a<>£ ~t 0 0 ~ C»t~

••10•:> 4 •B o •Baa \;eenu.n I! 'lIO 110 . OI"Y'l'iU. Ia

- 60 - - 30 -

DIS^ILLATIOH WSTS OF OIL B

SflB^ Sluapl# Heated to 780° P# aad gemovftd

Dog. C. D«g« ?• C.D*».

0-150 32-302 0.8 0.4

150-200 302*^2 2.7 1.36

^00-250 392*462 3.0 1.60

^60*900 468*OT2 8.0 4.00

300*360 672*662 163.0 83.60

360*400 668-762

Total 80.76

Bomb Sample Heated to 760® ?• for 30 minutes

0-160 32*302 0.60 0.26

160*-200 302*382 1*60 0.76

800*260 382*462 4.00 8.00

860-300 462*672 Xl.OO 6.60

300*360 872*662 166.60 83.26

360-400 662*752 ffotal 81.76 ^ O 8 S 8 S O 8 a 9 8 8 8 8 8 S # # ^ »• «* ^ 4 i ri e: S 2H 2IS

t 0 O I &» * o l» iO O o 8A o »#• ^ n ^ 1 5 «2 s ^ c» 1 « 8 9 ® ? 9

1—1 o o to i I « O :5 i5i

8 ^ H I ® I og•ae oo•• o-e 89la~ ()()t--ogff: 09' 0• 62-1 ~318 ~ oo•~rt o•® 8£ -ast ~a oo·s: 0•9 ~342 09~ • o•t 8~ ~it 09• o•t 09t~ ·•, •o •

V '!IO

- 2JQ ... • ss •

• r—i r®!- TevtoCm t ot t of iOporik«» s t ) s tasoa irocB! tKad* tcaae Vt t t t iln

s t 1 % 1 I 1 c lat 4 hro* 1 76 s fi06 1 lU s3e.3 tisa t •941 1388 1 8»93 t t 1 1 t t t 1 tad 4 hro* 1 n t 803 t 107 «38«0 1 •67s 1338 tl0«85 t 1 t 1 1 8 t 1 8r4 4 hx*a« t 78 1 808 t 106 t89»o tiea t •Ml 1871 Il0«68 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 4th 4 hra* 1 78 t 804 s 103 tj)o«6 tie»o tl«01a 1338 ai.08 1 s 1 t t t I t Averago 1 74 1 80S 1 107 i3a«3 •9&S 1548 136,73 t 1 1 t 1 t s

Anoant of freah oil put in motor at atart of test 5«66# Aaount in orankoaao at end of to^ t IrO# ABOont uaod in 16 hoara* &tl8#

Zntexml vosiatanoo of Mtor with frosh oil* lioter at ipoqm tanperuturo*

ToltO* RtPftH* 8*F«

80 50 430 *80 Vith ooraproaslon rellaiirad

10 30 400 .TB

Xntemal reaiatanoe after 16 boura uaa* *4otor at roan toiaporatare*

Volta* H*P*

80 30 400 *95 With oonproaaion raliaivod ao S8 430 *66 00•49 o•st.t tltlO oo' LO J ' 0••1..t 899"-3lB a•t B 849•39J 94•0 e•t 0 0 a~ 0 0 8~CN ~ •,o•o 41•8

e•tQJJ.

oo•te oo•aot oo•m 00 99t 899-&9 mst•e ea••t 8J,.~Q8 ga•t 09•9 896-36£ 91.t~ 0 J.; •o ~OS: ua•o 09•0 gag.as: •e,o•D d •B

Ul l)89!} 0 'IIO JJO Oll.VT:II~ .ta

-~ - m m

la ^omb to TOO^ F for 90 lalmtM* Ms* e»c*«* ;( se-sos X.75 0,876 aofl-s»a i,7» O.0TO

89B-«a 7,80 »,78

6^n s.a76

^<9i99 ,, »«oo Total 176.76 eB.ara • Mm

mnmASt o? maxim h oil t data

Kind of i ^Kwa iTenp* tJ\int* olXtAmt* G««o»i Ui1»w Otis E* PtfSOooling soil putsusoct 16 slino UMd i orojnkMSO I iFluid OFsln Eng«s hours maad lba« OF 8 « t lb«» I I 1 t s t I 1 OU A s x»oo 1 806 1 5.60 t 1«54 1 46*86 « U6 < 1 t 1 1 t Oil B s •M 1 806 1 3»67 t 2*10 t 41«0X 1 wra t 1 s 1 s i ^1 c 1 .S7 t 804 1 8.66 1 8,16 t 8e*n 1 W7. 1 t s 1 t

Oil Teat Data SVlil. ^ vi8*vaz*«t ^ vst^« frosh oilslOGO F ibMb i of t in boQii t in amount iCKH^. Sft^maed 16 hra^taaisiao itaA lt>a< a&i^lo i aaod 1 ilooog t i I 898 t 866 %M I 800 s S7«e 44 1 t t 867 1 887 t 4» I 60.8 @9*8 1 f s 816 t 865 m I 460 1 61*5 60,5 t , , ,.f ,, B m jyt m

DX&CUi&S10» OF

3ta oomparlne the i^aulta of the tXMOb tost vltli iSsm reaulte of the van in the engine. It Is found that ft fsvoi»» fttAe oorapariaon can be zaede* In tha sumary of t^ oil teat dettt^ attention migjht be ealled to the ooluoma labeled, p^irm eent Tiaooait^' varietion in ttcsati aample and percent variation in eaimmt uaed in the engine* ^ae ooluama were eoiaputed by dividing the viaeoaitsr of the freah or \imaed,,aeuiq;ae into the lees^ov differenee between ^ viaooait^r of the hoaSt aarapXe after it had been ta:*eftted as outlined previoualy, end the umaed or ft>eah aao^e, the ooltuan labeled^peroent vaa^atioa in azQCAint Mmmd wae eooputed in a almilar manner* ^ amount of oil iiaed up In 16 hoiu^s run in the engine was found to vary aoisiowhat for the three oils* It seeiw noflt logical that tiiie loss was produeed by the he^it of the engine erasing the oil* V^n a Xttbrloating oil oraoks# aover«X different produete swy be formed of nMoh a Xarge peroent sagr be a Xev boiXing freetion and one whieh ia iralatiXe* She beXief that oil did eraiOc and did not eontain more than the ttXlowabXe amount of low boiXing fraetlons in the freah oiXe ia, aupported bgr the results of the distillation of the umaed aample of oil. If an appreciable amount of thm low boiling

ihwetiona had been present in tho fresh oil it woulU have evaporated ivhen subjected to the proper heat In the proeeaa of the diatillation test* That the oil did orack as stated above Is further

smarted b7 the record of the fuel used durlzig teat* Tim

eartux^tor fuel valve was opened same position for eaA teat* ^Cho Qenoo angina la ao designed that vapora fren tho arankeaaa are fed Into the Intake manifold* therefore tho dlfferonoo In fuel used* as shown In tho stuamary of engine data* would aupport this theory* That the boiib teat does approxiraate aoteal mnnlng aonditlona of the engine may be shown from the following dla«> ousalon* %e average temperaturee of vorloua parta of an Ixfe^ temal oombustlon onglm 9T9 aa follows s

Deg» 9ahr»

Maxinnw temperatore of i^a* 3000«»936Q

n.ston center of faoo 7S0 Center of exhaust valve 1500«»1400

Cylinder head 400^60

Crankcase 100230 The above waa taken fron an article by Prederlo H, Gardner In Power Vol« 63 Vo« 19 Hay 10# 1&81* Zt la noticed that the piston face atUlna a teqperature of 780^ f

which waa tha tomporatore to v^Ch the bonb was heated* tha ordinary engine that uses the aplash oyatazay of which the Oeneo la oamg a certain aniount of tha oil would be splaahad up on tha Inalde of the piston and underneath the piston fade which would allow a conalderable amount of tha oil In « 89 «•

the crankOQse to become subject to this temperature* also would account Tor tho difference in fuel oonmimptlon

produeed miring the test of the three oils, as the i^pora fortaod in the orankoase vaa fed dlreotly Into the inlet manifold* That no eao^bon d«poalt la found liere is not aufflelent eirldene«

to state that no eracklng tstes i^oe« for It Is to be retsessbered t^t this oil remains here bat a ocnaparatlvely short time, also that It la continually being washed off ^ frei^ oil from the orankease* ^urthertm>re to form a earbon deposit here, eoneldorably hl^or texapernture than 7S0® P. would be neoeeaary eonaiderlng the fact that It Is mahed ott bgr oil froQuently at a mob lover t«Baper&tare« tSse faet that tho amount of oil uaod up In sixteen hoars varied tho ts^e oils aast be entered as a eharacter*» latlo of the Individual oil, f^r any condition of the motor sucfo aa Ixa^per fitting rings and etc, would undoubtedly be

the saiae for each oil*

Ihat tho three olla under consideration did have different dharacterletles aa to cracking. Is shcnm in the boirti test* in the bomb test each oH «as given the sue heat treat-* nsnt* However, the vlseoslty teat ^loved that the fluidity of tajs oil so tested ms Inoreased at about tho saioe rate as the oil *as used up In the engine* In order to increase the fluidity of the bomb aaraple, the fresh oil put in the bomb must have undergone a change whereby low boiling or volatile fractions wore produced* «• 40 •

The fact that the above mentioned results did not eheck exactly with the amounts of oil used up in the engine is very likely due to ^erlmentaX error, for It mlc^t te pointed out ^lat the engine only required 5*8 IXm* of oil ttpproxlnately mo an erroi^ In vei^iing or an error in dmlning oat the orax^eaae at the end of t2ie ^st mi|^t easily be laade* Attenl^ion inig|ht be ealled to the p3:*eBSure genorated in the bomb due to the fonantlon of vapor* ITiat this pressure

Varies In the same order with tliree oils as the deorease in viscosity is logical and might be taken aa further supporting the theory already advanced, ^or the oil that la less at&rl e under the heat eonditlons of either the boab or engine will aatarally produce low boiling fraetiosa. Since t^e bomb teat does produce results on a fresh oily which checks within the range of experimental accuracy, with the actual teet of auch oil in an engine, it is thou^t that l^ls te^t rdi^t be developed into a reliable teat for any lubricating oil for the Internal combustion engine* ^ 41 m

CONCLUSIONS

Zt appears tvKm tlM foregoing teeta and dl80U88i

Inistlon engine* Some Xuhrloating oil« for the internal oc»ahustlon engine ere better able to withstand the conditions li^iosed open thea by an engine in operation than others* !Qie present day tests for lubricating oils are In^ ^be^ate# for they do not take into account the faotora of an iatenxal eombaation engine twder working eonditi