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What Is the Bible, and How Did It Come About? ABCDE LOCATING the BIBLICAL WORLD

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What Is the Bible, and How Did It Come About? ABCDE LOCATING the BIBLICAL WORLD PART 1 What Is the Bible, And How Did It Come About? ABCDE LOCATING THE BIBLICAL WORLD 1 1 EUROPE ASIA 2 2 India PACIFIC AFRICA OCEAN 3 3 Area of Detail in Map 1.2 ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN N 4 4 0 800 1600 2400 Miles 0 800 1600 2400 Kilometers ABCDE MAP 1.1 ABCDE M e d THE WORLD OF THE BIBLE AFP 18 i t e r r a Eurasia/Africa Locator n e a n Third Proof S e F e r 1 a t i 1 l e 09/18/09 CANAAN E C u r e p s h c r a e y t n e e l s t l R T a i i g V r v i e s e r R l i i v N e r r e v Ri P ile e 2 N r 2 s y i e l a l CUSH n a V G s u r u Red Se l f e d iv n R I s u INDIA d a n B I l u e e l i N N i l e e t 3 hi 3 W Arabian Sea 4 4 N 0 200 400 600 Miles 0 200 400 600 Kilometers ABCDE MAP 1.2 The “Fertile Crescent” is the name given to the rich arable land in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley, where ancient civilizations first developed. The area shaded yellow around AFP 18 Lake Victoria is where the oldest known human fossils have been discovered. Garden of Eden Version 2 4th Proof 08/07/08 The Bible 1 A Gradually Emerging Collection IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT P The process of canonization of the Bible O Hebrew Bible O New Testament P Why communities need a canon P The criteria writings needed to meet for admission to the New Testament hile most of us recognize a Bible understanding life in this technological age? when we see one, we often do not These all-important questions deserve clear W stop to consider just what it con- and careful answers. tains. What kinds of writings are in it? How The Bible has been and can be an extremely did it get to us? Why are translations so dif- valuable resource as we try to understand our ferent? We often hear questions of a different lives today and try to find meaning in a frag- sort, questions about whether the Bible is true mented world. In this book I try to understand when it says the world was created in six days the Bible in its own context, coming to see what or that Jesus stopped a raging storm. What are understandings of God, the world, humanity, those of us in a world dominated by a scien- and God’s people the Bible contains. Only after tific outlook to think about such things in the we have done that can we decide whether those Bible? How can an ancient book that seems to understandings have something to offer twenty- view the world so differently be valuable for first-century readers. 3 4 What IS the Bible, And How Did IT Come About? P The Bible: A Collection P The Emergence The Bible is not a single book, but a collection of the Canon of over sixty different writings composed by The process of collecting the various writings many different authors over hundreds of years, into a single book took several centuries, and written in three languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, the decisions about which books would consti- and Greek. The Bible also includes many differ- tute the Bible involved a great deal of thought ent kinds of writings: narratives, letters, psalms, and discussion. In the end, the thirty-nine books poetry, and an “apocalypse,” to name a few. of the Protestant Old Testament (the Hebrew Some of its books have multiple authors—for Bible counts the same writings as twenty-four example, the Gospel of John. Near the end of books by combining pairs of books like 1 and 2 John, this statement appears: “This is the dis- Samuel into one and the Twelve Minor Proph- ciple who is testifying to these things and has ets into one; see also the discussion of the Apoc- written them, and we know that his testimony is rypha below) and the twenty-seven books of the true” (John 21:24). New Testament were the writings in which the Notice the “we” in this verse. This sentence faith communities heard the voice of God in a shows clearly that a group of people beyond the distinctive way, a way that led them to designate original “disciple whom Jesus loved” (whom these books as authoritative guides for their this verse names as the source of the material in lives and beliefs. the book) had a hand in composing this Gospel. The term canon designates a collection of “We know” that what this disciple said is true. writings that carries authority in a given reli- So even some books that we often think of as gious community. The English word canon written by a single person had a more complex comes from the Greek kanon, which means a origin than just a solitary author composing at measuring stick. The canon is the standard by his or her desk. which a religious community evaluates beliefs, practices, and ethical behavior. We may wonder why anyone would want such a standard. Why not let each person determine what is right? BOX 1.1 Even if you decide that you want a standard, LOCATING MATERIAL IN THE BIBLE how do you decide what it is? Who decides? Books of the Bible are divided into chap- Why Standards? ters and verses. These divisions are used to locate particular passages within the While it seems to run counter to our desire for books. The regular way the divisions are freedom of thought and action, every group written is chapter number, colon, verse must have standards; without them there can be number. For example, chapter 21, verse no group. They may be an aggregation of peo- 24 is written 21:24. ple in a single location, but without things that bind the people together, they are not a group. CHAPTER 1 THE Bible 5 Every group must have a purpose and agree upon means of working toward that purpose. BOX 1.2 Bridge clubs, poker groups, and political move- SECOND TEMPLE JUDAISM ments all have agreed-upon purposes and rules Second Temple Judaism refers to the by which they conduct themselves. Sometimes forms of Judaism that existed from those rules are explicit and sometimes they approximately 515 B.C.E. to 70 C.E. This are implicit, but they are always there. Just try period begins when the temple in Jerusa- hiding a card up your sleeve if you think your lem was rebuilt after it had been destroyed poker group doesn’t have rules! Likewise, all by the Babylonians in about 587 B.C.E. and religious groups must have some guide for their ends with its destruction in 70 C.E. by the beliefs and practices. Without those, you have Romans. no reason to come together as a religious group. Boundaries. Not only do all religious groups P The Canon of the Hebrew need a guide for their beliefs and practices, they Bible also need means of determining their boundaries. Every group must have ways to determine who Like all groups, Second Temple–period Jews is in and who is out. Again, without boundaries, and early Christians needed authorities to which you do not have a group, because being all-inclu- they could appeal when there were disputes sive renders membership meaningless. The early about their identity, about what they should church and Second Temple Judaism needed believe, and about how they should live. Both boundaries that set them off from the polytheis- groups turned to books as their guides. So both tic world, and even from each other. They needed the Jewish community and those who believed ways to determine what their identity was to be. in Christ developed a canon, a set of authorita- Determining what your identity is includes tive writings. I will first sketch how the canon of clarifying who you are not. So groups need the Hebrew Bible developed, and then turn to some means of rejecting beliefs and practices the New Testament. that violate their core beliefs. This does not mean that people within the group must be A Complicated Process narrow-minded, only that they need ways to The process of collecting the books of the be clear about who they are. If you belong to Hebrew Bible was complicated. First, many of a group that has openness or inclusiveness as the books show evidence of having been writ- a central value, you cannot allow a person who ten by more than one person and of drawing on successfully works at excluding as many people other written sources for some of their content. as possible to be part of your group. Everyone Indeed, some of the books seem to have incorpo- must draw boundaries. This task is particularly rated material written hundreds of years before urgent when the group faces opposition or per- the texts we now have came together (we will secution, because people want to be clear about discuss this in more detail in subsequent chap- what they are willing to suffer for. ters). Many of the books of the Hebrew Bible are 6 What IS the Bible, And How Did IT Come About? FIGURE 1.1 THE WESTERN WALL OF THE TEMPLE This wall is the most intact part of Herod’s Temple that remains.
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