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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA Targum Song of Songs THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Targum Song of Songs: Language and Lexicon A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Andrew W. Litke Washington, D.C. 2016 Targum Song of Songs: Language and Lexicon Andrew W. Litke, Ph.D. Director: Edward M. Cook, Ph.D. Targum Song of Songs (TgSong) contains linguistic features from “literary” Aramaic as found in Targum Onqelos and Targum Jonathan, western Aramaic, eastern Aramaic, Biblical Aramaic, and Syriac. A similar mixing of linguistic features is evident in other targumim, and their language is collectively termed Late Jewish Literary Aramaic (LJLA). Though several of these LJLA texts have been linguistically analyzed, one text that has not received such an analysis is TgSong. Since TgSong expands well beyond the underlying Hebrew, it provides an excellent example from which to analyze distinct linguistic features. This dissertation approaches TgSong in two ways. First, it is a descriptive grammar and includes standard grammatical categories: phonology and orthography, morphology, syntax, and lexical stock. Second, in order to determine how the language is mixed and where the language of TgSong fits into the spectrum of Aramaic dialects, each grammatical feature and lexical item is compared to the other pre-modern Aramaic dialects. This dissertation shows first, that the mixing of linguistic features in TgSong is not haphazard. Individual linguistic features are largely consistent in the text, regardless of their dialectal classification. Second, the language of TgSong is primarily modeled on the language of Onqelos and Jonathan, with a secondary influence being Targumic Jewish Palestinian Aramaic. Eastern Aramaic and Biblical Aramaic elements are not as centrally influential on the language of TgSong, and linguistic elements specific to non-Jewish dialects are rarely attested. Finally, based on the data, it is argued first, that the author is self-consciously writing a targum, in spite of its expansiveness; second, that the well-educated targumist is writing for laity, rather than exclusively for an educated elite; third, that the targumist’s linguistic choices allow TgSong to be understood by Jews in all locales, making TgSong a text for Jews of all places. This Dissertation by Andrew W. Litke fulfills the dissertation requirements for the doctoral degree in Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures approved by Edward M. Cook, Ph.D., as Director, and by Andrew D. Gross, Ph.D., and Christian M. M. Brady, D.Phil., as Readers. —————————————————— Edward M. Cook, Ph.D., Director —————————————————— Andrew D. Gross, Ph.D., Reader —————————————————— Christian M. M. Brady, D.Phil., Reader ii For Dana iii Contents Front Matter Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The Targumim 1 1.2 The Text of TgSong 3 1.3 TgSong and Late Jewish Literary Aramaic 8 1.4 The Approach of the Present Study 19 1.4.1 The Aramaic Dialects 20 1.4.2 Other Late Jewish Literary Aramaic Texts 23 Chapter 2: Phonology and Orthography 25 2.1 Phonemic Inventory 25 2.1.1 Consonants 25 2.1.1.1 Graphemic Interchange 26 2.1.2 Vowels 30 2.1.2.1 Notes on the Yemenite Vocalization 34 2.1.3 Diphthongs 38 2.1.3.1 /ay/ 39 2.1.3.2 /aw/ 43 2.1.4 Vowel Letters 43 2.2 Phonological Processes 48 2.2.1 Assimilation 48 2.2.1.1 Complete 48 2.2.1.2 Partial 54 2.2.1.3 Palatalization 58 59 נ Dissimilation: Resolution of Gemination by 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 Verbs 61 2.2.2.2 Nouns 61 2.2.2.3 Pronouns 63 2.2.3 Metathesis 64 2.2.4 Weakening (Lenition) 65 65 בגדכפת Spirantization of 2.2.4.1 65 א Loss of 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 Weakening of Gutturals 67 69 ד Loss of Medial 2.2.4.4 2.2.4.5 Loss of Final Consonants 70 2.2.5 Segment Process 71 2.2.5.1 Prothesis (beginning of word) 71 2.2.5.2 Separation of Contiguous Vowels 73 2.2.5.3 Anaptyxis (within word) 74 iv 2.2.5.3.1 Segholization 74 2.2.5.3.2 Vowel Insertion with Gutturals 76 at the End of Words 76 –ן Addition of 2.2.5.4 Chapter 3: Morphology 78 3.1 Pronouns 78 3.1.1 Independent Personal Pronouns 78 3.1.2 Enclitic Pronouns 82 3.1.3 Pronominal Suffixes 83 3.1.3.1 Pronominal Suffixes on Nouns 83 3.1.3.1.1 Type 1 83 3.1.3.1.2 Type 2 89 3.1.3.2 Object Pronominal Suffixes 94 3.1.3.3 Independent Object Pronouns 96 3.1.3.4 Independent Possessive Pronouns 98 3.1.4 Demonstrative Pronouns 98 3.1.4.1 Proximate Demonstratives 99 3.1.4.2 Distal Demonstratives 101 3.1.5 Relative Pronouns 104 3.1.6 Interrogative Pronouns 105 3.1.7 Reflexive Pronouns 108 3.1.8 Reciprocal Pronouns 109 3.1.9 Indefinite Pronouns 109 3.2 Nouns 110 3.2.1 Number and Gender 110 3.2.2 State 111 3.2.2.1 Absolute State 111 3.2.2.2 Construct State 112 3.2.2.3 Emphatic State 113 3.2.3 Noun and Adjective Patterns 117 3.2.3.1 Monosyllabic Base, Two Consonants 118 3.2.3.2 Monosyllabic Base, Three Consonants 121 3.2.3.3 Bisyllabic Base, Three Simple Consonants 126 3.2.3.4 Bisyllabic Base, Three Consonants, Middle Doubled 131 3.2.3.5 Nouns with Reduplicated Elements 133 3.2.3.6 Quadriliteral Nouns 133 3.2.3.7 Nouns with Prefixes 134 3.2.3.8 Nouns with Suffixes 135 3.3 Numerals 137 3.3.1 Cardinal Numbers, 1–10 137 3.3.2 Cardinal Numbers, 11–19 139 3.3.3 Larger Numbers 141 3.3.4 Ordinal Numbers 142 3.3.5 Fractions 145 3.3.6 Quantifiers 145 v 3.4 Verbs 146 3.4.1 Verbal Stems 146 3.4.2 Perfect 148 3.4.3 Imperfect 152 3.4.4 Imperative 155 3.4.5 Infinitive 156 3.4.6 Active and Passive Participles 160 3.4.6.1 Active Participles 160 3.4.6.2 Passive Participles 163 3.4.7 Weak Verbs 164 164 א-Verbs I 3.4.7.1 165 נ-Verbs I 3.4.7.2 166 י/ו-Verbs I 3.4.7.3 3.4.7.4 Hollow Verbs 167 3.4.7.5 Geminate Verbs 170 3.4.7.6 Verbs III-Weak 173 3.4.7.8 Quadraradical Verbs 179 3.5 Particles 180 3.5.1 Prepositions 180 3.5.2 Conjunctions 185 3.5.3 Adverbials 189 3.5.4 Predicators of Existence 194 3.5.5 Interjections 194 Chapter 4: Syntax 195 4.1 Introduction 195 4.2 Noun and Noun Phrase Operations 196 4.2.1 Simple Noun Phrases 196 4.2.1.1 Apposition 196 4.2.1.1 Compound 197 4.2.2 Complex Noun Phrases 198 4.2.2.1 Genitive Constructions 198 4.2.2.2 Modified Nouns 201 4.2.3 Determiners 205 4.2.3.1 Noun State and Determination 205 4.2.3.2 Demonstratives 207 4.2.3.3 Numerals 208 4.3 Predication and Verb Phrase Operations 210 4.3.1 Verbal Conjugations 210 4.3.1.1 Perfect 210 4.3.1.2 Imperfect 210 4.3.1.3 Active Participle 211 4.3.2 Simple Verb Clauses 213 4.3.2.1 Copular Clauses 213 4.3.2.2 Transitivity 215 vi 4.4 Prepositional Phrases 217 4.5 Clause Structure 218 4.5.1 Word Order 218 4.5.2 Congruence 221 4.5.3 Clause Linkage 222 4.5.3.1 Conditional Clauses 222 4.5.3.2 Temporal Clauses 223 4.5.3.3 Comparative Clauses 224 Chapter 5: Lexical Stock 226 5.1 Introduction 226 5.2 Words Unique to Jewish Literary Aramaic 227 5.3 Eastern Words 230 5.3.1 Eastern Words Attested in the Babylonian Talmud 231 5.3.2 Eastern Words Not Attested in the Babylonian Talmud 235 5.4 Western Words 236 5.4.1 Western Words Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 237 5.4.2 Western Words Not Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 242 5.5 Biblical Aramaic Words 246 5.6 Late Jewish Literary Aramaic 247 5.6.1 Late Jewish Literary Aramaic Forms 247 5.6.2 Late Jewish Literary Aramaic Words 251 5.7 Words of Foreign Origin 255 5.7.1 Akkadian 255 5.7.1.1 Akkadian Words Common throughout Aramaic 255 5.7.1.2 Akkadian Words Not Common throughout Aramaic 257 5.7.2 Arabic 259 5.7.3 Greek 259 5.7.3.1 Greek Words Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 260 5.7.3.2 Greek Words Not Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 262 5.7.4 Latin 264 5.7.5 Persian 265 5.7.5.1 Persian Words Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 266 5.7.5.2 Persian Words Not Attested in Jewish Literary Aramaic 267 5.7.6 Sanskrit 268 5.8 Hebraisms 268 5.8.1 Hebraisms Attested in other Aramaic Dialects 269 5.8.2 Hebraisms Unique to Late Jewish Literary Aramaic 276 5.9 TgSong 5:14: The Twelve Tribes with Gemstones 280 5.10 The Lexicon in Broader Perspective 283 5.11 Conclusions 285 5.12 Introductory Glossary Matters 287 Glossary 289 vii Chapter 6: Conclusions and Implications 423 6.1 The Language of TgSong 423 6.1.1 Phonology and Orthography 423 6.1.2 Morphology 426 6.1.3 Syntax 430 6.1.4 Lexical Stock 433 6.2 TgSong among the Aramaic Dialects 438 6.3 Implications of this Study 439 Bibliography 442 viii Abbreviations Grammatical Abbreviations abs absolute adj adjective adv adverb c common con construct conj conjunction demon demonstrative emph emphatic f, fem feminine impf imperfect interj interjection interr interrogative intrans intransitive m, mas masculine n noun n.a.
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