DOCSLIB.ORG

The Representation of Populares in the Late Roman Republic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Representation of Populares in the Late Roman Republic View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kent Academic Repository QUA RE QUI POSSUM NON ESSE POPULARIS: THE REPRESENTATION OF POPULARES IN THE LATE ROMAN REPUBLIC. by Michael A. Nash A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Research Department of Classical and Archaeological Studies School of European Culture and Languages University of Kent September 2015 (Thesis word count: 39,688) Abstract The terms popularis and optimate have been employed in both ancient and modern literature to interpret late Roman Republican politics. The purpose of this work is to express the diversity and change of the popularis label from 133 to 88 B.C. as a consequence of developing political practices. A chronological assessment of five key popularis tribunes in this period; Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, G. Sempronius Gracchus, L. Appuleius Saturninus, M. Livius Drusus and P. Sulpicius Rufus determines the variation in political methodologies exploited by these men in response to an optimate opposition. An assessment of Cicero’s works then considers how the discrepancies exhibited by these politicians could be manipulated for oratorical advantage. This subsequently reveals the perception of pre- Sullan populares in the time of Cicero, a generation later. This work ultimately aims to demonstrate the individualistic nature of late Republican politicians, the evolution of political practice in the period and the diverse employment of political labels in contemporary sources. 2 Acknowledgments This dissertation has come to fruition thanks to the assistance provided from numerous individuals. Primarily, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Ray Laurence for his supervision throughout the year. His support and feedback has been invaluable and has helped to enhance my work throughout. I would also like to thank Dr Arthur Keaveney, who has held informal discussions with me to offer guidance and encouragement in the course of my studies. Finally, I would like to thank all those who work in the department of Classical and Archaeological Studies at The University of Kent, who have aided me greatly in a number of diverse matters throughout the year. I hope that this work reflects my enthusiasm for the topic, which has been nurtured by the generous support offered to me by those mentioned above. 3 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... 3 Contents ................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 7 Structure and Methodology ............................................................................................... 15 1. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus ....................................................................................... 17 Early Life and Career .......................................................................................................... 17 The Tribunate of 133 B.C. .................................................................................................. 20 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 29 2. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus........................................................................................... 31 Key Events between the Gracchi ....................................................................................... 31 Early Career ........................................................................................................................ 34 The Tribunate of 123 B.C. .................................................................................................. 35 The Tribunate of 122 B.C. .................................................................................................. 42 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 51 3. Lucius Appuleius Saturninus .......................................................................................... 53 The Foundation of a Political Alliance ................................................................................ 53 The Tribunate of 103 B.C. .................................................................................................. 56 Inter-Tribunate Events ....................................................................................................... 60 The Tribunate of 100 B.C. .................................................................................................. 62 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 67 4. Marcus Livius Drusus...................................................................................................... 69 The Influence of Judicial Malpractice ................................................................................ 69 The Tribunate of 91 B.C. .................................................................................................... 70 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 78 5. Publius Sulpicius Rufus ................................................................................................... 80 Pre-Tribunician Reputation ................................................................................................ 80 The Tribunate of 88 B.C. .................................................................................................... 81 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 89 6. The Past in the Present: Marcus Tullius Cicero and Publius Clodius Pulcher ................ 91 Quantitative Data ............................................................................................................... 92 Rhetorical Techniques ........................................................................................................ 93 4 Tribunician Representations .............................................................................................. 95 Evaluation ........................................................................................................................ 106 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 108 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 115 5 Introduction The nature of populares and optimates has been a focus of debate traceable back to the first century B.C.1 The flexible nature of these expressions, in particular popularis, resulted in unstable and incomplete definitions of the key terms. This issue is succinctly demonstrated by the numerous interpretations provided within The Oxford Latin Dictionary. These range from genuine popularity to outlining a social group and political position.2 The Latin term popularis and its Greek equivalent demotikoi became an established label following the tribunate of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in 133 B.C.3 Alongside the term optimate and its approximate Greek parallels dynatoi or plousioi, the popularis concept helped to form the view of Rome as a neatly divided political system.4 This led to the grouping of individuals by their political aims, a trend that permeated both ancient and modern literature. This dissertation addresses the movement away from the generalised viewpoint in modern literature, stressing the need for a detailed approach when dealing with politicians of the late Roman Republic. This will show that popularis tribunes from 133 to 88 B.C. did not wholly subscribe to a single generic trend and that they exhibited distinctive traits in their magistracies as a reaction to optimate policies. Following this discussion, an assessment will be made concerning Cicero’s exploitation of the various connotations of the term popularis. This was employed alongside examples of past tribunes to engage with contemporary politicians such as P. Clodius Pulcher. 1 Cic. Leg. agr. 2.9 provides the quotation for the title of this dissertation, while an extended discussion of populares and optimates can be found in Cic. Sest. 96ff. 2 Glare, P. G. W. The Oxford Latin Dictionary. Vol. 2. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), 1544-5. 3 de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. (London: Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited, 1981), 341; Badian, E. “Optimates, Populares.” In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, edited by S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth, & E. Eidinow, 1042-1043. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1042. 4 Warre Cornish, F., ed. A Concise Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. (London: John Murray, 1898), 443; de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. The Class
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fork in the Road: the Catilinarian Conspiracy's Impact
    A Fork in the Road: The Catilinarian Conspiracy‘s Impact on Cicero‘s relationships with Pompey, Crassus` and Caesar Jeffrey Larson History 499: Senior Thesis June 13, 2011 © Jeffrey Larson, 2011 1 But concerning friendship, all, to a man, think the same thing: those who have devoted themselves to public life; those who find their joy in science and philosophy; those who manage their own business free from public cares; and, finally, those who are wholly given up to sensual pleasures — all believe that without friendship life is no life at all. .1 The late Roman Republic was filled with crucial events which shaped not only the political environment of the Republic, but also altered the personal and political relationships of the individuals within that Republic. Four of the most powerful, and most discussed, characters of this time are Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC – 43 BC), Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106 BC – 48 BC), Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC – 53 BC), and Gaius Julius Caesar (c. 100 BC – 44 BC). These men often crossed paths and some even had close friendships with each other. Other than Pompeius, better known as Pompey, all the aforementioned individuals were involved, or reportedly involved, in one event which had profound effects on the personal and political relationships of all four individuals. This event is known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy of 63 BC. The Catilinarian Conspiracy was a pivotal episode in the politics of the Late Roman Republic that damaged both the political and personal relationships of Cicero, Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. Politics in the Roman Republic was dominated by a small number of members of the senatorial class.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicero a Study of Gamesmanship in the Late
    CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMANSHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of History California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History by Eugene H. Boyd FALL 2018 © 2018 Eugene H. Boyd ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMAN SHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC A Thesis by Eugene H. Boyd Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Nikolaos Lazaridis, PhD. __________________________________, Second Reader Jeffrey Brodd, PhD. ____________________________ Date iii Student: Eugene H. Boyd I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Jeffrey Wilson, PhD Date Department of History iv Abstract of CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMANSHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC by Eugene H. Boyd Roman politics during the final decades of the Late Republic was a vicious process of gamesmanship wherein lives of people, their families and friends were at the mercy of the gamesmen. Cicero’s public and political gamesmanship reflects the politics, class and ethnic biases of Roman society and how random events impacted personal insecurities. ______________________ _, Committee Chair Nikolaos Lazaridis, PhD. ____________________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of obtaining a Master’s degree, I have found, is not an independent, isolated experience. Citing a contemporary adage, “It takes a village.” Truer words have never by spoken. To that end, I would like to recognize in the most warmly and thankful manner, the people in my “village” who helped me through the graduate study program and eventual master’s degree.
    [Show full text]
  • PETER MARSHALL FRASER 135 PETER FRASER Photograph: B
    PETER MARSHALL FRASER 135 PETER FRASER Photograph: B. J. Harris, Oxford Peter Marshall Fraser 1918–2007 THE SUBJECT OF THIS MEMOIR was for many decades one of the two pre- eminent British historians of the Hellenistic age, which began with Alexander the Great. Whereas the other, F. W. Walbank (1909–2008),1 concentrated on the main literary source for the period, the Greek histor- ian Polybius, Fraser’s main expertise was epigraphic. They both lived to ripe and productive old ages, and both were Fellows of this Academy for an exceptionally long time, both having been elected aged 42 (Walbank was FBA from 1951 to 2008, Fraser from 1960 to 2007). Peter Fraser was a tough, remarkably good-looking man of middle height, with jet-black hair which turned a distinguished white in his 60s, but never disappeared altogether. When he was 77, a Times Higher Education Supplement profile of theLexicon of Greek Personal Names (for which see below, p. 179) described him as ‘a dashing silver-haired don’. He was attract ive to women even at a fairly advanced age and when slightly stout; in youth far more so. The attraction was not merely physical. He was exceptionally charming and amusing company when not in a foul mood, as he not infrequently was. He had led a far more varied and exciting life than most academics, and had a good range of anecdotes, which he told well. He could be kind and generous, but liked to disguise it with gruffness. He could also be cruel. He was, in fact, a bundle of contradictions, and we shall return to this at the end.
    [Show full text]
  • ERNST BADIAN Ernst Badian 1925–2011
    ERNST BADIAN Ernst Badian 1925–2011 THE ANCIENT HISTORIAN ERNST BADIAN was born in Vienna on 8 August 1925 to Josef Badian, a bank employee, and Salka née Horinger, and he died after a fall at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts, on 1 February 2011. He was an only child. The family was Jewish but not Zionist, and not strongly religious. Ernst became more observant in his later years, and received a Jewish funeral. He witnessed his father being maltreated by Nazis on the occasion of the Reichskristallnacht in November 1938; Josef was imprisoned for a time at Dachau. Later, so it appears, two of Ernst’s grandparents perished in the Holocaust, a fact that almost no professional colleague, I believe, ever heard of from Badian himself. Thanks in part, however, to the help of the young Karl Popper, who had moved to New Zealand from Vienna in 1937, Josef Badian and his family had by then migrated to New Zealand too, leaving through Genoa in April 1939.1 This was the first of Ernst’s two great strokes of good fortune. His Viennese schooling evidently served Badian very well. In spite of knowing little English at first, he so much excelled at Christchurch Boys’ High School that he earned a scholarship to Canterbury University College at the age of fifteen. There he took a BA in Classics (1944) and MAs in French and Latin (1945, 1946). After a year’s teaching at Victoria University in Wellington he moved to Oxford (University College), where 1 K. R. Popper, Unended Quest: an Intellectual Autobiography (La Salle, IL, 1976), p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Context of Cicero's Oration De Domo
    «Ciceroniana on line» II, 2, 2018, 245-264 JOANNA KENTY THE POLITICAL CONTEXT OF CICERO’S ORATION DE DOMO SUA 1. Introduction Cicero was exultant over his speech De domo sua, but most modern readers have not been so impressed1. The speech is unusually long, and is filled with vigorous invective and vitriolic ranting, but it has less of the wit, urbanity, and conspicuous artistry which make other Ciceronian invectives so entertaining. It does not correspond especially well to normal conventions of rhetoric in its organization, and in fact, at least the first third of the speech seems to be entirely irrelevant to the case at hand2. In introducing his translation of the speech, the Loeb translator chooses to offer an outline, explaining: «it will be advisable for the read- er to have a summary to guide him through this diffuse and disordered speech»3. A few scholars even thought the speech to be an unworthy forgery4. Why, then, was Cicero so pleased? In short, because he did not write it for us. De domo sua resulted in a verdict in Cicero’s favor, but it is also an exemplar of oratory as immediate political intervention, per- haps not timeless but certainly timely: its unusual organization and tone address the political exigencies of the occasion on which it was deliv- ered. The speech is composed and structured to address potential disad- vantageous prejudices among the audience, and then to evoke new, ad- vantageous ones. As such, I argue, the oration was indeed a success. De domo sua was delivered in September of 57 BCE, after Cicero had returned triumphantly from exile (literally, by his own account in Att.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Political Culture and the People's Role in the Roman Republic
    TRADITIONAL POLITICAL CULTURE AND THE PEOPLEʼS ROLE IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC The peopleʼs role in the political system of the Roman Republic has been at the centre of scholarly debate since Millarʼs challenge to the traditional oligarchic interpretation of Republican politics.1 Today, few would dismiss the signifi cance of the popular ele- ment in the system altogether. However, many scholars strongly insist that in the fi nal analysis, the Republic, whatever popular or pseudo-popular features it possessed, was a government of the elite, by the elite and for the elite. This has increasingly come to be attributed to the cultural hegemony of the Roman ruling class. Rather than excluding the common people from the political process, the elite, it is now argued, was able to make sure that the part they played in politics would be broadly positive from its point of view. What follows is a critical examination of this thesis. I. Cultural factors and the power of the elite The debate on Roman “democracy” is inevitably infl uenced by oneʼs understanding of this loaded term, which is often strongly informed by modern democratic theory and experience. That modern political systems usually regarded as democratic include a considerable element of elite control and manipulation is of course a truism.2 How far-reaching, and, indeed, “undemocratic” the infl uence of this elitist element is, and what room it leaves for genuine popular participation – these are debatable points, both analytically and ideologically. Hence there can be no full agreement as to what it is we are looking for when we inquire about “democratic” features in the Roman Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman World • Lecture 6 • the End of the Republic: Julius Caesar
    • MDS1TRW: The Roman World • Lecture 6 • The End of the Republic: Julius Caesar CRICOS Provider 00115M latrobe.edu.au CRICOS Provider 00115M The end of the Republic: 133-27 BCE 1. Poli=cal and civil conflict of late Republic 2. Julius Caesar http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmarks/Caesar/Caesar.html 133 BCE • AEalus III of PerGamum • Tiberius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs) • veto power • T. Gracchus’ Land Bill http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html 123 BCE • Gaius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs) – Grain price – Extor=on Courts • equites – Ci=zenship Bill http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html Op=mates and Populares • Op=mates: senatorial • Populares: people • Lucius Cornelius Sulla http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309_white_bkg.jpg • Gaius Marius http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius GAIUS MARIUS • 105: Gauls • Army reform • Consul 107, 104-100, 86 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius Rome vs. ItalY • Ci=zenship Bill • 91 Drusus murdered • 91-88 Social War • vs. socii http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps297454.jpg&retpage=17508 Rome vs. Pontus • Mithridates VI • Sulla… • Sulpicius: Marius Sulla vs. Marius • Proscrip=ons • Cinna consul 87 • Cinna & Marius 86 • Sulla dictator 82 • New cons=tu=on 81 Sulla dictator • New cons=tu=on 81 – Tribunes of the People lose veto – Council of People lose leGislave riGhts – doubles Senate – Extor=on court -> senate –
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Electrónica: Actas Y Comunicaciones
    1 Revista electrónica: Actas y Comunicaciones Instituto de Historia Antigua y Medieval Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Universidad de Buenos Aires Volumen 2 - 2006 ISSN: 1669-7286 http://www.filo.uba.ar/contenidos/investigacion/institutos/historiaantiguaymedieval/publicaciones.htm Actas y comunicaciones Del instituto de Historia antigua y medieval VOLUMEN 2 - 2006 ______________________________________________________________________ EL TIRANO DEBE MORIR: EL TIRANICIDIO PREVENTIVO EN EL PENSAMIENTO POLÍTICO ROMANO Francisco Pina Polo* ** Universidad de Zaragoza Fecha de recepción: Mayo 2006 Fecha de aceptación: Mayo 2006 RESUMEN El propósito es cuestionar que existiera la aceptación del tiranicidio como castigo legítimo. Se trataba más bien de un procedimiento ilegal y rupturista respecto a la tradición republicana, promovido como solución final por los optimates tardorrepublicanos, y como tal impugnado y contestado por amplios sectores de la sociedad romana. ABSTRACT The purpose is to question that there was acceptance of tyrannicide as legitimate punishment. It was more of an illegal procedure and break with republican tradition, promoted as the ultimate solution for the optimates tardorrepublicanos, and as such challenged and contested by large segments of Roman society PALABRAS CLAVES República romana – Tiranicidio – Historiografía - Cicerón KEY WORDS Roman Republic – Tyrannicide - Historiography - Cicero “Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind” George Orwell, Politics and the English Language, 1946 Se acepta como una verdad adquirida en la historiografía que se ocupa de la República romana, que los romanos consideraban legítimo el uso de la violencia contra aquellos políticos que fueran acusados de aspirar a la tiranía. Se trataría de una tradición consustancial a la misma República desde el momento en que había sido abolida la monarquía tras la expulsión del tirano Tarquinio el Soberbio.
    [Show full text]
  • Valentina Arena, Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic
    Valentina Arena, Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. viii, 324. ISBN 978-1-107-02817-3. Hardback. $ 99.00. This book is a reworked version of Arena’s doctoral dissertation and attempts (p. 1) ‘to study the conceptualisations of the idea of libertas and the nature of their connection with the practice of politics in the late Roman Republic’; this period, for the purposes of the book, runs from 70 to 52 BC. The first chapter, ‘Roman libertas’, discusses the definition of freedom in the political context of the late Republic. As Arena demonstrates, libertas was defined throughout the ancient period as ‘the status of non-subjection to the arbitrary will of another person or group of persons’ (p. 6), in opposition to slavery. The first chapter discusses the exact status of various groups in society, e.g. freedmen, filiifamilias, and women. In general only those with full citizenship of the Roman state were truly free, since they could participate in the direct ruling of the state through the elective and legislative processes. This freedom was expressed through several symbols, e.g. the pilleus (cap of liberty) and through buildings such as the Atrium Libertatis and the temple of Libertas. The second chapter, ‘The citizens’ political liberty’, discusses how the concept of freedom informed the political process. Not only an individual’s status safeguarded his liberty, but also the arrangement of the commonwealth. The most important instruments for protecting the citizens’ liberty were provocatio, the right to appeal decisions by magistrate to the people’s assembly, appellatio to a tribune of the plebs, and suffragium, the right to vote.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sertorian City of Once He Could Escape from His Camp Valentia
    subsequently lost his left eye during the Social War against the Italian Allies, probably serving under the Consul Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey the Great. Civil War and defeat in Spain Sertorius joined the Populares in opposition to Sulla and the Optimates, after Sulla marched on Rome and drove Marius out. After Sulla departed to fight Mithridates, the forces of Marius and L. Cornelius Cinna moved to retake Italy. Sertorius commanded a legion during the siege of Rome, and attempted to moderate the bloodshed which occurred after Cinna and Marius took the city in late 87 BC. Marius and Cinna were both dead by the time Sulla returned to Italy in 83 BC. Sertorius, now a Praetor, was Early Career approaching men were their own, disgusted with the quality of his Quintus Sertorius was a Sabine, born they allowed Sertorius entry at which superiors, especially L. Cornelius around 125 BC to a prominent family point the town was sacked. Many Scipio Asiaticus for whom he was from Nursia. His first known more were killed and the rest sold legate. Sulla induced Scipio's men to military service was under Quintus into slavery. desert to him, and Sertorius decided Servilius Caepio at the disastrous that Italy was lost. Partly to be rid of battle of Arausio in 105 BC. There, Sertorius was decorated for his his criticisms, the Marian Consuls the Cimbri and Teutones destroyed actions, and gained fame. He sent Sertorius to Spain with procon- two Roman armies with losses that sular imperium to prevent Sulla exceeded those at Cannae.
    [Show full text]
  • This Book — the Only History of Friendship in Classical Antiquity That Exists in English
    This book — the only history of friendship in classical antiquity that exists in English - examines the nature of friendship in ancient Greece and Rome from Homer (eighth century BC) to the Christian Roman Empire of the fourth century AD. Although friendship is throughout this period conceived of as a voluntary and loving relationship (contrary to the prevailing view among scholars), there are major shifts in emphasis from the bonding among warriors in epic poetry, to the egalitarian ties characteristic of the Athenian democracy, the status-con- scious connections in Rome and the Hellenistic kingdoms, and the commitment to a universal love among Christian writers. Friendship is also examined in relation to erotic love and comradeship, as well as for its role in politics and economic life, in philosophical and religious communities, in connection with patronage and the private counsellors of kings, and in respect to women; its relation to modern friendship is fully discussed. Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 147.231.79.110 on Thu May 20 13:43:40 BST 2010. Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 147.231.79.110 on Thu May 20 13:43:40 BST 2010. Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 KEYTHEMES IN ANCIENT HISTORY Friendship in the classical world Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 147.231.79.110 on Thu May 20 13:43:40 BST 2010. Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 KEY THEMES IN ANCIENT HISTORY EDITORS Dr P.
    [Show full text]