DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sertorian City of Once He Could Escape from His Camp Valentia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sertorian City of Once He Could Escape from His Camp Valentia subsequently lost his left eye during the Social War against the Italian Allies, probably serving under the Consul Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey the Great. Civil War and defeat in Spain Sertorius joined the Populares in opposition to Sulla and the Optimates, after Sulla marched on Rome and drove Marius out. After Sulla departed to fight Mithridates, the forces of Marius and L. Cornelius Cinna moved to retake Italy. Sertorius commanded a legion during the siege of Rome, and attempted to moderate the bloodshed which occurred after Cinna and Marius took the city in late 87 BC. Marius and Cinna were both dead by the time Sulla returned to Italy in 83 BC. Sertorius, now a Praetor, was Early Career approaching men were their own, disgusted with the quality of his Quintus Sertorius was a Sabine, born they allowed Sertorius entry at which superiors, especially L. Cornelius around 125 BC to a prominent family point the town was sacked. Many Scipio Asiaticus for whom he was from Nursia. His first known more were killed and the rest sold legate. Sulla induced Scipio's men to military service was under Quintus into slavery. desert to him, and Sertorius decided Servilius Caepio at the disastrous that Italy was lost. Partly to be rid of battle of Arausio in 105 BC. There, Sertorius was decorated for his his criticisms, the Marian Consuls the Cimbri and Teutones destroyed actions, and gained fame. He sent Sertorius to Spain with procon- two Roman armies with losses that sular imperium to prevent Sulla exceeded those at Cannae. Sertorius gaining control there. Sertorius was wounded and forced to swim the traveled with a single legion, taking the Rhodanus river to save his life. his post as Governor, possibly of both provinces, which was not unheard of He next served under Gaius Marius at the time. Sertorius worked to as a Tribune for several years, eliminate all Sullan support in Spain, fighting in the Battles of Aquae and instituted policies that endeared Sextiae and Vercellae (see Dictator him to the natives. module), learning the art of war from that superb general. Sulla meanwhile crushed all opposi- tion and had himself appointed Following those victories, he served Dictator. He proscribed thousands of under the experienced Titus Didius in his enemies, resulting in their deaths Spain. While Sertorius' legion was and the confiscation of their property wintering at Castulo, the natives, to enrich the Sullan regime. Sertorius with the aid of the nearby Oretanii quickly found himself ranked tribe, fell upon them at night and number one on the proscription list. killed a great many. Sertorius rallied his men and recaptured the town, In 81 BC, Sulla sent Gaius Annius putting to death all men of military Luscus as governor to Spain with a age. He then had his men dressed in large army. Sertorius' forces were no native garb, and went to the Oppidum match for Luscus and he was quickly of the Oretanii. Thinking that the driven back. With 3,000 men he was defeated Paccianus and took control from Gibraltar. His army at this forced into New Carthage, from of his troops. Bocchus (or Bogud) point consisted of 2,600 Romans and which he evacuated Spain. became king of Mauretania. 700 Moorish cavalry. He was quickly joined by 4,000 Lusitanian infantry Sertorius was now a fugitive. He While wondering what to do next, and another 700 cavalry. It was from landed on one of the Balearics, took Sertorius was approached by this slender beginning in 80 BC that over, and started recruiting. Luscus Lusitanian emissaries. The he was to control most of Spain pursued with superior force and Lusitanians were chafing under within three years. drove him off after a small naval Sulla's harsh rule, and offered to battle. Sertorius then tried to make a submit themselves to Sertorius as Cotta's legate, Lucius Fufidius, was landings in Spain, but Luscus their leader with absolute authority. undoubtedly surprised by his skillfully thwarted him again. Accordingly, Sertorius prepared to commander's defeat and Sertorius' Sertorius then went to Mauretania renew the struggle with Sulla. landing. He hastily gathered what where he intervened in a dynastic forces he could and moved to cut struggle. He defeated Ascalis son of Return to Spain Sertorius off at the Baetis River, to Iptha and besieged him at Tingis, Sertorius defeated C. Aurelius Cotta prevent Sertorius from reaching when Paccianus was sent by Sulla to in a naval battle at Mellaria and Lusitania. Despite being outnum- relieve the siege. Sertorius in turn landed in Southern Spain, not far bered, Sertorius outmaneuvered and routed Fufidius with the loss of 2,000 flocked to Spain to join up with Metellus Pius' fortifications, but men. Fufidius and Cotta retired to Sertorius, swelling his forces. Sertorius did not have the power to lick their wounds while Sertsrius conduct a serious counter-offensive. pressed onward and reached the During the winter, most of the native Metellus, seeing there would be no lands of his allies. (See Baetis River tribes went over to Sertorius. To be quick decision, continued his slow sidebar, below) sure, many stayed loyal to Rome for advancement of fortified towns into no other reason than a neighboring Lusitania, while conducting a rival tribe declared for Sertorius. Sertorius immediately began organiz- scorched earth policy to force the However, Sertorius kept most to ing the tribes and teaching them to Lusitanians back. Many of his his side and for the most part cowed fight as legions. Extremely warlike, military towns still exist today, such or outright conquered the ones who his most difficult task was instilling as Metellium (modern Medellin). discipline. Many chafed under the did not join him. Most (but not all) restrictions, but they realized that it of the cities along the coast stayed At the same time, Hirtuleius inflicted would take Roman style training to loyal to Rome. These cities, with a stunning defeat on Domitius defeat Romans. At the same time, their Greek, Punic, and Roman Calvinus at Consabura, killing the thousands of expatriate Marians populations, feared a nationalistic Proconsul. He then proceeded to "barbarian" Spain. take nearly the entire province away from Sulla by the time winter ended Meanwhile, Sulla appointed the the campaigning season. Consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius as governor of Hispania Ulterior The High Mark with a large army and a mandate to Lucius Manlius, governor of crush Sertorius. Metellus was the son Transalpine Gaul, crossed the of Metellus Numidicus (see Jugurtha Pyrenees into Spain to assist module) and had served his father in Metellus. Hirtuleius met and Africa as a cadet. Metellus Pius was defeated Manlius at Ilerda, then an experienced general from the chased him back into his own Social War and the fight against province. These actions gained Marius. He in turn had his son (Q. C. Sertorius the support of many Metellus Scipio) on his staff. Marcus powerful tribes in Northern Spain. Domitius Calvinus was sent to No longer was it a Lusitanian war. Hispania Citerior to keep Sertorius from expanding eastward. Metellus planned to lay siege to the Metellus concentrated on organiza- Sertorian Oppidum of Langobritae (or tion and building fortifications, while Langobriga), reasoning that with its sending his legate Lucius Thorius water problems, it would fall quickly. Balbus to contend with Sertorius. Sertorius' spies learned of the plan, Sertorius sent the extremely capable Lucius Hirtuleius with his younger brother as legate to eastern Spain to contain Calvinus. As Thorius pushed his way into Lusitania, Sertorius concentrated on harassing his foraging parties and cutting his supply lines. His Lusitanians, with a long history of banditry, were born guerrillas and they drove the oppos- ing Romans to distraction with ambushes and raids, fading into the mountains to avoid pursuit. When Thorius was worn down to his satisfaction, Sertorius engaged him along the Anas River with his hastily trained Spaniards and a core of hardened Romans. (See Anas River sidebar, right) In a pitched battle, Thorius was killed and his army routed. The Romans were harassed all the way back to and he sent his Moorish and Iberian northern tribes of the Meseta were to Romanize the children of his tribal horsemen to carry two-thousand full firmly in Sertorius' camp. Sertorius allies. He strengthened his allure waterskins to the town, then carry also rebuilt the city of Osca in Roman with a pet albino fawn, which the back the townspeople who would be image and made it his capital, superstitious tribesmen identified least serviceable during the siege. installing a Senate and special schools with the goddess Diana. Sertorius himself then moved down to cut Metellus' supply lines. When Metellus found the town still holding out, and his own supplies running low, he dispatched Marcus Aquinas with 6,000 troops to bring in fresh supplies. Sertorius laid an ambush with 3,000 guerrillas hidden in the woods attacking Aquinas from the rear while Sertorius attacked the vanguard. (See Langobritae sidebar, next page) Aquinas was outflanked almost before he knew it. Amid bitter fighting, his horse was killed and he was forced to strip off his armor in order to escape. Half of his men were killed and nearly all the rest were captured. The supplies never reached Metellus, who was forced to abandon the siege and return to his fortified lines. Consolidation and Regrouping Around this time, Sulla died. The Consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus staged a revolt against 'Sulla's Senate' but it was crushed in short order. Marcus Perperna Vento, a Praetor in Lepidus' revolt and governor of Sicily, decided his only chance of survival was in Spain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
    ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter­ val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec­ tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni­ versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis­ tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Sertorius's Overlooked Correspondent?
    SERTORIUS'S OVERLOOKED CORRESPONDENT? Numismatic evidence can sometimes help to solve historical questions. One such coin may be the joint issue ofC. Cassius and L. Salinator, dated by Michael Crawford to 84 B. C. l ). The first of this pair was probably the cos. 73, a member of the noble plebeian family of the Cassii Longini2). I propose conneeting this particular Cassius with areport in severalliterary sources 3). These sources tell us that, at the end of the Sertorian War in the late seventies B.C., when Pompey captured Sertorius's successor Perperna, the latter offered to show his captor letters from influential men in Rome (Plutarch's Sertorius specifies 'consu­ lars') who had invited Sertorius to return horne from Spain and to overthrow the Sullan regime. A small controversy has raged concerning these reports. Was Perperna merely lying in order to save his life or is this a case of Plutarchan imprecision4)? If there was indeed an offer I) M.H.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), No. 355· 2) Ibid., p. 371. See MRR ii. 109. Admittedly, the identifieation of the monetalis with the cos. 73 is notassured; cf., e.g., E.S.Gruen, The Last Generation 0/ the Roman Republic (BerkeleyjLos Angeles, 1974), 126, n. 21. See also the final sentenee of n. 10, below. 3) App., B. C. 1. 115. 536: "[Perperna] emßJ..uacp1]fioOvfioCVOv vno TWV i<5lwv we; uNH:VT1]V LSeTWe{ov l<:ul ßOWVTU noJ..J..d fio1]vvastv np llOfion1]Üp nsel Tije;ev'PwfiorJ maaswe;'''; Plut., Pompey 20.7: "6 yde llsenivvue; TWV LSeTWe­ {ov yeufiofioaTWV ysyovwe; l<:VeWe; EOELXVUEV emaToJ..de; TWV iv'PwfiorJ bvvuTwTaTwv dvbewv, OL Ta nue6vTa l<:tvijaw ßovJ..5fioCVOt neayfiouTu l<:ul fioSTuaTijam T",V noJ..tTstuv el<:aJ..ovv TOV LSeTWeWV sie; T",V '!TuJ..{uv"; Plut., Sertorius 27· 3: "TWV LSeTWe{ov yeufiofioaTwv l<:Vewe; ysyovwe; vmaxvsLTo llOfion1]Ü.p &(~StV vnunl<:wv dvbewv l<:u{ ev'PwfiorJ bvvUfioivwv UVTOyeacpOve; emaToJ..ae;, l<:UJ..OVVTWV LSeHOeWV sle; '!TuJ..{uv, we; noJ..J..wv no()oVvTWV Ta nUe6VTU l<:tvijaw, l<:ul fioSTU­ ßUJ..SLV T",V noJ..tu{uv." 4) E.
    [Show full text]
  • “We Trace out All the Veins of the Earth”1
    The Springs Graduate History Journal “We trace out all the veins of the earth”1 Iberian Mining, Labor, and the Industrial Foundation of the Roman Empire: An Interdisciplinary Approach Donald Unger Abstract: By combining the critical analysis of ancient literature with archaeology and modern atmospheric data, this paper explores the limitations of ancient source material treating the topic of mining in Roman Spain from the beginning of third century B.C. during the outbreak of the second major Punic War (c. 218-201 BC) until the end of the first-century CE. By evidencing that historical treatments by ancient authors writing on the topic of mining were sparse and devoid of detail, this paper argues that an interdisciplinary approach combining ancient with modern empirical data is a viable method which can and should be used to overcome ancient source limitations on the topic of mining. Ultimately, this study supports the empirically founded notion that, in the case of the Roman mining enterprise, a proto-industrial revolution occurred at about 100 B.C. in Spain that would not be rivaled in size and scope until the modern industrial revolution. —Introduction— When Hannibal crossed the Mediterranean for the first time in 235 BC at the age of nine, he travelled North with his father Hamilcar Barca to Spain.2 After shoring up his position in North Africa following a mercenary revolt and the loss of the strategic isle of Sicily in the first Punic War against the Romans, the most pressing order of business for Hannibal’s father was to secure his position in Southern Iberia so as to gain control of the peninsula's resources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions for History of Ancient Rome by Garret Fagan
    www.YoYoBrain.com - Accelerators for Memory and Learning Questions for History of Ancient Rome by Garret Fagan Category: Pre-Republic - (12 questions) What is the range of mountains that run Apennine range down the center of Italy 3 main plains in Italy Po River Valley in northplain of Latium around RomeCampania around Naples How many legendary kings of Rome were 7 there Who was first legendary king of Rome Romulus What was second king of Rome, Numa establishing religious traditions of Rome Pompilius, famous for What was Rome 3rd legendary king, Tullius attacking neighboring peoples Hostilus, famous for Where were the 2 Tarquin kings from Etruscan What was basic political unit pre-Republic tribes - started as 3 and expanded to 21 Romans born into What social unit were pre-Republic families clans grouped into What was the function of the Curiate to ratify the senate's choice of king and Assembly in pre-Republican Rome confer power of command (imperium) on him Who was the last king of Rome Tarquinius Superbus (the Arragont) Who was the woman raped by Sextus Lucretia Tarquinius leading to ouster of king Category: Republican - (30 questions) What was the title of the second in command Master of Horse to a temporary dictator in Republican Rome What was the Struggle of the Orders in internal social and political conflict between Roman history Plebians and Patrician classes that ran between 494 BC and 287 BC When did the Roman plebians first "secede" 494 B.C. from Rome during Struggle of the Orders When was law passed making laws passed 287
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fork in the Road: the Catilinarian Conspiracy's Impact
    A Fork in the Road: The Catilinarian Conspiracy‘s Impact on Cicero‘s relationships with Pompey, Crassus` and Caesar Jeffrey Larson History 499: Senior Thesis June 13, 2011 © Jeffrey Larson, 2011 1 But concerning friendship, all, to a man, think the same thing: those who have devoted themselves to public life; those who find their joy in science and philosophy; those who manage their own business free from public cares; and, finally, those who are wholly given up to sensual pleasures — all believe that without friendship life is no life at all. .1 The late Roman Republic was filled with crucial events which shaped not only the political environment of the Republic, but also altered the personal and political relationships of the individuals within that Republic. Four of the most powerful, and most discussed, characters of this time are Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC – 43 BC), Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106 BC – 48 BC), Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC – 53 BC), and Gaius Julius Caesar (c. 100 BC – 44 BC). These men often crossed paths and some even had close friendships with each other. Other than Pompeius, better known as Pompey, all the aforementioned individuals were involved, or reportedly involved, in one event which had profound effects on the personal and political relationships of all four individuals. This event is known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy of 63 BC. The Catilinarian Conspiracy was a pivotal episode in the politics of the Late Roman Republic that damaged both the political and personal relationships of Cicero, Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. Politics in the Roman Republic was dominated by a small number of members of the senatorial class.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicero a Study of Gamesmanship in the Late
    CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMANSHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of History California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History by Eugene H. Boyd FALL 2018 © 2018 Eugene H. Boyd ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMAN SHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC A Thesis by Eugene H. Boyd Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Nikolaos Lazaridis, PhD. __________________________________, Second Reader Jeffrey Brodd, PhD. ____________________________ Date iii Student: Eugene H. Boyd I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Jeffrey Wilson, PhD Date Department of History iv Abstract of CICERO A STUDY OF GAMESMANSHIP IN THE LATE REPUBLIC by Eugene H. Boyd Roman politics during the final decades of the Late Republic was a vicious process of gamesmanship wherein lives of people, their families and friends were at the mercy of the gamesmen. Cicero’s public and political gamesmanship reflects the politics, class and ethnic biases of Roman society and how random events impacted personal insecurities. ______________________ _, Committee Chair Nikolaos Lazaridis, PhD. ____________________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of obtaining a Master’s degree, I have found, is not an independent, isolated experience. Citing a contemporary adage, “It takes a village.” Truer words have never by spoken. To that end, I would like to recognize in the most warmly and thankful manner, the people in my “village” who helped me through the graduate study program and eventual master’s degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Pompey and Cicero: an Alliance of Convenience
    POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Charles E. Williams Jr., B.A. San Marcos, Texas May 2013 POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE Committee Members Approved: ______________________________ Pierre Cagniart, Chair ______________________________ Kenneth Margerison ______________________________ Elizabeth Makowski Approved: ______________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of the Graduate College COPYRIGHT by Charles E. Williams Jr. 2013 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94- 553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Charles E. Williams Jr., authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all I would like to thank my parents, Chuck and Kay Williams, for their continuing support, assistance, and encouragement. Their desire to see me succeed in my academic career is perhaps equal to my own. Thanks go as well to Dr Pierre Cagnart, without whom this work would not have been possible. His expertise in Roman politics and knowledge concerning the ancient sources were invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Kenneth Margerison and Dr. Elizabeth Makowski for critiquing this work and many other papers I have written as an undergraduate and graduate student.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-2011 ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Emerson T. Brooking University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Military History Commons, and the Other Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Brooking, Emerson T., "ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72" 01 May 2011. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/145 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROMA SURRECTA: Portrait of a Counterinsurgent Power, 216 BC - AD 72 Abstract This study evaluates the military history and practice of the Roman Empire in the context of contemporary counterinsurgency theory. It purports that the majority of Rome’s security challenges fulfill the criteria of insurgency, and that Rome’s responses demonstrate counterinsurgency proficiency. These assertions are proven by means of an extensive investigation of the grand strategic, military, and cultural aspects of the Roman state. Fourteen instances of likely insurgency are identified and examined, permitting the application of broad theoretical precepts
    [Show full text]
  • Julius Caesar
    Working Paper CEsA CSG 168/2018 ANCIENT ROMAN POLITICS – JULIUS CAESAR Maria SOUSA GALITO Abstract Julius Caesar (JC) survived two civil wars: first, leaded by Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius; and second by himself and Pompeius Magnus. Until he was stabbed to death, at a senate session, in the Ides of March of 44 BC. JC has always been loved or hated, since he was alive and throughout History. He was a war hero, as many others. He was a patrician, among many. He was a roman Dictator, but not the only one. So what did he do exactly to get all this attention? Why did he stand out so much from the crowd? What did he represent? JC was a front-runner of his time, not a modern leader of the XXI century; and there are things not accepted today that were considered courageous or even extraordinary achievements back then. This text tries to explain why it’s important to focus on the man; on his life achievements before becoming the most powerful man in Rome; and why he stood out from every other man. Keywords Caesar, Politics, Military, Religion, Assassination. Sumário Júlio César (JC) sobreviveu a duas guerras civis: primeiro, lideradas por Cornélio Sula e Caio Mário; e depois por ele e Pompeius Magnus. Até ser esfaqueado numa sessão do senado nos Idos de Março de 44 AC. JC foi sempre amado ou odiado, quando ainda era vivo e ao longo da História. Ele foi um herói de guerra, como outros. Ele era um patrício, entre muitos. Ele foi um ditador romano, mas não o único.
    [Show full text]