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Lucius Sergius Calina Marcus Tullius Cicero - patrician (but poor & unscrupulous) • Equestrian from Arpinum - unsuccessful run for consul for 63 BC • Defeats Caline for consulship of 63 BC - novus homo • Commentariolum Peonis - “Lile Handbook on Geng Elected” - “Every day or so, as you go down to the Forum , you must repeat to yourself ‘I am a new man; I seek the consulship; this is Rome.’” - Cicero lucky both opponents = scoundrels (though nobiles)

Accusaons ag. Caline’s character: OPTIMATES POPULARES “Born in his father’s beggary, raised debauching his sister, grown up in civil slaughter, his entry into public life was Cicero (Equestrian) Caline (Noble) a massacre of Roman knights. He killed with his own Novus homo (starts as Sullan, but hands his sister’s husband…Marius Gradianus… Before soon turns populist) our eyes, he drove him to the tomb of Catulus, mangled him there with every torture, and, with a Conservave: Promises to fight for sword in his right hand, holding the man’s hair in his Uphold power of agrarian reform & debt le, he severed the man’s neck as he stood there alive, while rills of blood flowed between his fingers! senatorial elite cancellaon Then he lived with actors & gladiators as accomplices, Wants “Concord of the A would-be tyrant using the former in lust, the laer in crime … He has such Orders” (Noble & Eq.): the people for support or impudence, such wickedness, such skill & efficiency in i.e.: Senate backed up a real reformer? lust that he has raped children almost at their parents’ by leading equites We’ll never know. knees.”

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Caline’s trouble with the law… Calinarian Conspiracy • 64-63 BC: Disappointed Caline plans a revolt • Inially works for Sulla (inv. in proscripons) – Prosecuted later for torture & murder of brother- • Promises grain, land, money, and freedom in-law Marius Gradianus during proscripons from oppression of Senatorial oligarchy • Prosecuted for murder of his own wife & son • Raises army outside of Rome & plans murder • Prosecuted for sleeping with Vestal Virgin! of opponents (incl. Consul Cicero) and arson at • Prosecuted for abuses while gov. of Africa Rome itself Acquied: • Who joined Caline? • Rumor of bribery: “Caline le the court as Plebs, Sulla’s veterans, and dishonored elite who poor as some of his judges had been before had been removed from Senate the trial.”

Cicero (consul) uncovers conspiracy • Caline flees to join army outside Rome and denounces Caline in the senate • Conspirators le behind are arrested • Sen. debates punishment for the captured -Cicero (consul with SCU) suggests death penalty -Caesar argues against execuon (now seen as revoluonary popularis) -Cato argues for death penalty (aligns self as conservave opmate)

Cesare Maccari (1888): Cicero Denounces Caline

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First Calinarian (delivered 63, published 60 BC) What? Did not that most illustrious man, Publius Scipio, in his capacity of a private cizen, put to Shame on this age and on its principles! The senate death Tiberius Gracchus, though Gracchus was but is aware of these things; the consul sees them; slightly undermining the constuon? and yet this man lives. Lives! Yes, he comes even And shall we, who are the consuls, tolerate Caline, into the senate! He takes a part in the public openly desirous to destroy the whole world with deliberaons; he is watching & marking down & fire and slaughter? There was—there was, I say— checking off for slaughter every individual among once such virtue in this Republic, that brave men us. And we, gallant men that we are, think that would repress mischievous cizens with more we are doing our duty to the Republic if only we severe measures than they would use against the keep out of the way of his frenzied aacks? most bier enemy. We have a resoluon of the You ought, O Caline, long ago to have been led to senate, a formidable and authoritave decree against you, O Caline; the wisdom of the Republic execuon by command of the consul. That is not at fault, nor the dignity of this senatorial destrucon which you have been long plong body. We, we alone—I say it openly— we, the against us ought to have already fallen on your consuls, are wanng in our duty. own head.

Conspirators are Executed, and… • Enmity between Caesar and Cato is born • Caline dies in bale (a hero?) • Cicero = pater patriae (father of fatherland) “O fortunatam natam me consule Romam!” “O Roman state most fortunate to be born under my consulate” But Cicero exiled in 58 BC…

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