Patricians and Plebeians Under Etruscan Rule the Patricians Create a Republic Between 616 and 509 B.C.E., the Over Time, the Etruscans Ruled Rome

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Patricians and Plebeians Under Etruscan Rule the Patricians Create a Republic Between 616 and 509 B.C.E., the Over Time, the Etruscans Ruled Rome Patricians and Plebeians under Etruscan Rule The Patricians Create a Republic Between 616 and 509 B.C.E., the Over time, the Etruscans ruled Rome. During this patricians began to time, Roman society was divided into resent Etruscan two classes, patricians and plebeians. rule. In 509 B.C.E., a group of patricians, Upper-class citizens, called led by Lucius Julius patricians, came from a small group Brutus, rebelled. of wealthy landowners. Patrician They drove out the comes from the Latin word pater, last Etruscan king. In which means “father”. The patricians place of a choose from among themselves the monarchy, they “fathers of the state”, the men who created a republic. advised the Etruscan king. Patricians In a republic, controlled the most valuable land. elected officials Patricians were the elite in They also held the important military govern for the Roman society and religious offices. Brutus denounced the Etruscan kings and was people. elected one of the first consuls in the new republic. Free non-patricians called plebeians were mostly peasants, laborers, craftspeople, and shopkeepers. To the patricians, “the people” meant themselves, not the plebeians. The word plebeian comes from plebs, The patricians put most of the power in the hands of the Senate. The which means ”the common people”. Senate was a group of 300 patricians elected by patricians. The Plebeians made up about 95 percent of senators served for life. They also appointed other government Rome’s population. They could not be officials and served as judges. priests or government officials. They had little voice in the government. Yet they Two elected leaders, called consuls, shared command of the were still forced to serve in the army. army. The Senate was supposed to advise the consuls. In fact, the Senate’s decisions were treated as law. The creation of the republic gave Rome a more democratic form of government. But only patricians could participate in that Plebeians were the commoners, government. peasants, of Roman society The Plebeians Rebel The Plebeians Gain Political Equality Rome was now a After the plebeians revolts, the patricians agreed to let the plebeians republic, but patricians elect officials called tribunes of the Plebs. The tribunes spoke for the held all the power. plebeians in the senate and with the consuls. Later, tribunes gained They made sure only the power to veto, or overrule, actions by the Senate and other they could be a part of government officials. Over time, the number of tribunes grew from the government as two to ten. senators or consuls. Plebeians could also elect a lawmaking body, the Council of Plebs. Plebeians had to obey However, the council made laws only for plebeians, not for patricians. their decisions. While the plebeians had gained some important rights, they still had Because laws were not less power than the patricians. Over the next 200 years, the plebeians written down, they staged a series of protests to gradually win political equality. were often changed or First, they demanded that the laws be written down. In that way, the interpreted to benefit patricians couldn’t change them at will. Around the year 451 B.C.E., the patricians. As a the patricians agreed. The laws were published on tablets called the result, a small group of Twelve Tables. For years, the plebeians struggled to gain a share families held all the Next, in 367 B.C.E., a new law said that one of the two consuls had to of the political power enjoyed by patricians. power in Rome. be a plebeian. Former consuls held seats in the Senate, so this change also allowed plebeians to become senators. Fighting for what they wanted, plebeians began to demand more Finally, in 287 B.C.E., the plebeians gained the right to pass laws for all rights. The struggle between the plebeians and patricians is known as Roman citizens. Now, assemblies of all Roman citizens, such as the the Conflict of the Orders, a conflict between the two social classes. Citizens’ Association, could approve or reject laws. These plebeian The conflict grew especially heated during times of war. assemblies also nominated the consuls, the tribunes, and the member Plebeians had to fight in the army even though the patricians decided of the Senate. After 200 years of struggle, plebeians had won their whether to go to war. Plebeians represented this. fight for equality. The struggle took a dramatic turn in a year 494 B.C.E. By then, Rome’s republican style government inspired future leaders in Europe Rome was a city around forty thousand people, mostly plebeians. and America. Rome became an example of a government ruled by a Angry over their lack of power, the plebeians marched out of the city constitution. Future political thinkers also pointed to Roman ideals of and camped on a nearby hill, refusing to come back until the elected assemblies, citizenship, and civic duty. They adopted the patricians met their demands. model of government bodies that could check each other’s power. Rome was in crisis. Work in the city and on the farms came to a halt. Without the plebeians, patricians feared that the army would be helpless if an enemy struck at Rome. The patricians had little choice but to compromise. .
Recommended publications
  • Transnational Migrant Brazilian Women in “Pink Collar Jobs” in The
    © COPYRIGHT by Lucilia V. Tremura 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DEDICATION To Ricardo, My Dear Son TRANSNATIONAL MIGRANT BRAZILIAN WOMEN IN “PINK COLLAR JOBS” IN THE GREATER WASHINGTON D.C. AREA BY Lucilia V. Tremura ABSTRACT The study of transnational migrant Brazilian women in “pink collar jobs” in the Greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area comprises thirty-four Brazilian women who chose the United States as their place to be called home. It is termed transnational because of the permanent ties connecting these women to their country of origin, Brazil, and their country of adoption, the United States. The expression “pink collar jobs” indicates low paid jobs, mainly performed by women, no expertise necessary, in the service sector. The Washington D.C. metropolitan area has become a new destination for immigrants with a large concentration of Latin Americans. Brazilian presence is among these diverse groups of immigrants, with an increasing participation on the market. This research focuses on transnational migration in women‟s context, with all the nuances that involve the process of migration and incorporation into the labor market. Three research questions explore the topic: ii 1. Why do Brazilian women engage in transnational migration from Brazil to the United States? 1. a. How do social networks affect their transnational migration? 2. How do the social construction of gender and ethnicity influence the occupational choices of this group of Brazilian women, in light of their backgrounds and the job perspectives they anticipated? 3. In what ways do pink collar jobs shape their identity, social interaction and job satisfaction? The answers to these questions delineate the main characteristics, aspirations and satisfactions of these migrant workers as they embrace the United States as their new home.
    [Show full text]
  • Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome Was Valued Not Only
    Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome was valued not only for the rights and social status it provided, but also for the sense of patriotism and honor it instilled in the Roman people. The gravity of citizenship allowed the Roman Empire’s multitudinous regions to become vastly and impossibly connected by a sense of pride for one Italian city. Citizenship was a commodity valuable enough for soldiers such as Mucius Scaevola to give their right hands for, as well as for plebeians to secede and fight for with their lives. Citizens felt an unbreakable bond between themselves and their nation; they were dedicated to representing and defending Rome at any cost. It was this strong sense of identity that united so many people and created such a dominant empire. Roman citizenship was one of the most prized possessions a European inhabitant could have, bearing the magnitude of rights, ranking, honor, and a powerful sense of Roman identity. Although some Roman people were born into citizenship, the rest of the population yearned for such rights and status, and took whatever action they could to become true, legal members of Roman society. Citizenship included suffrage, the right to run for and occupy office, the right to not be tortured, crucified, or be sentenced to death unless found guilty of treason, the right to marry, to hold property, and to have a trial, as well as various “public” and “private” prerogatives. Romans born into a noble family inherited citizenship and social status; they made up the patrician class, while the lower plebeian class was made up of free non-citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolving Beast: Identifying the Animal in Post-Revolutionary Russian Literature
    Revolving Beast: Identifying the Animal in post-Revolutionary Russian Literature by Eric D. Ford A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Slavic Languages and Literatures) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Sofya Khagi, Chair Associate Professor Herbert J. Eagle Professor Peggy S. McCracken Assistant Professor Benjamin B. Paloff In memory of my brother Jason Ford (1970 - 2012) ii Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been written without the support and encouragement of several people at the University of Michigan. I am especially indebted to two individuals: Herb Eagle, who served admirably as chair of the Slavic Department for the majority of my time at the university, and who gave invaluable help and advice during some particularly trying times; and Sofya Khagi, my advisor, with whom I have had the great pleasure of working over the past several years. She has been a wonderful mentor, colleague, and friend. I am deeply grateful to my other committee members, Peggy McCracken and Benjamin Paloff, who read my dissertation carefully and provided very helpful criticism and suggestions. I would also like to thank the talented and dedicated faculty of the Slavic department with whom I’ve worked as student and colleague: Olga Maiorova, Mikhail Krutikov, Tatjana Aleksić, Jindrich Toman, Svitlana Rogovyk, Nina Shkolnik, Natalia Kondrashova, Eugene Bondarenko, and Omry Ronen. Thanks also to the many fellow graduate students I’ve had the pleasure of knowing and working with: Aleksandar Bošković, Vlad Beronja, Yana Arnold, Jessica Zychowicz, Renee Scherer, Adam Kolkman, Sarah Sutter, Jodi Grieg, Marin Turk, Jamie Parsons, Olga Greco, Paulina Duda, Haley Laurila, Jason Wagner, and Grace Mahoney.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society Melvyn L
    Kennesaw State University DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University KSU Press Legacy Project 1-2006 The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society Melvyn L. Fein Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ksupresslegacy Part of the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Fein, Melvyn L., "The Great Middle Class Revolution: Our Long March Toward a Professionalized Society" (2006). KSU Press Legacy Project. 5. http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ksupresslegacy/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in KSU Press Legacy Project by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GREAT MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION Our Long March Toward A Professionalized Society THE GREAT MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION Our Long March Toward A Professionalized Society Melvyn L. Fein 2005 Copyright © 2005 Kennesaw State University Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without prior written consent of the publisher. Kennesaw State University Press Kennesaw State University Bldg. 27, Ste. 220, MB# 2701 1000 Chastain Road Kennesaw, GA 30144 Betty L. Seigel, President of the University Lendley Black, Vice President for Academic Affairs Laura Dabundo, Editor & Director of the Press Shirley Parker-Cordell, Sr. Administrative Specialist Holly S. Miller, Cover Design Mark Anthony, Editorial & Production Assistant Jeremiah Byars, Michelle Hinson, Margo Lakin-Lapage, and Brenda Wilson, Editorial Assistants Back cover photo by Jim Bolt Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fein, Melvyn L.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • GLADIATOR by David Franzoni Revisions by John Logan SECOND
    GLADIATOR by David Franzoni Revisions by John Logan SECOND DRAFT October 22, 1998 FADE IN: EXT. FOREST - DAY Germania. The far reaches of the Roman Empire. Winter 180 A.D. Incongruously enough, the first sound we hear is a beautiful tenor voice. Singing. A boy's voice. CREDITS as we hear the haunting song float through dense forests. We finally come to a rough, muddy road slashing through the forest. On the road a GERMAN PEASANT FATHER is herding along three sickly looking cows. His two SONS are with him. His youngest son sits on one of the cows and sings a soft, plaintive song. They become aware of another sound behind them on the road -- the creak of wood, the slap of metal on leather. The Father immediately leads his cattle and his sons off the road. They stand-still, eyes down: the familiar posture of subjugated peoples throughout history. A wagon train rumbles past them. Three ornate wagons followed by a mounted cohort of fifty heavily-armed PRAETORIAN GUARDS. The young boy dares to glance up at the passing Romans. His eyes burn with hatred. INT. WAGON - DAY Mist momentarily obscures a man's face. Frozen breath. The man is in his 20's, imperious and handsome. He is swathed in fur, only his face exposed. He is COMMODUS. He glances up. COMMODUS Do you think he's really dying? The woman across from him returns his gaze evenly. She is slightly older, beautiful and patrician. A formidable woman. She is LUCILLA. LUCILLA He's been dying for ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • Emperor Bios.Cwk (WP)
    Augustus reign: 31 BCE - 14 CE 1st Emperor of Rome Established Pax Romana Nephew of Julius Caesar -Battled Marc Antony for power after the death of Caesar Helped Rome recover after about 100 years of Civil War: -meritocratic when it came to giving out high- paying jobs -started having a census (for tax purposes) -put unemployed men on public works projects -reign marked the beginning of the Pax Romana -issued new coins to make trade easier -set up a postal service -created law enforcement (police) Death: Natural causes. The next emperor was already taking power a year before his death. Tiberius Reign: 14 CE - 37 CE 2nd Emperor of Rome Stepson of Augustus after his parents divorced. Augustus eventually adopted him after his own natural sons died. -Emperor who Pontius Pilate worked for -Generally hired good governors for the provinces -Had a poor relationship w/the Senate -By end of his reign he was hated by patricians & plebs -Spent final years on Capri, depressed by betrayals from those closest to him. Communicated w/Senate via letters Death: natural causes (though some believe Caligula had something to do with it) -When he died, people in the streets were saying “To the Tiber with Tiberius!” Gaius (Caligula) Reign: 37 CE - 41 CE Crazy/Punky Young Emperor Nephew & adopted son of Tiberius, whose own son was murdered. Tiberius had given his power to both Caligula & a cousin. Caligula had his cousin killed. When he became Emperor, age 25, everyone loved him: -gave money to high ranking officials & military -burned Tiberius’ papers publicly
    [Show full text]
  • Caesar IV Manual
    TABLE OF CONTENTS WELCOME TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE . .3 Getting Started . .4 Installation . .4 System Requirements . .4 Starting a New Game . .4 The Control Panel . .5 ROMAN CITIES AND HOW TO BUILD THEM . .6 Controls . .6 Immigration . .6 Employment . .7 Social Classes . .7 Desirability . .8 Household Happiness & Evolution . .8 Crime . .9 Successful City Building: Advisors, Ratings & Overlays . .9 INFRASTRUCTURE . .12 Housing . .12 Water . .13 Roads . .14 Bridges . .15 Fire & Collapse . .16 Beautification and Decorative Items . .16 FOOD, FARMING & INDUSTRY . .17 Food . .17 Farms . .17 Raw Material Gathering & Farming . .18 Industry . .19 Warehouses & Granaries . .19 Mothballing . .20 MARKETS & TRADE . .20 Markets . .20 Trade . .22 Trade Depots & Ports . .22 CITY SERVICES . .23 Justice . .24 Education . .25 Religion . .25 Entertainment . .26 Healthcare . .27 GOVERNMENT . .28 Treasury & Wages . .28 Taxation . .28 Festivals . .29 Player Salary & Personal Savings . .29 MILITARY ACTIVITY . .30 Fortifications . .30 Military Buildings . .31 Solidiers . .32 CAESAR IV ONLINE . .34 THE SCENARIO EDITOR . .34 CREDITS . .35 2 WELCOME TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE Congratulations, Citizen! Caesar has called upon you to enter into service to Rome. The Emperor is eager to expand his settlements and is seeking qualified executors who can implement his will. The Roman Empire is so vast and growing so rapidly that even our divine Caesar cannot hope to rule it alone. He needs capable provincial governors, and that is where you come in. Your goal is to build a thriving Roman City—a bastion of culture and commerce that reflects the glory of Rome itself. As you begin your career, the lands you administer will be small, but Caesar rewards success with promotions and more challenging assignments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Republic S
    P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 The Cambridge Companion to THE ROMAN REPUBLIC S Edited by Harriet I. Flower Princeton University iii P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Bembo 11/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic / edited by Harriet I. Flower. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-80794-8 – isbn 0-521-00390-3 (pb.) 1. Rome – History – Republic, 510–30 b.c. I. Flower, Harriet I. dg235.c36 2003 937.02 – dc21 2003048572 isbn 0 521 80794 8 hardback isbn 0 521 00390 3 paperback iv P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Contents S List of Illustrations and Maps page vii List of Contributors ix Preface xv Introduction 1 HARRIET I.
    [Show full text]
  • Beard's SPQR. a History of Ancient
    Beard’s SPQR. A History of Ancient Rome as Background Reading in Classical Latin Courses. A Teaching Proposal by Tamara Lobato Beneyto The Cambridge scholar provides an formulated by the present author and Introduction. Rationale, scope, analysis and discussion of primary aimed at furthering a reflection on and a and structure sources, and re-examines the significance discussion of the book’s contents among and consequences of the main historical students. This document was originally Contextual or background knowledge events and processes during such elaborated for undergraduates completing performs an important function in centuries. She starts by focusing on the ab initio and intermediate courses in second language learning and reading events of 63 BCE (first chapter), and then Classical Latin as part of degree comprehension, as a number of proceeds to discuss previous periods in programmes other than Classics (mainly theoretical and empirical studies have Roman History. In the sixth chapter, History), but it may be likewise useful for shown (see, for instance, P. L. Carrell, Beard resumes the account of events of students in other educational settings, 1983, 1982).1 To the extent that the already mentioned year, and continues such as the pre-university stage and Ancient Greek and Latin are verbal thereon with the rest of the historical continuous education. codes too, they constitute no exception account in linear chronological order. The headings in the first section, to the aforementioned principle. With a most engaging narrative style,she entitled On the chapter contents, are phrased Indeed, contextual knowledge is implicitly introduces non-specialist in a similar way as essay questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Edwin Link 0 Mi E ,S
    ARCTOS ACTA PHILOLOGICA FENNICA NOVA SERIES · VOL.I. COMMENTATIONES IN HONOREJ\1 EDWIN LINK 0 MI E ,S S EXA GEN .LJ\RI I A.D. MCMLIV EDITAE OTAVA ~~ ~ ~ • 6 9 0 HELSINKI KUSTANNUSOSAI<EYHTIÖ OTAVA INDEX Y. M. Biese Zwei Beitrage zur Geschichte der rômischen Gram- matik 9 Gudmund Bjorck »Rhesos» Patrick Bruun The Consecration Coins of Constantine the Great Erich Burck Amor bei Plautus und Properz Ingemar Düring eLA..ristotle the Scholar A. Ernout Consensus --- concentHs - conJentaneus R. Hakamies Tïntinnabulutn et equitiu111 dans le latin finlandais du 1noyen ageA . 8o U. Knoche Der Gedanke der Freundschaft in Senecas Briefen an Lucilius . Heikki Koskenniemi Cicero über die Briefarten (genera epistularum) 97 J. Marouzeau Ordre des mots et realia 103 Eino Mikkola »Pluralis rarior» bei Isokrates . 108 Tauno F. Mustanoja I .. atin and French Proverbs in the Fourteenth-Century IVLS. LI. z. 12. of Sidney Sussex Colle ge, Cambridge . 12 3· Paivô Oksala Über die Fiinstellung Ciceros zum lexikalischen Pu- tlSffiUS 132 Gunnar Rudberg (t) Kuns~prosa und Hymnenstil Torsten Steinby 1/Istituto Finlandese a Roma . 145 Joh. Sundwall Parallelistno fra Grecia ed Italia nelle migrazioni preistoriche 210 Index J. Suolahti The Origin of the Poet Ca tullus . I 59 J. Svennung NtttJtero = Nr. Holger Thesleff <~1ç &À"'J'&wc; und Verwandtes Rolf W estman Observatio critica ad Procli in Platonis Rem publi- can1 co1nmentarios (Vol. II, p. 1 I 3, I o !(roll) . I 90 V eikko Vaarüinen Sur la préposition latine de n1arquant la notion parti­ tive Henrik Zilliacus The Stolen _l\nchor . THE ORIGIN OF THE POET CATUI_JIJUS ].
    [Show full text]
  • Ms. Dickerson Work from Home Packet #1 Hello Students! I KNOW You Are Excited to Receive This Packet of Schoolwork
    Social Studies - Grade 7 - Ms. Dickerson Work from Home Packet #1 Hello students! I KNOW you are excited to receive this packet of schoolwork. J But since we aren’t sure how long this is going to last, and we don’t want you (or me) to have to go to school all summer, we are using these packets to keep the learning going while we are unable to come to school in person. I plan to keep the format very similar to what we would have done in class. This packet is intended to cover two weeks’ worth of work; so, take your time and do it well. *YOU ARE NOT EXPECTED TO MAIL THIS WORK BACK... YOU JUST NEED TO KEEP AHOLD OF IT. • We’ll start with a TEST over material you already learned at school -Chapter 14: The Roman Republic. • Next, we have a STUDY GUIDE to introduce NEW material. As always, the answers can be figured out just by reading and using the context of the sentences OR they are things you’ve learned already this year. It WON’T be necessary to use a textbook or the internet to complete the study guide. Most of you normally get these done in one class period and then we go over them... which we won’t be able to do. SO, you are going to have to really try your best to do it ACCURATELY & then RE-READ it a few times to make sure you understand it. • I’ve also included two additional WORKSHEETs (SPQR & Roman Legions) to ADD to what you learn in the study guide.
    [Show full text]