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Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management Sheel Bansal U.S

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Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management Sheel Bansal U.S University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 6-21-2019 Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management Sheel Bansal U.S. Geological Survey Shane C. Lishawa Loyola University Chicago Sue Newman South Florida Water Management District Brian A. Tangen U.S. Geological Survey Douglas Wilcox FSUNolloYw Co thilleges aandt Br aocddkpoitriont al works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc See nePxat pratge of for the addiNtionatural aualthor Rsesources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Veterinary Medicine Commons, Population Biology Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, Veterinary Infectious Diseases Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Zoology Commons Bansal, Sheel; Lishawa, Shane C.; Newman, Sue; Tangen, Brian A.; Wilcox, Douglas; Albert, Dennis; Anteau, Michael J.; Chimney, Michael J.; Cressey, Ryann L.; DeKeyser, Edward; Elgersma, Kenneth J.; Finkelstein, Sarah A.; Freeland, Joanna; Grosshans, Richard; Klug, Page E.; Larkin, Daniel J.; Lawrence, Beth A.; Linz, George; Marburger, Joy; Noe, Gregory; Otto, Clint; Reo, Nicholas; Richards, Jennifer; Richardson, Curtis; Rodgers, LeRoy; Schrank, Amy J.; Svedarsky, Dan; Travis, Steven; Tuchman, Nancy; and Windham- Myers, Lisamarie, "Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management" (2019). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2275. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2275 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Sheel Bansal, Shane C. Lishawa, Sue Newman, Brian A. Tangen, Douglas Wilcox, Dennis Albert, Michael J. Anteau, Michael J. Chimney, Ryann L. Cressey, Edward DeKeyser, Kenneth J. Elgersma, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Joanna Freeland, Richard Grosshans, Page E. Klug, Daniel J. Larkin, Beth A. Lawrence, George Linz, Joy Marburger, Gregory Noe, Clint Otto, Nicholas Reo, Jennifer Richards, Curtis Richardson, LeRoy Rodgers, Amy J. Schrank, Dan Svedarsky, Steven Travis, Nancy Tuchman, and Lisamarie Windham-Myers This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/ 2275 Wetlands (2019) 39:645–684 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-019-01174-7 MARK BRINSON REVIEW Typha (Cattail) Invasion in North American Wetlands: Biology, Regional Problems, Impacts, Ecosystem Services, and Management Sheel Bansal1 & Shane C. Lishawa2 & Sue Newman3 & Brian A. Tangen1 & Douglas Wilcox4 & Dennis Albert5 & Michael J. Anteau1 & Michael J. Chimney3 & Ryann L. Cressey6,7 & Edward DeKeyser8 & Kenneth J. Elgersma9 & Sarah A. Finkelstein10 & Joanna Freeland11 & Richard Grosshans12 & Page E. Klug13 & Daniel J. Larkin14 & Beth A. Lawrence15 & George Linz13 & Joy Marburger16 & Gregory Noe17 & Clint Otto1 & Nicholas Reo18 & Jennifer Richards19 & Curtis Richardson20 & LeRoy Rodgers 3 & Amy J. Schrank21 & Dan Svedarsky22 & Steven Travis23 & Nancy Tuchman2 & Lisamarie Windham-Myers 24 Received: 28 January 2019 /Accepted: 14 May 2019 /Published online: 21 June 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Typha is an iconic wetland plant found worldwide. Hybridization and anthropogenic disturbances have resulted in large increases in Typha abundance in wetland ecosystems throughout North America at a cost to native floral and faunal biodiversity. As demonstrated by three regional case studies, Typha is capable of rapidly colonizing habitats and forming monodominant vege- tation stands due to traits such as robust size, rapid growth rate, and rhizomatic expansion. Increased nutrient inputs into wetlands and altered hydrologic regimes are among the principal anthropogenic drivers of Typha invasion. Typha is associated with a wide range of negative ecological impacts to wetland and agricultural systems, but also is linked with a variety of ecosystem services such as bioremediation and provisioning of biomass, as well as an assortment of traditional cultural uses. Numerous physical, chemical, and hydrologic control methods are used to manage invasive Typha, but results are inconsistent and multiple methods and repeated treatments often are required. While this review focuses on invasive Typha in North America, the literature cited comes from research on Typha and other invasive species from around the world. As such, many of the underlying concepts in this review are relevant to invasive species in other wetland ecosystems worldwide. Keywords Everglades . Hybrid vigor . Hydrology . Invasive species . Laurentian Great Lakes . Nutrient enrichment . Prairie pothole region . Typha angustifolia . Typha domingensis . Typha × glauca . Typha latifolia Introduction flora, biogeochemical cycling, and wetland hydrology, which correspondingly impact wetland functions. Over recent de- Typha (commonly referred to as ‘cattail’) is the only genus in cades, the distribution and abundance of Typha in wetland the family Typhaceae. This iconic genus, comprised of nearly ecosystems around the world, particularly in North America, 40 species and hybrids, is ubiquitous across wetland ecosys- has increased due to anthropogenic-related disturbances to tems throughout the world. An abundance of wind-dispersed wetland hydrology and nutrient loads. In addition, vigorous seeds allows Typha to colonize wetlands across great dis- non-native and hybrid taxa have exacerbated the rapid spread tances, and its rapid growth rate, large stature, and aggressive of Typha. The invasion and expansion of Typha in wetland clonal propagation can result in dense monotypic stands. ecosystems have required widespread management, albeit These stands have considerable impact on local fauna and control is often short-lived or ineffective. Despite the negative impacts of Typha on natural systems, this plant can provide beneficial ecosystem services under certain conditions, in- cluding bioremediation in constructed wetlands to reduce nu- * Sheel Bansal [email protected] trient loads and pollution, and providing biofuel feedstocks needed to help offset global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Extended author information available on the last page of the article In this paper, we conduct a robust, systematic review and 646 Wetlands (2019) 39:645–684 synthesis of Typha across a number of topics, taxa, and re- boreal transition zone of northern Ontario, Canada (Smith gions to address the many issues surrounding Typha in North 2000; Shih and Finkelstein 2008). While T. angustifolia is America; many of the underlying concepts in this review are possibly native to the tidal wetlands of the eastern seaboard also relevant to invasive species in other wetland ecosystems (Shih and Finkelstein 2008), pollen studies have shown that worldwide. with land use changes such as increased sediment and nutrient The designation of Typha as ‘invasive’ is subjectively ap- influxes to estuarine habitats, there can be substantial in- plied and not clear-cut. North America has three dominant creases in local abundances of all Typha species (Hilgartner species of Typha: T. latifolia L. (broadleaf cattail), and Brush 2006). Typha angustifolia is largely absent from the T. angustifolia L. (narrowleaf cattail), and T. domingensis southern US, but whether this is due to physiological limita- Persoon (southern cattail), as well as a hybrid taxon T. × tion or ecological competition is not known. Due to difficul- glauca Godr. (cross of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia)(Smith ties in visual identification of T. × glauca, its range is uncer- 2000). Typha latifolia and T. domingensis are native to North tain; it is likely found where its parental species T. latifolia and America, T. angustifolia is likely not native with European T. angustifolia co-occur (Travis et al. 2010; Freeland et al. origins, and T. × glauca is a hybrid. The term ‘invasive’ is 2013). Typha domingensis is a warm temperate and pantrop- usually associated with non-native species but can also be ical species found in the southern US, primarily Florida and applied to native species that increase in abundance in re- other Gulf states, including Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, sponse to environmental change and dominate wetlands by and Texas. However, scattered populations of T. domingensis displacing other species. For example, nutrient enrichment have been observed as far north as Delaware (Smith 2000). from agricultural runoff led to a considerable increase in na- There are few studies on climatic controls of Typha life history tive T. domingensis abundance in the southern US, and chang- traits and their roles in setting range limits. In one example, es in hydrologic regimes facilitated the proliferation of non- Ekstam and Forseby (1999) documented temperature require- native T. angustifolia and hybrid T. × glauca in the northern ments for germination, with optimal germination rates occur- US/southern
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