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Potential Benefits and Toxicity of Nanoselenium and Nitric Oxide in Peppermint

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Potential Benefits and Toxicity of Nanoselenium and Nitric Oxide in Peppermint doi:10.14720/aas.2018.111.2.11 Original research article / izvirni znanstveni članek Potential benefits and toxicity of nanoselenium and nitric oxide in peppermint Hossein NAZERIEH1, Zahra Oraghi ARDEBILI1*, Alireza IRANBAKHSH2 Received January 13, 2018; accepted May 04, 2018. Delo je prispelo 13. januarja 2018, sprejeto 04. maja 2018. ABSTRACT IZVLEČEK Taking account of nano-compounds and biofortification, this POTENCIALNE KORISTI IN STRUPENOST research was conducted to evaluate peppermint (Mentha x NANOSELENA IN DUŠIKOVEGA OKSIDA PRI piperita L.) responses to nano-selenium (nSe; 0, 2, and POPROVI METI 20 mg l-1) and/or nitric oxide (NO; 0 and 8 mg l-1). Significant increases in leaf length, and area, and shoot fresh mass were Raziskava je bila izvedena za ovrednostenje odziva poprove enhanced by the low level of nSe and/or NO, contrasted with mete (Mentha x piperita L.) na nano selen (nSe; 0, 2, in the high dose. The inhibitory effects of the high dose of nSe 20 mg l-1) in/ali dušikov oksid (NO; 0 in 8 mg l-1). Značilno on the growth-related characteristics were significantly povečanje dolžine in površine listov in sveže mase poganjkov mitigated by NO. The adverse impact of nSe20 on chlorophyll je bilo vzpodbujeno z majhnimi količinami nSe in/ali NO, concentration was alleviated by NO. The individual and nasprotno od učinkov velikih količin. Zaviralni učinki velikih combined treatments of nSe2 led to the significant inductions koncentracij nSe na z rastjo povezane parametre so bili in the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxidase, whereas značilno zmanjšani z dodatkom NO. Negativni vpliv nSe20 na nSe20 inhibited. The proline contents in the nSe and/or NO- koncentracijo klorofila je bil ublažen z NO. Posamično in treated plants were higher than in the control. The nSe and/or kombinirano obravnavanje z nSe2 je vodilo k značilnem NO provoked stimulation in activities of phenylalanine povečanju v aktivnosti nitrat reduktaze in peroksidaze, ammonia lyase enzyme. The foliar applications of nSe and/or medtem ko jo je tretiranje z nSe20 zavrlo. Vsebnost prolina je NO triggered the accumulations of soluble phenols. bila v z nSe in/ali NO obravnavanih rastlinah večja kot v Interestingly, the toxicity of nSe at the high dose led to the kontroli. Obravnavanje z nSe in/ali NO je povečalo aktivnost severe cell destruction in the cortex layer of the basal stem, fenilalanin ammonium liaze. Foliarno dodajanje nSe in/ali NO which was partially alleviated by NO. The simultaneous je vzpodbudilo kopičenje topnih fenolov. Toksičnost nSe je pri applications of these supplements may consider as an velikih dozah vodila k izrazitim razgradnjam celic v plasteh alternative strategy for fortifying and improving plant primarne skorje bazalnega dela stebla, kar je bilo delno protection, regarding sustainable agriculture. oblaženo z dodatki NO. Hkratno uporabo teh dveh dodatkov lahko imamo kot alternativno strategijo za okrepitev in Key words: biofortification; elicitor; metal-based izboljšanje zaščite rastlin pri trajnostnem kmetovanju. nanoparticle; Mentha x piperita; nitrate reductase; proline; selenium Ključne besede: biofortifikacija; elicitor; nano delci kovin; Mentha x piperita; nitrat reduktaza; prolin; selen 1 INTRODUCTION Selenium (Se) is characterized as an essential trace main sources of Se and may be efficiently uptake by mineral nutrient for many microorganisms, animals, and plants. These mentioned forms of Se are mainly utilized humans but it is not classified as an essential element to fortify different plants in the field production (Liu et for plants, despite its beneficial effects on the growth al., 2017). Contrasted with many other living organisms, and physiology at low doses (Kaur and Nayyar, 2015). Se is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants. Awareness and concern about the Se significance to the Otherwise, it seems to be a benefit for many plants, human health issues are worldwide growing (Liu et al., especially hyper-accumulators (El-Ramady et al., 2016). 2017). In soil condition, selenite and selenate are the Thus, the functional significance of Se may lead to 1 Department of Biology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran, corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 111 - 2, september 2018 str. 357 - 368 Hossein NAZERIEH et al. enhance plant growth, modify cellular physiology, reducing agents (Husen and Siddiqi, 2014). Moreover, and/or improve plant resistance to abiotic and biotic there is evidence that the endogenous NO status at stress conditions (Ardebili et al., 2014; Ardebili et al., different developmental stages was altered by selenite 2015; El-Ramady et al., 2016). treatment in Arabidopsis plants, mainly in a concentration and time-dependent manners (Lehotai et Nitric oxide (NO) is known as a vital reactive nitrogen al., 2011). specie, a bioactive multi-task signaling molecule, and an elicitor of an array of signaling pathways by which On the basis of our knowledge, there is no research on regulates various aspect of plant development, the application of nSe on the plant growth, anatomy, physiology and defense responses (Gupta et al., 2011; and physiology. Also, as human body may intake Se Mur et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2016). It is implicated in from plants (White, 2015), finding an effective eco- the control process of meristem cells (Sanz et al., 2014). friendly procedure for bio-fortifying, improving the There is evidence that NO may change auxin sensitivity defense-related system, and triggering secondary and affects meristem cell activity (Sanz et al., 2014). metabolism of medicinal plants, as well as introducing NO, mainly via nitrosylation, can affect the activity of its toxicity range and signs are of critical importance. various proteins and play the role as a Ca2+-mobilizing However, there is no report on the simultaneous intracellular messenger (Courtois et al., 2008). The application of NO and nSe. application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as an exogenous NO donor is a most widely effective method Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) is an important to supplement plants with NO. economic, medicinal, and aromatic plant. Its leaves (as a spice) and vital secondary metabolites with the various As nanotechnology science and technology is rapidly critical antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic developing, the concerns about its benefits and toxicity activities are widely utilized in the food and on the environment are growing (Asgari-Targhi et al., pharmaceutical-related industries (Çoban & Baydar, 2018). Nano-forms possess unique physicochemical 2016). It is well known that growth, physiology, and characteristics by which triggering especial responses secondary metabolism in the medicinal plants is different from their bulk type (Asgari-Targhi et al., strongly affected by the different physicochemical and 2018). Plants are considered as a key component for environmental factors. It is obvious that various nanoparticle transport and bio-accumulation into the researches are required to elucidate the plant responses food chains (Tripathi et al., 2017). Therefore, various to these factors and clarify the exact involved studies in different plant species are needed to elucidate mechanisms. These findings may be helpful to improve the potential benefits and phytotoxicity of the our knowledge and agro-technologies, thereby nanoparticles, especially trace elements. developing new alternative strategies to improve plant growth, yield, and protection regarding sustainable Some evidence provides data on NO-mediated agriculture and environmental issues. Therefore, alleviation toxicity signs of heavy metals, while little is regarding the above-highlighted significance of Se, known about NO-mediated mitigation of heavy metal nanoparticle, NO, and peppermint the main objectives stress and nanoparticle toxicity in plants (Tripathi et al., of the current research were to clarify the key 2017). The Se nano-particles (nSe) with different physiological and anatomical mechanisms involved in characteristics of shape and size may be synthesized the peppermint responses to the foliar applications of from Se salts especially selenates and selenite using nSe and/or NO at different doses, for the first time. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials and treatments nSe is represented in Figure 1, showing the morphology and size of the nanoparticle. The supplied nSe was the The applied nSe was purchased from the reliable stock solution of 1000 mg l-1, containing 0.1 % company (NanoSany Corporation, Iranian polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer and thus, Nanomaterials Pioneers Company; Mashhad City, there is no need to sonication protocol. SNP was used as Khorasan Province, Iran). Its characteristics were as a source of NO. The peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) follows: CAS#: 7446-08-4; high purity: 99.95 %, APS: seedlings of eight leaves were grown under natural 10-45 nm; morphology: near spherical; true density: conditions (mean temperature: 20 ˚C, RH: 32 %) treated 3.89 g cm-3. The purchased nSe product was the stock with three different levels of nSe (0, 2, and 20 mg l-1) solution of 1000 mg l-1 containing 0.1 % and/or two levels of NO (0 and 8 mg l-1). The foliar polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizer and thus, there supplementations with nSe and/or NO were done fifteen is no need to a sonication protocol. Also, TEM image of times with 48 h intervals. It was equal to 0, 0.05,
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