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C:\Myfiles\Flypast\Flypast 43-1.Wpd Volume 43 September 2008 Number 1 http://www.cahs.ca/chapters/toronto. Canadian Aviation Historical Society This meeting is jointly sponsored by CAHS Toronto Chapter Meeting Toronto Chapter and the Toronto Aerospace September 20, 2008 Museum- All CAHS / TAM members, guests Meeting starts at 1 PM and the public (museum admission payable) are -Under the Glider- welcome to attend. Toronto Aerospace Museum, 65 Carl Hall Refreshments will be served Road, Toronto “Landing Fee” of $2.00 will be charged to cover meeting expenses Next Month’s Meeting October 18, 2008 Last Month’s Meeting . .....................2 Footnote to the meeting. .............9 Chapter News – September 2008 . ................9 Folded Wings . ...............9 Canadian Centennial of Flight . ............10 Chapter Election Results . ...............11 New 60 Day Rule . .............11 This Month’s Topic: Memories of a CF-100 (Clunk) Crew. Speaker E. Scott Maclagan 1 Flypast V. 42 No. 7 Last Month’s Meeting true jet engine was developed in Britain. Frustrated by years of government indifference, May Meeting Frank Whittle --- a former RAF pilot --- German Jet Fighters of World War II successfully started the prototype W.1X jet Reporter: Gord McNulty engine on April 12, 1937. A new age was secretly ushered in. At the same time in An excellent video on Luftwaffe jet fighters of Germany, flight tests of a hybrid, rocket- the Second World War, featuring rare footage, powered Heinkel He 112 were receiving was presented by CAHS Toronto Chapter strong government backing. The Nazi regime Secretary-Treasurer Bob Winson. The video was eager to utilize new propulsion systems. dramatically illustrated the surprising Four He 112s were modified to test the advancements in jet technology that the German prototype rocket motor, but only one war machine accomplished, especially in 1944 successfully flew. Throughout the 1930s, and 1945, despite the tide of war turning in German aircraft designers skirted around favour of the Allies. restrictions imposed by the Treaty of The best-known of the Luftwaffe jets --- the Versailles. A thinly disguised fighter like the Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-engined fighter --- Heinkel He 17 Blitz posed as a high-speed mail ushered in a new era, revolutionizing aviation. plane. As Hitler gained control, advances in If it had arrived just a year earlier, it could aviation were secretly promoted. Emphasis was perhaps have altered the outcome of the war. placed on speed. New propulsion systems were When it first entered combat in 1944, the Me developed. The loophole in the treaty was that 262 was the world’s most advanced combat in 1919, jets and rockets seemed only distant aircraft. In the hands of an experienced German dreams. Unknown to Germany’s neighbours, combat pilot, the Me 262 was invincible. The engineer designer Hans von Ohain, under Ernst aircraft inspired awe and terror among the Heinkel’s patronage, had already developed an Allied pilots who first saw it. The 262 advanced jet engine. On August 27, 1939, his introduced not only twin jet power --- two device lifted the tiny Heinkel He 178 skyward. Junkers Jumo engines of 2,000 pounds thrust This was the first successful jet-powered flight each --- but also swept-wing technology that in history. was far ahead of its time. With a top speed of 540 mph, it could outpace anything in the sky. The seeds of jet propulsion went back to the turn of the century. Attempts to utilize turbine generating technology originated in 1910. Inventor Henri Coanda designed a biplane employing a primitive ducted-fan type of turbine. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon Aeronautique. On its maiden flight, the strange little aircraft burst into flames and crashed. Following World War I, turbo-superchargers enhanced piston engine performance, enabling fliers to set new world altitude standards faster Only a few days later, the world was plunged than the record books could log them. The first into another world war. Hitler entertained Flypast V. 42 No. 7 2 hopes of quick victories, using air power. 1941, the Gloster took to the air in the first German forces swept through Europe and Hitler flight made by an Allied jet. However, the saw no need for better or faster aircraft, as the Heinkel 280 was years ahead of the British jet. Luftwaffe remained unchallenged. But the tide In a trial fly-off, it completely outflew the changed when the Royal Air Force defeated the Luftwaffe’s best propeller-driven fighter. Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain. In Gemany, Although it had other advanced features such cries went out for a new, stronger, faster air as an ejection seat, problems with the 280’s force. Attention turned to the jet. The world’s performance and range, combined with the fact first successful twin-jet aircraft, designed that Heinkel was in political disfavour, killed specifically as a fighter, was Heinkel’s He 280. any chance of the 280 becoming the world’s Ernst Heinkel’s passion for high-performance first operational jet fighter. That honour was aircraft created a long line of “firsts” in jet captured by the Me 262. aviation. The He 280 was first flown in 1940 as While it lacked some of the sophistication of a towed glider, with dummy jet nacelles. These the Heinkel jet, the 262 had a formidable image unpowered flights were made because of the late with its two moderately swept wings and two delivery of jet engines --- Heinkel-Hirth Junkers Jumo 004 jet engines slung below. The turbojets of 1,300 pounds thrust each. During shark-like fuselage gave it a look of lethal World War II, the Luftwaffe emphasized ease of elegance. The first four prototypes were tail- maintenance, and the He 280 wasn’t any draggers, with the long nose pointing skywards. problem in that regard. Early German jet It looked fast, even when standing still, and engines, strained to the limit, weren’t expected Messerschmitt built the airframe to be rugged to have a long life span. They were designed and and dependable. Like the He 280, the Me 262 made with the utmost simplicity. The result was was designed for ease of maintenance --- an engine that could be quickly replaced. A mandatory for an aircraft destined to operate panel on the outer surface provided ground from primitive airfields under combat crews with easy access to the engines, which conditions. The Junkers engines could be were surprisingly light compared to their piston- readily worked on or replaced. Fuel and powered counterparts. The Heinkel displayed electrical systems were easily reached by superior workmanship, highly refined panels located in the fuselage. The 262 aerodynamics, and rugged construction. When blended sophisticated state-of-the-art the 280’s engines functioned properly, the technology and simple design. Because the jet aircraft was a pleasure to fly. Like most early engines weren’t ready for the first flight trials, jets, the 280 was somewhat underpowered and a 700- horsepower nose-mounted piston engine had a notoriously short range. It first flew by jet was used instead. Finally, in July 1942, the power on April 7, 1941. The 280 was at that third Me 262, powered by two long-awaited time the world’s most sophisticated and Jumo jet engines, was ready to fly. The first advanced jet aircraft. successful flight of a jet-powered 262 was on In Britain, meanwhile, Frank Whittle worked July 18, 1942. The engines were deemed frantically on the first of two prototype Gloster flightworthy and with Group Captain Fritz E.28/39s, a research aircraft which was to test Wendel at the controls, the 262 took to the air. Allied jet propulsion theories. Simply Wendel described the turbojets as running like constructed, the airframe was built to clockwork and said it was a sheer pleasure to accommodate Whittle’s jet engine. In May, fly the new machine. The test flight was not 3 Flypast V. 42 No. 7 without incident, however. On touchdown, fuel labourers, it was a simple, yet ingenious that had accumulated in the bottom of the left aircraft. The fuselage consisted of separate engine nacelle burst into flames --- a dramatic components, quickly and easily assembled. As incident captured on film. However, damage a unit, it could be removed from the wing and was slight and the aircraft flew again that same repaired and replaced in the field. The nose day. package, housing the landing gear and the In the United States, the race for jet power had aircraft’s weapons, could also be removed as a not gone unnoticed. The Bell Aircraft Model 27, self- contained unit. The Me 262’s four 30- later known as the P-59 Airacomet, was mm cannon had pneumatic cocking and were powered by two General Electric turbojets based fired electronically. The two upper cannon on the original Whittle engine from Britain. carried 100 rounds each and the two lower Within a year the aircraft was ready for testing. ones, 80 rounds. At the tip of the nose, the 262 It was transported by rail to Muroc Army housed a combat camera to record the fate of Airfield in the California desert. On Oct. 1, its victims. The 262 first tasted action in April, 1942, with Bell test pilot Bob Stanley in the 1944, while it was still part of a test squadron cockpit, the XP-59 took to the sky in the first which was to form the world’s first all-jet flight of an American jet aircraft. operational fighter group, “Kommando” Unfortunately, performance was not markedly Nowotny, named after one of the Luftwaffe’s improved over piston-engined aircraft of the leading fighter aces. It was equipped with 30 day.
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