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The Luftwaffe Wasn't Alone
PIONEER JETS OF WORLD WAR II THE LUFTWAFFE WASN’T ALONE BY BARRETT TILLMAN he history of technology is replete with Heinkel, which absorbed some Junkers engineers. Each fac tory a concept called “multiple independent opted for axial compressors. Ohain and Whittle, however, discovery.” Examples are the incandes- independently pursued centrifugal designs, and both encoun- cent lightbulb by the American inventor tered problems, even though both were ultimately successful. Thomas Edison and the British inventor Ohain's design powered the Heinkel He 178, the world's first Joseph Swan in 1879, and the computer by jet airplane, flown in August 1939. Whittle, less successful in Briton Alan Turing and Polish-American finding industrial support, did not fly his own engine until Emil Post in 1936. May 1941, when it powered Britain's first jet airplane: the TDuring the 1930s, on opposite sides of the English Chan- Gloster E.28/39. Even so, he could not manufacture his sub- nel, two gifted aviation designers worked toward the same sequent designs, which the Air Ministry handed off to Rover, goal. Royal Air Force (RAF) Pilot Officer Frank Whittle, a a car company, and subsequently to another auto and piston 23-year-old prodigy, envisioned a gas-turbine engine that aero-engine manufacturer: Rolls-Royce. might surpass the most powerful piston designs, and patented Ohain’s work detoured in 1942 with a dead-end diagonal his idea in 1930. centrifugal compressor. As Dr. Hallion notes, however, “Whit- Slightly later, after flying gliders and tle’s designs greatly influenced American savoring their smooth, vibration-free “Axial-flow engines turbojet development—a General Electric– flight, German physicist Hans von Ohain— were more difficult built derivative of a Whittle design powered who had earned a doctorate in 1935— to perfect but America's first jet airplane, the Bell XP-59A became intrigued with a propeller-less gas- produced more Airacomet, in October 1942. -
During World War Ii. New Insights from the Annual Audits of German Aircraft Producers
ECONOMIC GROWTH CENTER YALE UNIVERSITY P.O. Box 208629 New Haven, CT 06520-8269 http://www.econ.yale.edu/~egcenter/ CENTER DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 905 DEMYSTIFYING THE GERMAN “ARMAMENT MIRACLE” DURING WORLD WAR II. NEW INSIGHTS FROM THE ANNUAL AUDITS OF GERMAN AIRCRAFT PRODUCERS Lutz Budraß University of Bochum Jonas Scherner University of Mannheim Jochen Streb University of Hohenheim January 2005 Notes: Center Discussion Papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussions and critical comments. The first version of this paper was written while Streb was visiting the Economic Growth Center at Yale University in fall 2004. We are grateful to the Economic Growth Center for financial support. We thank Christoph Buchheim, Mark Spoerer, Timothy Guinnane, and the participants of the Yale economic history workshop for many helpful comments. Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Jochen Streb, University of Hohenheim (570a), D- 70593 Stuttgart, Germany, E-Mail: [email protected]. This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=661102 An index to papers in the Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper Series is located at: http://www.econ.yale.edu/~egcenter/research.htm Demystifying the German “armament miracle” during World War II. New insights from the annual audits of German aircraft producers by Lutz Budraß, Jonas Scherner, and Jochen Streb Abstract Armament minister Albert Speer is usually credited with causing the boom in German armament production after 1941. This paper uses the annual audit reports of the Deutsche Revisions- und Treuhand AG for seven firms which together represented about 50 % of the German aircraft producers. -
Sir Frank Whittle
Daniel Guggenheim Medal MEDALIST FOR 1946 For pioneering the development of turbojet propulsion of aircraft. SIR FRANK WHITTLE One day in July 1942, during World War II, a slightly-built young Englishman arrived in Washington on a highly confidential mission. So important was the equipment that accompanied him, so vital its secret, that he traveled under an assumed name and many who met him knew him only as “Frank.” He was in fact Frank Whittle, then a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force; pioneer of the turbojet engine which was destined to make one of the most pro-found changes in aircraft propulsion since the beginning of powered flight. Born in Coventry, England, on June 1, 1907, Whittle entered Leamington College at the age of 11 on a scholarship won in elementary school. At the age of 16 he entered the Royal Air Force as an aircraft apprentice in the trade of metal rigger. At the final examination he was granted a cadetship at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell. During 1928 and 1929, as a pilot officer, he spent fifteen months in the lllth Fighter Squadron and was then assigned to a flying instructors’ course at the Central Flying School, Wittering. It was during this course that the idea of using the turbine for jet propulsion first occurred to him. His patent application was filed in January, 1930. After one year as flying instructor and eighteen months as a floatplane and catapult testpilot, he was sent to Henlow in 1932 to take the Officers Engineering Course. The summer of 1934 saw him at Cambridge University (Peterhouse). -
The New Whittle Laboratory Decarbonising Propulsion and Power
The New Whittle Laboratory Decarbonising Propulsion and Power The impressive work undertaken by the Whittle Laboratory, through the National Centre for Propulsion “and Power project, demonstrates the University’s leadership in addressing the fundamental challenges of climate change. The development of new technologies, allowing us to decarbonise air travel and power generation, will be central to our efforts to create a carbon neutral future. Professor Stephen Toope, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ” 2 The New Whittle Laboratory Summary Cambridge has a long tradition of excellence in the propulsion and power sectors, which underpin aviation and energy generation. From 1934 to 1937, Frank Whittle studied engineering in Cambridge as a member of Peterhouse. During this time he was able to advance his revolutionary idea for aircraft propulsion and founded ‘Power Jets Ltd’, the company that would go on to develop the jet engine. Prior to this, in 1884 Charles Parsons of St John’s College developed the first practical steam turbine, a technology that today generates more than half of the world’s electrical power.* Over the last 50 years the Whittle Laboratory has built on this heritage, playing a crucial role in shaping the propulsion and power sectors through industry partnerships with Rolls-Royce, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Siemens. The Whittle Laboratory is also the world’s most academically successful propulsion and power research institution, winning nine of the last 13 Gas Turbine Awards, the most prestigious prize in the field, awarded once a year since 1963. Aviation and power generation have brought many benefits – connecting people across the world and providing safe, reliable electricity to billions – but decarbonisation of these sectors is now one of society’s greatest challenges. -
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] [Military Aircraft Fleet of Germany] Военно-Воздушный Флот Германии Stock#: 67802 Map Maker: Konov Date: 1936 Place: Moscow & Leningrad Color: Color Condition: VG Size: 39.5 x 26.5 inches Price: SOLD Description: The Soviet Union Eyes Germany's Expanding Airforce. A fascinating pre-World War II Soviet appraisal of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe airplane fleet, its organization, and geographical distribution. The main body of the image is given over to illustrations of aircraft in various profiles along with their technical specifications. At the center of the poster is a map of Germany showing the country divided by airforce precinct, with the national headquarters in Berlin, and regional headquarters in Konigsberg, Dresden, Munich, Munster, and Kiel. To the left of that is a diagram of the organizational structure of German aviation. Clockwise from upper-left, the following aircraft are illustrated: Dornier Do 10 (C-4); Arado 65; Heinkel HD-37 (as with the Dornier Do C-4, the transliteration throughout the poster is hit or miss; here the HD 37 is written as "НД" even though that would translate to "ND", not "HD"); Heinkel HD 41; Autogyro C.30 (Focke-Wulf); Junkers Ju 52; Dornier Do Y; Rohrbach Ro V "Rocco"; Rohrbach Ro VIII "Roland"; Dornier Do J "Wal"; Junkers Ju 160; Heinkel HD 55; Junkers K 37; Junkers W 34; Heinkel HE 12; Albatros L 78; Junkers G 38. The poster was published by the ИЗОГИЗ (Visual Art Publishing House) division of ОГИЗ, the Association of State Book and Magazine Publishing Houses. -
Inhalt Inhalt
Inhalt Inhalt Vorwort Seite 7 Dank Seite 8 Der Beitrag der Heinkel-Werke zum Raketenflug Seite 9 Die ersten Raketenflugversuche bei Heinkel Seite 9 Die Vorgeschichte Seite 9 Heinkel He 112 R und Vorversuche Seite 10 Die Heinkel He 176 Seite 26 Die Heinkel-Strahltriebwerke und -projekte Seite 43 Einleitung Seite 43 Die Arbeiten unter Hans von Ohains Leitung Seite 43 Die ersten Demonstrationsmodelle und Projekte Seite 43 Das erste flugfähige Strahltriebwerk F 3 (He S 3) Seite 52 Das Projekt F 4 Seite 56 Das Projekt F 5 Seite 57 Das Strahltriebwerk He S 6 Seite 57 Triebwerk He S 8 Seite 58 Das nicht gebaute Axialtriebwerk He S 9 Seite 68 Das erste Zweistrom-Luftstrahl-Triebwerk (ZTL) He S 10 Seite 70 He S 11, erstes Triebwerk der Leistungsklasse II Seite 71 He S 021, PTL-Triebwerksprojekt auf der Basis des He S 11 Seite 82 Weitere Entwicklungen und Projekte Seite 83 Die Arbeiten unter Leitung Max Adolf Müllers Seite 85 He S 30, das Axialtriebwerk der Müller-Gruppe Seite 85 Die Vorgeschichte bei Junkers in Magdeburg Seite 85 Entwicklung des He S 30 in Rostock und Stuttgart Seite 89 Das Verpuffungs-Strahltriebwerksprojekt He S 40 Seite 95 Das Motor-Luftstrahl-Triebwerk He S 50 Seite 95 Allgemeines über Motor-Luftstrahl-Triebwerke Seite 95 Die untersuchten Varianten des He S 50 Seite 96 He S 50 z Seite 96 HeS50d Seite 98 Das Kombinations-Strahltriebwerk He S 60 Seite 99 Personelle und räumliche Fragen der Strahltriebwerksentwicklung bei Heinkel Seite 101 Die Aufbauarbeit bis 1939 Seite 101 Verstärkung durch die Junkers-Gruppe aus Magdeburg -
Comparative Study on Energy R&D Performance: Gas Turbine Case
Comparative Study on Energy R&D Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study Prepared by Darian Unger and Howard Herzog Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Laboratory Prepared for Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) Final Report August 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW .................................................................................1 2. GAS TURBINE BACKGROUND...............................................................................4 3. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS .......................................................................6 4. GAS SUPPLY AND AVAILABILITY .......................................................................20 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ............................................................................25 6. ELECTRIC RESTRUCTURING AND CHANGING MARKET CONDITIONS ....................27 7. DRIVER INTERACTIONS .....................................................................................33 8. LESSONS FROM OTHER CASE STUDIES ................................................................39 9. CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS.............................................................................42 APPENDIX A: TURBINE TIMELINE ..........................................................................44 APPENDIX B: REFERENCES REVIEWED ..................................................................49 APPENDIX C: EXPERTS INTERVIEWED....................................................................56 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Gas -
Military & Maritime Catalog
SCHIFFER P U B L I S H I N G Military & Maritime Catalog AUTUMN/WINTER 2014 aviation: 18 naval: 43 ground forces: 45 militaria: 61 modeling & collectible figures: 76 American Civil War: 78 Cornell Maritime Press: 79 pin-ups: 86 transportation: 88 2 NEW BOOKS MARTIN B-26 MARAUDER: The Ultimate Look: From Drawing William Wolf Board to Widow Maker Vindicated • Fifth in the Ultimate Look bomber series • Photo coverage of the NMUSAF and MAPS restored B-26s • 20 color profiles of some of the most notable of the B-26 series In his fifth book in The Ultimate Look series, Dr. Wolf again brings the same degree of meticulous research to describe this unappreciated and misunderstood B-26 medium bomber. This massive, comprehensive volume is the first to give the reader a definitive description of this neglected bomber, its development, testing, and manufacture. The role of the enigmatic aviation icon Glenn L. Martin is described in the development of the American aviation industry and the Marauder. The author made extensive use of the massive document and photo collections of the Marauder Archives at Akron and Tucson, and the Air Force collection at the NMUSAF. Martin Company design and production information and flight and test evaluations, along with original Company Flight, Parts, and Maintenance Manuals, and rare archival microfilm of original material were also used. The author was given unprecedented access to the family records of B-26 designer Peyton Magruder. The text is complemented by archival photos and drawings, and new color photos of the Marauders at the NMUSAF, Fantasy of Flight, and MAPS Museum. -
The Power for Flight: NASA's Contributions To
The Power Power The forFlight NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion for for Flight Jeremy R. Kinney ThePower for NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion Flight Jeremy R. Kinney Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kinney, Jeremy R., author. Title: The power for flight : NASA’s contributions to aircraft propulsion / Jeremy R. Kinney. Description: Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017027182 (print) | LCCN 2017028761 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830387 (Epub) | ISBN 9781626830370 (hardcover) ) | ISBN 9781626830394 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration– Research–History. | Airplanes–Jet propulsion–Research–United States– History. | Airplanes–Motors–Research–United States–History. Classification: LCC TL521.312 (ebook) | LCC TL521.312 .K47 2017 (print) | DDC 629.134/35072073–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017027182 Copyright © 2017 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the United States Government or of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Table of Contents Dedication v Acknowledgments vi Foreword vii Chapter 1: The NACA and Aircraft Propulsion, 1915–1958.................................1 Chapter 2: NASA Gets to Work, 1958–1975 ..................................................... 49 Chapter 3: The Shift Toward Commercial Aviation, 1966–1975 ...................... 73 Chapter 4: The Quest for Propulsive Efficiency, 1976–1989 ......................... 103 Chapter 5: Propulsion Control Enters the Computer Era, 1976–1998 ........... 139 Chapter 6: Transiting to a New Century, 1990–2008 .................................... -
A Performance Diagnosis of the 1939 Heinkel He S3B Turbojet
Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2004 Power for Land, Sea, and Air June 14-17, 2004, Vienna, Austria GT2004-53014 A Performance Diagnosis of the 1939 Heinkel He S3B Turbojet. C Rodgers FASME [email protected] ABSTRACT. The historical development of the world’s first pure SFC Specific fuel Consumption jet propelled aircraft, the Heinkel He 178, and its T Temperature turbojet the He S3B has been extensively TIT Turbine Inlet Temperature documented, however only limited descriptions of U Tip Speed the engine and component aero-thermo-dynamic V0 Turbine Spouting Velocity = √√√2g Had performances have, as yet, been published in open Va Turbine exit axial velocity English literature. W Airflow, or relative velocity The basic He S3B engine flowpath configuration of a ∆∆∆ Difference radial compressor mounted back-to-back with a ηηη Efficiency radial inflow turbine, intrigued the author as one ωωω Angular Velocity excellent example of the pre WW11 radial turbomachinery ingenuity and expertise, to the Subscripts extent that it prompted this diagnosis. ad Adiabatic Recognizing that some of the historically quoted c Compressor HeS3B performance data may be dubious, attempts d Diffuser have been made to coalesce data from multiple crit Sonic conditions sources into a more consistent account by i Inlet conducting a detailed engine performance analysis. n Nozzle HeS3B engine performance characteristics are re- s Static created based upon predicted meanline component t Turbine, or total maps derived from engine drawings and supporting Note all angles relative to the axial plane data recently published by AIAA in his biography “Dr Hans von Ohain -Excellence in Flight”. -
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248 book reviews Niklas Frank, Dunkle Seele, feiges Maul: Wie absurd, komisch und skandalös sich die Deutschen beim Entnazifizieren reinwaschen (Bonn: Dietz, 2016). – 579 pages. – isbn 9783801204051. The author of this book is the son of Hitler’s governor of Poland and leading Nazi, Hans Frank, one of the main instigators of the Holocaust, personally responsible for Auschwitz—the camp and what went on there. Denouncing his father, Niklas Frank also wrote a bbc documentary ‘My Nazi Legacy’. In his latest book, Dunkle Seele, feiges Maul [The Dark Souls of German Nazis], Frank investigates what hap- pened to ex-Nazis in the immediate postwar years in Germany. While his father was hanged after the Nuremberg trials for war crimes, most other leaders of the National Socialist movement got off virtually scot free. Based on substantial archival studies, Niklas Frank takes the Spruchkammerverfahren or Denazification Hearings, set up precisely to make sure that did not happen, to task. Between 1946 and 1950 thousands of ex-Nazis appeared in front of such hearing. All but a few either served no time at all for their criminal acts or received short sentences. That the Nazis were not totally eradicated and punished beggars the imagination. These so-called Denazification Hearings were linked to the word Persilschein, a German idiom deriving from a brand of laundry detergent, Persil. To gain a Persilschein means to be clean, forever purged of schmutz. Thousands of ex-Nazis were eager to gain a certificate [Schein] that said ‘iv’ or ‘v’, not guilty or spar- kling clean. The five classification were: i major offenders (Hauptschuldige); ii offenders: Nazi activists, militants, or profiteers (Belastete); iii lesser offenders (Minderbelastete); iv followers (Mitläufer); and finally, v exonerated persons (Entlastete). -
The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers Via Warren Thompson
A 21-year-old RAF pilot and a German graduate student got the whole thing going 70 years ago. The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers via Warren Thompson By Bruce D. Callander N the last months of World War II, was losing the war but was still able self. Within a decade, the propel- Allied bombers were jumped by to inflict damage. ler-driven fighters of the major pow- German interceptors that had no These desperation weapons ar- ers would become virtually obso- propellers but could outrun any rived too late to have any substan- lete, their successors powered by conventional fighter. In the Pa- tial impact on the outcome of the “reaction engines.” cific, the Japanese sent piloted war, but they foreshadowed a post- At the time of the Wright brothers’ Iglide bombs against ships and air- war transformation in military tech- first flight in 1903, a relatively light craft, their suicide dives boosted by nology as dramatic in its way as the internal combustion engine was avail- rocket or turbojet engines. The Axis invention of the flying machine it- able. For the next three decades, pis- A four-ship of F-80 fighters. The Shooting Star was the nation’s first combat jet fighter. 68 AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2002 AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2002 68 A 21-year-old RAF pilot and a German graduate student got the whole thing going 70 years ago. The Jet Generations Photo by Russ Rogers via Warren Thompson By Bruce D. Callander N the last months of World War II, was losing the war but was still able self.