Comparative Study on Energy R&D Performance: Gas Turbine Case
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The Luftwaffe Wasn't Alone
PIONEER JETS OF WORLD WAR II THE LUFTWAFFE WASN’T ALONE BY BARRETT TILLMAN he history of technology is replete with Heinkel, which absorbed some Junkers engineers. Each fac tory a concept called “multiple independent opted for axial compressors. Ohain and Whittle, however, discovery.” Examples are the incandes- independently pursued centrifugal designs, and both encoun- cent lightbulb by the American inventor tered problems, even though both were ultimately successful. Thomas Edison and the British inventor Ohain's design powered the Heinkel He 178, the world's first Joseph Swan in 1879, and the computer by jet airplane, flown in August 1939. Whittle, less successful in Briton Alan Turing and Polish-American finding industrial support, did not fly his own engine until Emil Post in 1936. May 1941, when it powered Britain's first jet airplane: the TDuring the 1930s, on opposite sides of the English Chan- Gloster E.28/39. Even so, he could not manufacture his sub- nel, two gifted aviation designers worked toward the same sequent designs, which the Air Ministry handed off to Rover, goal. Royal Air Force (RAF) Pilot Officer Frank Whittle, a a car company, and subsequently to another auto and piston 23-year-old prodigy, envisioned a gas-turbine engine that aero-engine manufacturer: Rolls-Royce. might surpass the most powerful piston designs, and patented Ohain’s work detoured in 1942 with a dead-end diagonal his idea in 1930. centrifugal compressor. As Dr. Hallion notes, however, “Whit- Slightly later, after flying gliders and tle’s designs greatly influenced American savoring their smooth, vibration-free “Axial-flow engines turbojet development—a General Electric– flight, German physicist Hans von Ohain— were more difficult built derivative of a Whittle design powered who had earned a doctorate in 1935— to perfect but America's first jet airplane, the Bell XP-59A became intrigued with a propeller-less gas- produced more Airacomet, in October 1942. -
The New Whittle Laboratory Decarbonising Propulsion and Power
The New Whittle Laboratory Decarbonising Propulsion and Power The impressive work undertaken by the Whittle Laboratory, through the National Centre for Propulsion “and Power project, demonstrates the University’s leadership in addressing the fundamental challenges of climate change. The development of new technologies, allowing us to decarbonise air travel and power generation, will be central to our efforts to create a carbon neutral future. Professor Stephen Toope, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ” 2 The New Whittle Laboratory Summary Cambridge has a long tradition of excellence in the propulsion and power sectors, which underpin aviation and energy generation. From 1934 to 1937, Frank Whittle studied engineering in Cambridge as a member of Peterhouse. During this time he was able to advance his revolutionary idea for aircraft propulsion and founded ‘Power Jets Ltd’, the company that would go on to develop the jet engine. Prior to this, in 1884 Charles Parsons of St John’s College developed the first practical steam turbine, a technology that today generates more than half of the world’s electrical power.* Over the last 50 years the Whittle Laboratory has built on this heritage, playing a crucial role in shaping the propulsion and power sectors through industry partnerships with Rolls-Royce, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Siemens. The Whittle Laboratory is also the world’s most academically successful propulsion and power research institution, winning nine of the last 13 Gas Turbine Awards, the most prestigious prize in the field, awarded once a year since 1963. Aviation and power generation have brought many benefits – connecting people across the world and providing safe, reliable electricity to billions – but decarbonisation of these sectors is now one of society’s greatest challenges. -
The Power for Flight: NASA's Contributions To
The Power Power The forFlight NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion for for Flight Jeremy R. Kinney ThePower for NASA’s Contributions to Aircraft Propulsion Flight Jeremy R. Kinney Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kinney, Jeremy R., author. Title: The power for flight : NASA’s contributions to aircraft propulsion / Jeremy R. Kinney. Description: Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017027182 (print) | LCCN 2017028761 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830387 (Epub) | ISBN 9781626830370 (hardcover) ) | ISBN 9781626830394 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration– Research–History. | Airplanes–Jet propulsion–Research–United States– History. | Airplanes–Motors–Research–United States–History. Classification: LCC TL521.312 (ebook) | LCC TL521.312 .K47 2017 (print) | DDC 629.134/35072073–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017027182 Copyright © 2017 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the United States Government or of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Table of Contents Dedication v Acknowledgments vi Foreword vii Chapter 1: The NACA and Aircraft Propulsion, 1915–1958.................................1 Chapter 2: NASA Gets to Work, 1958–1975 ..................................................... 49 Chapter 3: The Shift Toward Commercial Aviation, 1966–1975 ...................... 73 Chapter 4: The Quest for Propulsive Efficiency, 1976–1989 ......................... 103 Chapter 5: Propulsion Control Enters the Computer Era, 1976–1998 ........... 139 Chapter 6: Transiting to a New Century, 1990–2008 .................................... -
0106Engines.Pdf
They approached the jet engine problem in different ways, but they both solved it. The Converging Paths of Whittle and von Ohain Pictured in 1987 is Frank Whittle and the Whittle W1X, the engine he designed. The engine is on display in the jet gallery at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. 70 AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2006 They approached the jet engine problem in different ways, but they both solved it. o one who witnessed the first apprentice at the age of 16. His goal flight by a jet aircraft had any was to become a pilot. N idea of the revolution that the Hugh Trenchard, Marshal of the jet engine would bring. The secret flight Royal Air Force, made many important in Germany of the Heinkel He-178 contributions to the RAF, but none more on Aug. 27, 1939, led to revolutions so than his concept of apprentice train- in aviation, warfare, transportation, ing. Trenchard insisted that his enlisted politics, and the world economy. and noncommissioned personnel have The Converging Paths of A functioning jet engine was real- a sound education. Then he wanted ized at about the same time by two his average RAF airman to have three independent inventors, British Frank years’ training as an apprentice before Whittle and German Hans Pabst von entering service as a mechanic or other Ohain. They could not have differed skilled worker. more in personality. Trenchard believed that only educat- Whittle and von Ohain Whittle, an extremely proficient Royal ed and well-trained men could become Air Force pilot, was quick tempered professional airmen. -
The Bramson Report by Cyrus B
Volume 42: 2002, No.1 CIRCULATION 15,000 • ATLANTA, GEORGIA USA • ASME INTERNATIONAL GAS TURBINE INSTITUTE TOP TURBO EXPO ‘02 KEYNOTERS in AMSTERDAM to SPEAK at 3-6 June TE’02 he Monday morning Keynote Session at TURBO EXPO is open to Tall TE’02 registrants, regardless of their registration category. This gives all industry visitors and participants at TE’02 Start Your Planning Now! an opportunity to hear from industry world leaders. The theme of this year’s Keynote is “Gas Turbines for a Better FEATURED THIS YEAR Tomorrow.” The distinguished Keynote IN THIS Speakers are: ISSUE... at the 47th ASME TURBO EXPO – Land, Sea & Air: Peter F. Hartman, Managing Director & Chief TE’02 Section ✲ Leading edge technology. Operations Officer of KLM 1, 12-15 ✲ Key industry issues relevant to your profession. GT Data ✲ Exceptional Keynote Speakers. Collection ✲ Hosted Welcome Reception at the 4-6 Rijksmuseum. Ludo M. J. van Halderen, ✲ CD-ROM with all 500+ published papers Chief Executive Officer of ISO’s included in registration. NUON, the leading Dutch 7-8 ✲ Special pre-conference workshop for users. energy and water company ✲ Full Gas Turbine Users Symposium User program dedicated to Operations & Workshop Maintenance, Repair Technology, and 15 Engineering & Business. Nick Salmon, ✲ Large networking session by and for users. Executive Vice President Bramson ✲ Report Highly informative facility tours. of ALSTOM 16-20 This year TURBO EXPO, the world’s In Memory of “Bud” premier educational program for engineers, Lakshminarayana managers and users of gas turbine technology 24 in all its applications, will again feature its world renowned Technical Congress, a Special welcoming comments will be .. -
Military Jet Engine Acquisition
Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology Obaid Younossi, Mark V. Arena, Richard M. Moore Mark Lorell, Joanna Mason, John C. Graser Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited R Project AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Military jet engine acquisition : technology basics and cost-estimating methodology / Obaid Younossi ... [et al.]. p. cm. “MR-1596.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8330-3282-8 (pbk.) 1. United States—Armed Forces—Procurement—Costs. 2. Airplanes— Motors—Costs. 3. Jet planes, Military—United States—Costs. 4. Jet engines— Costs. I. Younossi, Obaid. UG1123 .M54 2002 355.6'212'0973—dc21 2002014646 RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. © Copyright 2002 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2002 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] PREFACE In recent years, the affordability of weapon systems has become increasingly important to policymakers in the Department of Defense and U.S. -
National Air & Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Propulsion
National Air & Space Museum Technical Reference Files: Propulsion NASM Staff 2017 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 1 Accessories...................................................................................................................... 1 Engines............................................................................................................................ 1 Propellers ........................................................................................................................ 2 Space Propulsion ............................................................................................................ 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 3 Series B3: Propulsion: Accessories, by Manufacturer............................................. 3 Series B4: Propulsion: Accessories, General........................................................ 47 Series B: Propulsion: Engines, by Manufacturer.................................................... 71 Series B2: Propulsion: Engines, General............................................................ -
Sir Frank Whittle
Sir Frank Whittle A short life-history ... by Professor William Webb Frank Whittle was born on June 1 1907, in the Earlsdon district of Coventry, the son of a foreman in a machine tool factory. Both his parents had suffered a hard upbringing, working in the mills from the ages of ten or eleven and were uneducated. They were determined that Frank would have a better start in life. When Frank was four his father, a skilful and inventive mechanic who spent Sundays at a drawing board, gave him a toy aeroplane with a clockwork propeller and suspended it from a gas mantle. In 1912, at the age of five, he went to the local council school. When he was seven, the First World War broke out. Frank's interest in aeroplanes increased when he saw aircraft being built at the local Standard works, and was excited when an aeroplane force-landed near his home. In 1916 the family moved to Leamington Spa, where Frank's father had bought the Leamington Valve and Piston Ring Company, which comprised a few lathes and other tools, and a single-cylinder gas engine. With the war ongoing there was a great need for this sort of expertise and the business prospered. Frank was transferred to the local council school but in his spare time became familiar with machine tools and did piece work for his father. However, with the end of the war there came an end to the need for this kind of engineering work and the business floundered so badly that the Whittles were turned out of their home and had to move to rented accommodation. -
The Development of the Whittle Turbojet
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y.10017 97-GT-528 The Society shall not be response* for statements or opinions advancedin papers or clitussion at meetings of the Society or of its Divisions or Sections, or printed In its publications. Discussion is printed only if the paper is published in an ASME Journal. Authorization to photocopy material for Internal or personal use under circumstance not falling within the fair use. provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASME to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transacticcal Reporting Senrice provided that the base fee of $0.30 • per page is paid direcby to the CCC, 27 Congress Street Salem MA 01970. Requests for special pemlission or bulk reproduction shadd be addressed to the ASME Teetotal Pubistting Department Copyright 0 1997 by ASME All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings-pdf/GT1997/78682/V001T01A012/2408878/v001t01a012-97-gt-528.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 , 111 11111111,11 1)111111111 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHITTLE TURBOJET Cyrus B. Meher-Homji Bechtel Corporation Houston, Texas. ABSTRACT The history of jet propulsion starts with the inventions of Hero of Alexandria (circa AD 60) who developed the first Sir Frank Whittle passed away on August 8, 1996 at the age of reaction type turbine. In 1791 John Barber invented a Watt type 89, in Maryland. His work in developing the turbojet can truly beam engine driven by a primitive gas turbine via reduction be said to represent one of the greatest mechanical engineering gearing. -
The Two Prime Movers of Globalization: History and Impact of Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines
Journal of Global History (2007) 2, pp. 373–394 ª London School of Economics and Political Science 2007 doi:10.1017/S1740022807002331 The two prime movers of globalization: history and impact of diesel engines and gas turbines Vaclav Smil Faculty of Environment, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Modern economic globalization would be impossible without our ability to move billions of tonnes of raw materials and finished goods among the continents and to fly at speeds approaching the speed of sound. These realities were made possible by the interaction of eco- nomic and technical factors. Much has been written about their organizational and political underpinnings (ranging from the role of multinational corporations to the history of free trade agreements), but much less on the history of the two prime movers that made these realities possible. Neither steam engines, nor gasoline-fuelled engines could have accomplished compar- able feats. Diesel engines made ocean shipping the cheapest mode of long-distance transport and without gas turbines there would be no fast, inexpensive, mass-scale intercontinental travel. This paper examines the history, advances, benefits and costs of the two prime movers. Introduction The process of globalization has been examined from many perspectives and with results that have ranged from questionable comparisons to revealing observations. The search for historical precedents has led to such highly arguable claims as Genghis Khan being a thor- -
The Development of the Turbojet Engine in Britain and Germany As a Lens for Future Developments
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work 5-2013 The Development of the Turbojet Engine in Britain and Germany as a Lens for Future Developments Ethan Zachariah Cansler [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Part of the Other Aerospace Engineering Commons, and the Other History Commons Recommended Citation Cansler, Ethan Zachariah, "The Development of the Turbojet Engine in Britain and Germany as a Lens for Future Developments" (2013). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1621 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Development of the Turbojet Engine in Britain and Germany as a Lens for Future Developments Ethan Z Cansler1 Dr. Robert Bond, Advisor The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916 I. Introduction T HE jet engine is indisputably one of the greatest technological advances to emerge from the twentieth century, both in technical and societal terms. Never before had flight at such speeds been possible, and in time, the jet engine came to connect the world more tightly than ever before. Like many developments that preceded and would follow it, the advance of gas turbine propulsion was spurred by military needs rather than by the investigations of pure science. -
The General Electric J79 Turbojet Engine; Innovations, Achievements and Effects Matt .C Brimer [email protected]
University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses UMSL Graduate Works 8-25-2017 Designing Simplicity to Achieve Technological Improvement: The General Electric J79 Turbojet Engine; Innovations, Achievements and Effects Matt .C Brimer [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Brimer, Matt .,C "Designing Simplicity to Achieve Technological Improvement: The General Electric J79 Turbojet Engine; Innovations, Achievements and Effects" (2017). Theses. 307. https://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/307 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Designing Simplicity to Achieve Technological Improvement: The General Electric J79 Turbojet Engine; Innovations, Achievements and Effects By Matt Brimer A Thesis for a Master of Arts in History Submitted to The Graduate School of the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts In History December 2017 Advisory Committee Peter Acsay, Ph.D. Chair of Committee Daniel Rust, Ph.D. Carlos Schwantes, Ph.D. Brimer, Matt, 2017, UMSL, p.1 Abstract With the beginning of powered, manned flight, the piston engine drove a propeller or multiple propellers to provide the thrust for lift required to overcome the forces of drag and gravity for flight. As aircraft speeds gradually increased over time, the power needed to overcome the aerodynamic inefficiencies of the propeller to greater speeds and altitudes were quickly realized as a hindrance to the potential of aircraft.