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DDSR Document Scanning . :~·~:~··~ . :· • ,J•, . ·. ,.' • • ..;< "'_;. ".. ' :~ . .. Reports of the Research Committee • L. of the . ~ Society of Antiquaries 0£ London • . " No. IV . • . Third Report on the Excavations on ·the Site of the Roma·n Town at Wro.xeter .Shropshire I • 1914 • By J. P. lJushe-Fox, Esq., F.S.A. · . • • ~· I • . • ..... .,.. • · Oxfo~cf~ Printed, by Fredei;jck Hall, for • The Society .of Antiquaries Burlington House, London 1916 . , •. • . •.I,.. • . " . _,·•.• • ! .. .,';·. ~~' i:t::~>-~·~i.i$.} SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES RESEARCH COMMITTEE SIR ARTHUR J. EvANs, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.S., President. SIR C. HERCULES READ, LL.D., Vice-President. W. MINET, EsQ., M.A., Treasurer. SIR EDWARD W. BRABROOK, C.B., Director. CHARLES R. PEERS, EsQ., M.A., Secretary. HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, EsQ. WILLIAM GowLAND, EsQ., F .R.S. FRANCIS HAVERFIELD, EsQ., M.A., LL.D. LT.-CoL. WILLIAM HAWLEY. SIR WILLIAM ST. JoHN Ho~E, L1TT.D., D.C.L. D. H. MoNTGOMERIE, EsQ. WILLIAM PAGE, EsQ. REGINALD A. SMITH, EsQ., B.A. MILL STEPHENSON, EsQ., B.A. W. M. TAPP, EsQ., LL.D. HORACE WILMER, EsQ., Treasurer of Excavation Fund. SHROPSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY WROXETER EXCAVATION COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, VIcE-PRESIDENTs, AND CouNCIL OF THE SHROPSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Treasurer: REv. PREBENDARY AuDEN, F.S.A., Alderdene, Church Stretton. BIRMINGHAM FUND FOR ASSISTING IN THE EXCAVATION COMMITTEE SIR WHITWORTH WALLIS, F .S.A., Chairman. PROF. E. A. SoNNENSCHEIN, D.LITT., Hon. Secretary. JoHN HuMPHREYs, EsQ., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary. ALFRED HAYES, EsQ., M.A., Hon. Treasurer, 54 Wheeley's Road, Edgbaston. PHILIP CHATWIN, EsQ., F.R.I.B.A. · SIR OuvER LoDGE, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. HERBERT NEw, EsQ. , CONTENTS PAGE GENERAL SUMMARY I SITE VI 4 SITE VII 20 SMALL OBJECTS IN METAL, GLAss, BoNE, ETc. 22 PoTTERY- Decorated Terra Sigillata 34 Potters' Stamps on Terra Sigillata 39 Amphora Stamps 56 Mortaria Stamps 60 Coarse Pottery 62 METALLURGICAL REMAINS 65 VARIOUS VARIETIES OF WOOD 66 ANIMAL BONES 66 CoINs • 67 Exca1Pations on the site ofthe Roman town at Wroxeter, Shropshire, in 19 I 4 By J. P. BusttE-Fox, Esq., F.S.A. THE work of 1914, which began on the 2oth of June, was mainly concerned with the complete excavation of the large building (site VI) already partly uncovered in 1913. The piece of land between the back of this building and the modern road to the west was also thoroughly explored, with the result that other interesting structures (site VII) were brought to light. Owing to the complicated nature of the remains on site VI, practically the whole of the soil had to be·removed and dumped clear of the buildings. This entailed a very large amount of labour, which was however greatly facilitated by the light railway acquired at the beginning of the season. The loss of several of the workmen owing to the war, and the fact that nearly the whole of two years' excavations had to be filled in, made the work last much longer than usual, and it was not completed until the first week in January, 1915. The buildings on site VI belonged to several different periods. As in previous years, the earliest houses were of wood and wattle- and-daub, and appear to have been built about 7 5-8 5 A. D. Owing to the perishable nature of these materials, very little trace of the actual buildings remained, but to judge by the very considerable accumulation of mixed soil, the different levels of the remains of the foundations, paths, &c., and the large amount of pottery and other articles found belonging to the last quarter of the first century and the early years of the second century, a certain amount of rebuilding took place during this period, and the occupation must have been a considerable one. Soon after the beginning of the second century, three long houses with open fronts and porticoes on the street similar to those found in 19 12 were erected, and before the middle of that century these_ were incorporated in one large building of more than one story, with many rooms, corridors, courtyards, and a small bath building. Some of the rooms were fitted with hypo- R 2 REPORTS OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES causts, and, to judge by the number of fragments of painted wall- plaster, most of the walls must have been decorated. In one or two instances the floors appear to have been covered with various patterns in mosaic. This building was . considerably altered at a later date, being converted into a type of Roman house frequently met with in this country, consisting of a series of rooms opening on to a corridor on the inner side, and surrounding or partly surrounding a large courtyard. A room that was probably a Lararium jutted out from the corridor into .the courtyard, making a plan very similar to that of houses found at Sikhester and Caerwettt (Arch. LIV, pl. X VIII, p. 2 12, and LVIII, pl. VIII, p. 122). The houses found in 1912, the temple in 1 9 1 3, and the large building uncovered this year, all had porticoes which formed a continuous colonnade by the side of the · street. A water-main ran in front of the portico, and an ingenious arrangement of sluice-gates regulated the amount of water which passed into the individual houses. The large structure found at the back of site VI, which unfortunately extended under the modern road to the west, and therefore could not be entirely explored, appears to be of unique plan, and it will not be possible to say with any certainty what was its original use until excavations have been carried out on the other side of the road and the western end uncovered. Such a large amount of alteration and rebuilding had taken place on the area excavated that it has been considered desirable to ·print three separate plans indicating the different periods, as well as one general plan showing the whole of the remains found. It was extremely difficult to say with absolute certainty what was exactly the precise form of the different buildings at various stages, as in some instances the earlier structures had been re-used and incorporated in the later, and in others they had been entirely swept away. Little more than the foundations of some of the walls remained, making it hardly possible to assign them to any particular period. In some cases where the evidence might have been read in different ways, what appears to be the most likely solution has been adopted. In the descrip- tion of the remains it has not been thought necessary to give the detailed measurements of the different walls, rooms, &c., as the plans have been most carefully prepared, and by reference to them all measurements can be obtained. The stratification on the whole was not good, but sufficient evidence was collected to indicate roughly the dates of the principal buildings and alterations. EXCAVATIONS AT WROXETER IN 1914 3 The conflicting evidence afforded by pre-Flavian coins and the earliest pottery found during the last three years is a curious feature of the excavations. Eight silver and forty-six bronze coins of the period 30 B.c.-69 A. n., thirty of them belonging to the emperor Claudius, have been found. A comparison of the proportions of coins from other sites appears to point definitely to a pre-Flavian occupation. A few brooches, notably two of the Aucissa type that may belong to this period, have been met with, and a few small fragments of pottery and stamps of two or three potters, whose activity ceased before the Flavian period, have come to light. As already stated, there is a great quantity of pottery belonging to the last quarter of the first century A. D. and the early years of the second century, but no stratified deposits have been found that can possibly be placed earlier than the year 7 5 A. n. It seems natural therefore to infer that these earlier brooches and scraps of pottery are survivals. It is also possible that they may have come from the supposed Claudian camp, but the occurrence of such a large number of pre-Flavian coins without the usual accompaniment of pottery and other articles of the same period raises a difficult question, to which there appears to be no reasonable answer at present, as it seems hardly possible that the inhabitants of the early camp would have dropped so much money on such a small area outside its boundaries. The coins and pottery of the Antonine period, especially the latter part of it, have again been found in only ~mall quantities, but there is no definite evidence to show that there was a disaster at that time. The last coins found belong to the emperor Arcadius and are of the same date as those of the emperor Theodosius I which were found in 1913. There was no evidence of the town having been finally destroyed by fire. As in the two preceding years, I had the great assistance of Mr. A. G. K. Hayter, who again undertook the identifying and listing of the potters' stamps and coins. Mr. D. Atkinson stayed on the site for six weeks and gave much help with the inventory of the pottery. I have also to acknowledge assistance from the Rev. Prebendary Auden and members of the Shropshire Archaeo- logical Society, especially the Rev. R. Jowett Burton, who undertook the cataloguing of the small finds. To Mr. N. La Touche I am indebted for the very carefully prepared plans. Mr. Reginald Smith and Mr. D. Atkinson have also given considerable assis- tance in the preparation of the report.
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