New Lives for Ancient and Extinct Crops
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THE EVOLUTION of SEED MORPHOLOGY in DOMESTICATED Chenopodium: an ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY
]. Ethnobiol. 13(2):149-169 Winter 1993 THE EVOLUTION OF SEED MORPHOLOGY IN DOMESTICATED Chenopodium: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY KRISTEN }. GREMILLION Department of Anthropology The Ohio Stute University Columbus, OH 43210-1364 ABSTRACf.-A large body of data on several key morphological characters has been compiled through examination of collections of archaeological Chenopodium from eastern North America. Contrary to expectations based on change in certain other seed crops, the patterns of variation observed in Chenopodium do not reflect a gradual evolution of seed morphology away from the wild type. Evidence for decreasing levels of morphological variability in the evolving domesticate is like wise minimal. These findings demonstrate that the rate and character of crop evolution as revealed in the archaeological record can be expected to vary consid erably among taxa. RESUMEN.-Se ha compilado un extenso ouerpo de datos sobre varios carac teres morfol6gicos clave mediante el examen de colecciones de Chenopodium arqueol6gico del este de Norteamerica. Contrariamente a las expectativas basadas en el cambio en ciertos otms cultivos de semilla, los patrones de variaci6n obser vados en Chenopodium no reflejan una evoluci6n gradual de la morfologia de las semillas en credente distancia del tipo silvestre. La evidencia de niveles decre cientes de variabilidad morfol6gica en la especie domesticada en evoluci6n es asimismo minima. Estos resultados demuestran que puede esperarse que la 13sa y el caracter de la evoluci6n de los cultivos, tal y como se revela en el registro arqueol6gico, varien considerablemente entre taxa distintos. REsUME.-Un large ensemble de donnees concernant plusieurs characteres mor phologiques importants a ete recueilli en examinant des collections de Cheno podium de I'est de I' Amerique. -
Edible Leafy Plants from Mexico As Sources of Antioxidant Compounds, and Their Nutritional, Nutraceutical and Antimicrobial Potential: a Review
antioxidants Review Edible Leafy Plants from Mexico as Sources of Antioxidant Compounds, and Their Nutritional, Nutraceutical and Antimicrobial Potential: A Review Lourdes Mateos-Maces 1, José Luis Chávez-Servia 2,* , Araceli Minerva Vera-Guzmán 2 , Elia Nora Aquino-Bolaños 3 , Jimena E. Alba-Jiménez 4 and Bethsabe Belem Villagómez-González 2 1 Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Colegio de Posgraduados, Carr. México-Texcoco Km. 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; [email protected] 2 CIIDIR-Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; [email protected] (A.M.V.-G.); [email protected] (B.B.V.-G.) 3 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa-Enríquez 1090, Mexico; [email protected] 4 CONACyT-Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa-Enríquez 1090, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 May 2020; Accepted: 13 June 2020; Published: 20 June 2020 Abstract: A review of indigenous Mexican plants with edible stems and leaves and their nutritional and nutraceutical potential was conducted, complemented by the authors’ experiences. In Mexico, more than 250 species with edible stems, leaves, vines and flowers, known as “quelites,” are collected or are cultivated and consumed. The assessment of the quelite composition depends on the chemical characteristics of the compounds being evaluated; the protein quality is a direct function of the amino acid content, which is evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the contribution of minerals is evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or ICP mass spectrometry. The total contents of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, saponins and other general compounds have been analyzed using UV-vis spectrophotometry and by HPLC. -
A Crossing Method for Quinoa
Sustainability 2015, 7, 3230-3243; doi:10.3390/su7033230 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article A Crossing Method for Quinoa Adam Peterson 1, Sven-Erik Jacobsen 2, Alejandro Bonifacio 3 and Kevin Murphy 1,* 1 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, 113 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Fundación PROINPA, Americo Vespucio Nro 538, 3er piso, La Paz, Bolivia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-509-335-9692; Fax: +1-509-335-8674. Academic Editor: Marc A. Rosen Received: 20 December 2014 / Accepted: 11 March 2015 / Published: 17 March 2015 Abstract: As sustainable production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) increases and its geographic range of cultivation expands, quinoa breeding will allow use of the crop’s wide genetic diversity for cultivar improvement and for adaptation to new agroecosystems and climactic regimes. Such breeding work will require a reliable technique for crossing quinoa plants using hand emasculation. The technique described herein focuses on the isolation of small flower clusters produced low on the plant, emasculation of male flowers, and subsequent pairing of the emasculated female parent with a male parent undergoing anthesis. Various traits, such as plant color, seed color, and axil pigmentation can be used to confirm the successful production of F1 plants. -
Understanding the Weedy Chenopodium Complex in the North Central States
UNDERSTANDING THE WEEDY CHENOPODIUM COMPLEX IN THE NORTH CENTRAL STATES BY SUKHVINDER SINGH DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Patrick J. Tranel, Chair Associate Professor Aaron G. Hager Associate Professor Geoffrey A. Levin Assistant Professor Matthew E. Hudson ABSTRACT The genus Chenopodium consists of several important weed species, including Chenopodium album, C. berlandieri, C. strictum, and C. ficifolium. All of these species share similar vegetative morphology and high phenotypic plasticity, which makes it difficult to correctly identify these species. All of these weedy Chenopodium species have developed resistance to one or more classes of herbicides. An experiment was conducted to determine if there is variability in response of Chenopodium species present in the North Central states to glyphosate. Our results indicate variable responses within and among the Chenopodium species. Species such as C. berlandieri and C. ficifolium had higher levels of tolerance to glyphosate than did various accessions of C. album. In another experiment, 33 populations of Chenopodium sampled across six North Central states were screened with glyphosate. The results showed variable responses to glyphosate within and among the Chenopodium populations. In general, the Chenopodium populations from Iowa were more tolerant, but some biotypes from North Dakota, Indiana and Kansas also had significantly high tolerance to glyphosate. Given there are species other than C. album that have high tolerance to glyphosate, and there are Chenopodium populations across the North Central states that showed tolerance to glyphosate, one intriguing question was to whether the Chenopodium populations were either biotypes of C. -
Crops Before Corn an INVESTIGATION of EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX PLANTS at the TOM JONES SITE, ARKANSAS
Crops Before Corn AN INVESTIGATION OF EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX PLANTS AT THE TOM JONES SITE, ARKANSAS ROSIE BLEWITT-GOLSCH Corn, Beans, and Squash Eastern Agricultural Complex • Initial domestication ca. 4000 – 3000 BP • Earliest occurrences found in upper South and lower Midwest • Initial evidence of EAC from rock shelters, but difficult to prove that they were actually grown as crops in prehistory Wild-Cultivated-Domesticated Spectrum Activities Outcomes • No intervention • Cultivation - preparing a seed bed, garden, field, • Encourage/tend planting the seeds Clearing out competing however, identical trees to wild plants Bringing water to plants • Domestication - putting during drought different selective Pruning plants pressures on plants and animals; generally genetic Burning and/or phenotypic • Control reproduction plants dependent Transplanting on people Collecting and planting seeds Eastern Agricultural Complex Plant Species • Sumpweed (Iva annua) • Sunflower (Helianthus annus) • Maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana) • Goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri) • Knotweed (Polygonum erectum) • Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum) • Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Squash and Gourds • Bottle gourd (date?) • Squash (4400 BP) • Produce starchy seeds but not much flesh • Rinds can be used as floats or containers • Domestication marked by seed enlargement and increase in rind thickness Squash Bottle Gourd Sunflower and Sumpweed • Sunflower (4300 BP) • Sumpweed (3900 BP) • Oily seeds • Domestication marked by increase in seed size Sunflower Sumpweed Goosefoot and Erect Knotweed • Goosefoot (3500 BP) • Erect knotweed (2500 BP) • Starchy seeds, Fall food source • Seed coat thickness, larger perisperm Knotweed Goosefoot Goosefoot Wild goosefoot Domesticated goosefoot Domesticated? variant Wild? variant Erect knotweed – two phenotypes Longer/shorter Thick/thin seed coat Maygrass and Little Barley • Maygrass (date?) • Little barley (date?) • Starchy seeds, Spring resources • Geographic range, quantity little barley Maygrass WHEAT Middle East Domesticated ~7,000 B.C. -
Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas Plant List
Pipestone National Monument Plant List Herbarium Scientific Name Minnesota DNR Common Name Status Acer negundo box elder Achillea millefolium common yarrow Actaea rubra red baneberry Agalinis aspera rough false foxglove Agalinis tenuifolia slender-leaved false foxglove Agrimonia striata roadside agrimony Agrostis gigantea redtop Agrostis scabra rough bentgrass Alisma subcordatum heart-leaved water plantain Allium canadense canadense wild garlic Allium textile white wild onion Alopecurus carolinianus Carolina foxtail Amaranthus albus tumbleweed amaranth Amaranthus retroflexus redroot amaranth Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed Ambrosia trifida great ragweed Amelanchier sanguinea sanguinea round-leaved juneberry Amorpha canescens leadplant Amorpha fruticosa false indigo Amphicarpaea bracteata hog peanut Andropogon gerardii big bluestem Androsace occidentalis western androsace Anemone canadensis canada anemone Anemone caroliniana Carolina thimbleweed Anemone cylindrica long-headed thimbleweed Anemone patens multifida pasqueflower Antennaria neglecta field pussytoes Anthoxanthum hirtum sweet grass Apocynum cannabinum American hemp Apocynum sibiricum clasping dogbane Aquilegia canadensis columbine Arabis pycnocarpa pycnocarpa hairy rock cress Arctium minus common burdock Artemisia biennis biennial wormwood Artemisia campestris caudata field sagewort Artemisia frigida sage wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana ludoviciana white sage Asclepias incarnata incarnata swamp milkweed Asclepias ovalifolia oval-leaved -
Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and Their Native Look-Alikes: an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic
Mistaken Identity ? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes an Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic Matthew Sarver Amanda Treher Lenny Wilson Robert Naczi Faith B. Kuehn www.nrcs.usda.gov http://dda.delaware.gov www.dsu.edu www.dehort.org www.delawareinvasives.net Published by: Delaware Department Agriculture • November 2008 In collaboration with: Claude E. Phillips Herbarium at Delaware State University • Delaware Center for Horticulture Funded by: U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Cover Photos: Front: Aralia elata leaf (Inset, l-r: Aralia elata habit; Aralia spinosa infloresence, Aralia elata stem) Back: Aralia spinosa habit TABLE OF CONTENTS About this Guide ............................1 Introduction What Exactly is an Invasive Plant? ..................................................................................................................2 What Impacts do Invasives Have? ..................................................................................................................2 The Mid-Atlantic Invasive Flora......................................................................................................................3 Identification of Invasives ..............................................................................................................................4 You Can Make a Difference..............................................................................................................................5 Plant Profiles Trees Norway Maple vs. Sugar -
Grasses of the Texas Hill Country: Vegetative Key and Descriptions
Hagenbuch, K.W. and D.E. Lemke. 2015. Grasses of the Texas Hill Country: Vegetative key and descriptions. Phytoneuron 2015-4: 1–93. Published 7 January 2015. ISSN 2153 733X GRASSES OF THE TEXAS HILL COUNTRY: VEGETATIVE KEY AND DESCRIPTIONS KARL W. HAGENBUCH Department of Biological Sciences San Antonio College 1300 San Pedro Avenue San Antonio, Texas 78212-4299 [email protected] DAVID E. LEMKE Department of Biology Texas State University 601 University Drive San Marcos, Texas 78666-4684 [email protected] ABSTRACT A key and a set of descriptions, based solely on vegetative characteristics, is provided for the identification of 66 genera and 160 grass species, both native and naturalized, of the Texas Hill Country. The principal characters used (features of longevity, growth form, roots, rhizomes and stolons, culms, leaf sheaths, collars, auricles, ligules, leaf blades, vernation, vestiture, and habitat) are discussed and illustrated. This treatment should prove useful at times when reproductive material is not available. Because of its size and variation in environmental conditions, Texas provides habitat for well over 700 species of grasses (Shaw 2012). For identification purposes, the works of Correll and Johnston (1970); Gould (1975) and, more recently, Shaw (2012) treat Texas grasses in their entirety. In addition to these comprehensive works, regional taxonomic treatments have been done for the grasses of the Cross Timbers and Prairies (Hignight et al. 1988), the South Texas Brush Country (Lonard 1993; Everitt et al. 2011), the Gulf Prairies and Marshes (Hatch et al. 1999), and the Trans-Pecos (Powell 1994) natural regions. In these, as well as in numerous other manuals and keys, accurate identification of grass species depends on the availability of reproductive material. -
Ethnobotany. Lecture 10
Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University September 19, 2016 Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 1 / 29 Outline 1 Grains Pseudocereals 2 Starch-containing plants Potatoes, tuber species of genus Solanum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 2 / 29 Outline 1 Grains Pseudocereals 2 Starch-containing plants Potatoes, tuber species of genus Solanum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 2 / 29 Grains Pseudocereals Grains Pseudocereals Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 3 / 29 Grains Pseudocereals Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Belong to Amaranthaceae family (close to buckwheat family) Originated in Andean region, used from 2,000 BC and was plant of main importance (more than corn, secondary only to potato) in Inca civilization Adapted to high altitudes, easily cultivated above 4,000 meters Yield is ≈ 2 ton/hectare Contain balanced sets of useful amino acids and microelements; could be used as a sole food even for long journeys Unfortunately, seeds contain weakly toxic and bitter saponin which should be removed before cooking (usually by soaking in water) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 4 / 29 Grains Pseudocereals Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 5 / 29 Grains Pseudocereals Quinoa grains Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 10 September 19, 2016 6 / 29 Grains Pseudocereals Other important pseudocereals South American qaniwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and North American (native for North Dakota!) pitseed goosefood (Chenopodium berlandieri) are both similar to quinoa Amaranth (Amaranthus spp. from Amaranthaceae): cultivated mostly in Europe and America, originated from Central America. Grains are highly diverse in microelements and rich of proteins Chia (Salvia hispanica from Labiatae): domesticated in Mexico, used by Aztecs. -
Limeklin Canyon Park “Dirty Dozen” Weeds Identification
To Protect and Preserve Natural Habitat LIMEKLIN CANYON PARK “DIRTY DOZEN” WEEDS IDENTIFICATION THIS BOOKLET WAS CREATED TO ASSIST DEPARTMENT OF RECREATION AND PARK STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMATIC WEEDS. THE NAME “DIRTY DOZEN” WAS GIVEN TO THE TWELVE PLANTS THAT PREVENT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIVE FLORA DUE TO THEIR HIGH REPRODUCTIVE RATE AND ACCELERATED GROWTH. THE “DIRTY DOZEN” ARE IDENTIFIED, ILLUSTRATED, AND LISTED IN THE ORDER THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF LIMEKLIN CANYON PARK. 2 MAIN GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOKLET 1) Support and restore the natural ecosystem found in Limeklin Canyon Park through the management and control of invasive plants. 2) To establish an Integrated Pest Management Program specific to Limeklin Canyon Park. 3) Build valuable resources for Department of Recreation and Parks staff and the public. 3 Some exotic plants, as well as native vegetation, with aggressive qualities may be considered a weed if it adversely affect the sustainability of the natural areas and encroaches into developed landscapes. Weed problems can be largely avoided by careful landscape design, soil preparation before planting, and adequately scheduled irrigation and mulching. Weed control can be achieved through a combination of the following five control methods: PREVENTIVE: Preventive method is defined as keeping the weeds from entering or becoming established in the area. Monitoring the area for early detection of unwanted plants is crucial for the preventative methods to work. If a new weed is discovered, immediate actions need to be taken in order to prevent seed production and establishment. CULTURAL: Cultural method is defined as maintenance practices that will make it difficult for weeds to grow or become established, (i.e., select proper plants for the location, irrigation management, and pruning). -
Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas Plant List
Buffalo River State Park Plant List Herbarium Scientific Name Minnesota DNR Common Name Status Achillea millefolium common yarrow Acorus americanus sweet flag Agalinis aspera rough false foxglove Agalinis tenuifolia slender-leaved false foxglove Agrimonia gryposepala common agrimony Agropyron cristatum crested wheatgrass Agrostis scabra rough bentgrass Alisma gramineum narrow-leaved water plantain SC Alisma triviale common water plantain Allium stellatum prairie wild onion Allium textile white wild onion Alopecurus aequalis short-awn foxtail Amaranthus albus tumbleweed amaranth Amaranthus tuberculatus tubercled amaranth Ambrosia artemisiifolia common ragweed Amelanchier sanguinea sanguinea round-leaved juneberry Androsace occidentalis western androsace Anemone cylindrica long-headed thimbleweed Anemone patens multifida pasqueflower Anemone virginiana alba tall thimbleweed Antennaria neglecta field pussytoes Apocynum sibiricum clasping dogbane Artemisia campestris caudata field sagewort Artemisia dracunculus tarragon Artemisia frigida sage wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana ludoviciana white sage Asclepias incarnata incarnata swamp milkweed Asclepias speciosa showy milkweed Asclepias speciosa x syriaca Asclepias syriaca common milkweed Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed Asclepias viridiflora green milkweed Athyrium filix-femina angustum lady fern Betula pumila bog birch Betula x sandbergii Sandberg's birch Boechera grahamii spreading rock cress Boltonia asteroides latisquama false aster Bouteloua curtipendula side-oats grama Bouteloua -
Third-Year Review Documentation
Peter J. Maughan Brigham Young University | Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences 5144 LSB, Provo, Utah, 84602 | Brigham Young University http://lifesciences.byu.edu/~pjm43 http://orphanedcrops.byu.edu/ : [email protected] : (801) 422-8698 Time Allocation: Teaching + Citizenship 60%, Research 40% SHORT BIOGRAPHY Dr. Maughan is a Professor of Molecular Genetics at Brigham Young University (BYU). He received his Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Prior to coming to BYU, Dr. Maughan was the Director of the North American Genotyping for the Monsanto Company, a worldwide leader in agricultural biotechnology. He has an established research program with funding from numerous sources, including NSF, USDA, World Bank, and the McKnight Foundation. He has published > 75 refereed research articles and book chapters and serves as an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) missions expert for food, agriculture and biotechnology and as an associate editor for the Botanical Society of America’s Applications in Plant Sciences. He was awarded the Thomas L. Martin Professorship, the Karl G. Maeser Research Research & Creative Arts award, the John A. Widtsoe University Fellowship as well as the College of Life Science’s Excellence in Research Award in recognition of his research that enhances the quality of life and contributes to the solution of pressing world problem. His research is primarily focused on the development of genomic tools for accelerated breeding of orphaned crops (quinoa, amaranth, etc.). These plant species are important for regional food security in several areas of modern Latin America and have recently received substantial attention as alternative food crops, especially in light of their nutritional value and tolerance to drought and salinity stress.