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1-4 Good Nodding Onion 2000-11500 Various 4

1-4 Good Nodding Onion 2000-11500 Various 4

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Ecological & Eco-region in Elevation Water Sun/Shade Growth Commercial Family Scientific Name Common Name * Range (ft) Soils Regime** Preference Attributes Availability Comments medium to resprouts from most fires; can coarse- partial shade clump-forming be indicative of poor grazing Agavaceae (Agave) Yucca glauca soapweed yucca EP, WS, M 0-7,500? textured 1-4 to full sun good management FNA: Allium cernuum is the perennial bulb most widespread North EP, EF, M, R, partial shade from elongated American of the Alliaceae (Onion) Allium cernuum nodding onion SA 2,000-11,500 various 4-5 to full sun rootstocks; good . FNA: "Sandy habitats, sand hills, riverbanks, creeks, lakes, disturbed areas, agricultural fields" FGP: "Common on sand dunes, sandy prairies, stream annual; valleys, fields, roadsides, sandhill flowering waste places, less common on (Amaranth) (pigweed) EP 0-6,000 sandy 2-6 full sun summer-fall ? hard soils."

FNA: probably native to c and e NA, naturalized elsewhere FGP: "Infrequent to locally annual; common in dry prairies, Amaranthaceae flowering pastures, fields, roadsides, (Amaranth) mat (prostrate) amaranth EP 0-6,600 various 3-7 full sun summer-fall ? stream valleys, waste places" FNA: "Banks of rivers, lakes, and streams, disturbed habitats, agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, waste areas" FGP: "A common in cult. fields, fallow land, stream annual; valleys, prairie ravines, Amaranthaceae partial shade flowering roadsides, & waste places" (Amaranth) redroot pigweed EP, EF, 0-7,500 various 3-6 to full sun summer-fall ? W&W treats as an alien

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FNA: "Primary and disturbed vegetation, riparian forests, pinyon-juniper woodlands, desert scrub, creosote bush scrub, mesquite-yucca communities, grasslands, coastal dunes, beaches, roadsides, fields, in basalt deposits, limestone, gypseous, calcareous, alluvial, rocky, volcanic, gravelly, sandy, silty, muddy, and clayey soils" EP, WS annual; FGP: "Locally common on (Extreme SE & flowering sand dunes, open dry rocky Amaranthaceae Cladothrix () woolly tidestromia SW corners of sandy, partial sun to spring-fall or prairie, stream valleys, waste (Amaranth) lanuginosa (espanta vaquero) CO) 0-6,300 various 1-7? full shade late winter-fall ? places" FNA: "Open sand prairies, edges of woodlands in sandy soils, roadsides, railroad rights-of-way" FGP: "Locally common on sand dunes, sandy prairies, annual; stream valleys, roadsides, less Amaranthaceae partial shade flowering common in sandy or rocky (Amaranth) floridana plains snakecotton EP 0-6,000 sandy 3-4 to full sun summer ? open woodlands" FGP: "Locally common on sand dunes, sandy prairies, & pastures, stream valleys, less annual; common in sandy or rocky flowering open woodlands" summer or FNA: "Open plains, rocky Amaranthaceae occassionally hillsides, roadsides, waste (Amaranth) Froelichia gracilis slender snakecotton EP 100-5,500 sandy 3-4 full sun year-round ? ground, railroad ballast." seems to aid in soil stabilization especially on steep slopes and windswept Rocky Mountain areas; nurture if you find it in Apiaceae (Parsley) Cymopterus planosus springparsley M, WS 6,200-9,100 dry 1-4? full sun low-growing not available your restoration areas

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often contaminated with invasive European A. partial shade usually--see millefolium; when in doubt, (Sunflower) Achillea lanulosa common yarrow EP, EF, M to 10,000 poor 3-5 to full sun rhizomatous comment avoid this plant. desirable forage for sheep and evergreen; goats, but not cattle; Asteraceae herbaceous to sometimes a sign of (Sunflower) Artemisia frigida fringed sage PJ, M, EF, 4,500-10,000 poor 3-4 full sun woody at base good overgrazing

herbaceous to woody at base; rhizomatous; at least 2 different races aggressive colonizer--can be exist, one with invasive in some settings broader white and 1 with smaller, usually only somewhat Asteraceae partial shade pinnatifid gray 'Valerie (Sunflower) Artemisia ludoviciana prairie sage PJ, M, EF, EP to 10,000 poor 3-4 to full sun leaves Finnis' perennial; highly preferred fine to forage by Asteraceae medium sheep and (Sunflower) Balsamorhiza sagittata arrowleaf balsamroot M, EF, 6,000-9,000 texture 4-5 full sun wildlife good short-lived medium to perennial; Asteraceae common gaillardia coarse partial shade great for (Sunflower) Gaillardia aristata (blanketflower) EP, EF, M, PJ 5,000-9,000 texture 3-4 to full sun pollinators good reseeds Asteraceae partial shade biennial; great readily reseeds (Sunflower) Grindelia squarrosa curlycup gumweed EP, EF, M, PJ 5,000-9,000 poor 3-4 to full sun for pollinators not available gravel outwash mesa; foliage contains a poisonous shortgrass saponin and the plant can also prairie accumulate selenium; heavy Asteraceae PJ, M, EF, EP, cover can be indicative of (Sunflower) Gutierrezia sarothrae broom snakeweed WS 3,700-9,000 poor 3-4 full sun low excessive grazing practices

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tall branched annual with readily reseeds Asteraceae EP, EF, WS, multiple (Sunflower) annuus common sunflower M 5,000-9,000 poor 3-4 full sun heads ? start with a green central disk and tiny green Disturbed areas, openings, rays, gradually meadows. changing to golden disks Asteraceae partial shade and golden- (Sunflower) Heliomeris multiflora showy goldeneye EF, M, WS 5,000-10,000 ? ? to full sun yellow rays. good

herbaceous composite with readily reseeds several stems Asteraceae Heterotheca (Chrysopsis) EP, EF, M, partial shade arising from a (Sunflower) villosa hairy false goldenaster WS, 3,500-7,000 poor 4-2 to full sun woody base; good Asteraceae (Dugaldia) owl's-claws (orange partial shade great for can be poisonous if foraged in (Sunflower) hoopesii sneezeweed) R, SA, 6000-11,500 6 to full sun pollinators good large quantities dry native grassland, ponds and swales, especially alkaline Asteraceae povertyweed (poverty various; partial shade rhizomatous spots in heavily grazed (Sunflower) Iva axillaris sumpweed, marsh elder) EP, WS 4,000-8,800 alkaline 2-6 to full sun perennial ? pastures giant sumpweed can be mistaken for common Asteraceae Iva (Cyclachaena) (povertyweed) partial shade annual; tall, sunflower when not in flower (Sunflower) xanthifolia EP, R, WS 4,000-8,400 various 4-8 to full sun coarse ? herbaceous Asteraceae EF, M, SA, partial shade biennial with a hybridizes with M. canescens (Sunflower) Machaeranthera bigelovii Bigelow's tansyaster WS 5,700-10,400 poor 2-6 to full sun taproot good grows from Asteraceae upright prairie EP, EF, WS, taproot; some native medicinal uses; (Sunflower) Ratibida columnifera coneflower PJ 3,500-7,500 various 3-4 full sun herbaceous good resistant herbaceous, Asteraceae medium to sun to partial rhizomatous favorite browse plant for (Sunflower) triangularis arrowleaf ragwort R, SA 5,800-11,400 fine texture 5-7 shade perennial good wildlife herbaceous perrennial with Asteraceae ambiguum Colorado greenthread thread-like (Sunflower) (megapotamicum ) (rayless tea) EP, WS 3,600-7,500 various 2-5 full sun leaves ?

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herbaceous annual with good nectar plant for Asteraceae EP, EF, M, thread-like butterflies; deer resistant (Sunflower) Thelesperma filifolium stiff greenthread WS, PJ 3,500-8,000 various 3-5 full sun leaves good favorite browse Asteraceae medium to plant for (Sunflower) Wyethia amplexicaulis mule ears PJ, R, M, EF 5,200-11,000 fine texture 4-6 full sun wildlife ? rhizomatous herbaceous perennial with hybrids common; good spreading/droo colonizer, prospering afer ping branches, disturbance such as fire and medium to milky juice; logging. Apocynaceae Apocynum coarse partial shade pink, tubular (Dogbane) androsaemifolium spreading dogbane EF, M, WS 6,000-9,000 texture 4-6 to full sun flowers low milky sap (low toxicity in this species); gravel outwash mesa; shortgrass prairie Asclepiadaceae EP, EF, M, (Milkweed) Asclepias speciosa showy milkweed ,SLV, WS 3,700-8,000 various 3-6 full sun okay patches of narrow, whorled leaves topped with white, star-like Asclepiadaceae EP, EF, M, partial shade flowers; sap (Milkweed) Asclepias subverticillata horsetail milkweed WS 3,800-7,900 various 3-6 to full sun milky ? erect, many- branched, herbaceous pale yellow,funnel-shaped medium to perennial with flowers with fringed petals Boraginaceae narrowleaf stoneseed EP, EF, M, coarse partial shade a woody (Borage) Lithospermum incisum (fringed puccoon) ,SLV, WS 3,600-8,700 texture 2-6 to full sun taproot ? Boraginaceae medium herbaceous green or pale yellow flowers (Borage) Lithospermum ruderale western stoneseed WS, M 4,500-9,500 texture 2-6 full sun perennial ?

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erect, many- branched, herbaceous strongly impressed veins medium to perennial with and stiff hairs Boraginaceae coarse partial shade a woody (Borage) Onosmodium molle marbleseed EP, EF, R 4,200-7,500 texture 3-6 to full sun taproot ? annual; great for pollinators; sticky & unpleasant smelling foliage and Capparaceae Rocky Mountain pods (Caper) Cleome serrulata beeplant EP, EF 5,000-9,500 poor 2-6 full sun good annual; dry or saline substrates, saline, fine- including 2 in CO; difficult to Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, M, textured plains & distinguish from other annual (Goosefoot) argentea silverscale saltbush WS, SLV 4,700-9,000 substrates 3-6 full sun valleys ? chenopods; monoecious annual; monoecious or dioecious. saline, usually FGP: Alkaline fine-textured plains, Chenopodiaceae Powell's clay or silty partial shade hillsides, (Goosefoot) Atriplex powelli saltweed/saltbush/orach EF, WS 2,300-6,600 substrates 2-4 to full sun badlands ? annual; FGP: moist, open or disturbed sites, FNA: Open sandy soils, W&W: pinyon woodlands, sagebrush, Frequent along often in saline or alkaline roadsides, up habitats Chenopodiaceae (EP, EF), M, coarse into the middle (Goosefoot) atrovirens pinyon goosefoot WS 5,400-10,000 texture (sand) 2-6 full sun altitudes. ? pitseed goosefoot annual; FGP: Chenopodiaceae (Netseed/pitseed EP, EF, WS, coarse disturbed, (Goosefoot) lambsquarters) other? 4,000-10,000 texture (sand) full sun open ground ?

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annual; fruiting mid summer- fall. FGP: Dry Originally found in open undisturbed soils, prairies, and soil & sandy stabilized dunes, but it has disturbed spread to disturbed open areas areas. W&W: within its native range and beyond Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, SLV, Frequent on (Goosefoot) aridland goosefoot (WS) 1,600-6,300 various 2-3 full sun the plains ? annual; fruiting late summer- fall. FGP: In FNA: A wide of habitats shaded areas. from desert, cliffs, talus, and moist W&W: shaded areas under aspen, common junipers, or pinyons, often in woodland riparian habitats plant, esp. in Chenopodiaceae (EP), EF, M, partial to pinyon-juniper (Goosefoot) Fremont's goosefoot WS 5,000-10,000 various 2-5 mostly shade and oak. ? annual; FGP: dry plains, often on disturbed soil; Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, M, W&W: bare (Goosefoot) Chenopodium incanum mealy goosefoot WS 3,700-6,000 various 2-3 full sun clay flats. ? annual; fruiting mid summer- early fall. FGP: open FNA: Open, often disturbed sites; W&W- sandy areas and fields; ES: sagebrush Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium EP, EF, WS, coarse full sun to & pinyon (Goosefoot) leptophyllum narrowleaf goosefoot other? 4,600-9,000 texture (sand) 2-4 partial shade juniper ? annual; fruiting early summer- fall. FGP: Dry FNA: Open sandy soils, soil, open & pinyon woodlands, sagebrush, coarse disturbed often in saline or alkaline texture (sand) areas. W&W- habitats including ES: on the Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, M, SA, saline/alkalin plains, se (Goosefoot) desert goosefoot WS, SLV 4,200-10,000 e 2-3 full sun counties ?

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annual; fruiting mid summer- FNA: Sandy areas, fall. FGP: particularly sand bars in rivers sandy areas. and in sandy blowouts near W&W-ES: river banks Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium coarse Infrequent on (Goosefoot) subglabrum smooth goosefoot EP 3,800-5,700 texture (sand) 2-5 full sun the plains. ? annual; W&W- FGB: using the missapplied ES: Common specific epithets of 1) ' in sand hills, hyssopifolium': Sandy soil in eastern plains, railroad yards, on river bars, or North Park, waste areas; 2) 'nitidum' Deep Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, M, SA, coarse Sand Luis sandy soil in prairies, dunes, (Goosefoot) americanum American bugseed WS, SLV 5,200-8,500 texture (sand) 2-5 full sun Valley ? or disturbed sites

annual; flowering late summer-fall. FNA: Sandy typically associated w soil soils, disturbance; largely a plains roadsides, species in CO, but also found waste places, in several western states, W of disturbed and the continental divide. W&W- alluvial ES: Native of sandy habitats, fields, ground, dunes, and sandy deserts and bottomland on the plains, prairies flowering in late summer and Chenopodiaceae coarse (obligate turning red (maroon/purple) at (Goosefoot) atriplicifolium winged pigweed EP 3,800-5,700 texture (sand) 2-5 full sun psammophyte ? maturity.

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annual; flowering early spring-mid summer, fruiting through Aug. FGP: FNA: Usually moist, Dry to moist subalkaline clays, often in soils of fields, partial shade or open prairie ravines, disturbed habitats; roadsides, & waste places, fine texture often on saline Chenopodiaceae EP, EF, M, (clay); often or alkaline (Goosefoot) Monolepis nuttalliana Nuttall's povertyweed WS 4,800-13,000 alkaline 4-7 partial shade soils ?

annual; flowering and fruiting Jul- Sep. FGP: Dried lakeshores, FNA: Dry lake bottoms, stream valleys, agricultural fields, valleys, along roadsides, creeks and ditches wastes places. W&W--ES: Locally frequent on drying pond borders and Chenopodiaceae alkalne, often (Goosefoot) suckleyana poison suckleya EP, EF 4,800-8,400 various 4-8 full sun irrigated soils ? erect, multistemmed herbaceous Poisonous to livestock and various perennial; low wildlife, although rarely EP, EF, M, SA, including nitrogen consumed when other food is Fabaceae (Pea) Lupinus argenteus silvery lupine WS 4,900-12,200 poor 3-6 full sun fixation good available.

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erect, medium to multistemmed M, WS, R, SA, coarse herbaceous Poisonous -- especially to Fabaceae (Pea) Lupinus sericeus silky lupine PJ 5,800-10,400 texture 2-4 full sun perennial good sheep and horses erect, abundantly- slimflower surfpea (gray branched scurfpea, wild alfalfa) EP, EF, WS, herbaceous Fabaceae (Pea) Psoralidium tenuiflorum PJ 4,000-6,800 various 2-6 full sun perennial ? rhizomatous, single- stemmed ascending/ medium to climbing EP, EF, M, SA, coarse sun to partial herbaceous Fabaceae (Pea) Vicia americana American vetch WS, PJ 3,800-11,200 texture 3-6 shade perennial good somewhat Geraniaceae medium sprawling fair to good forage value for (Geranium) Geranium viscosissimum sticky purple geranium EF, M, R, WS 5,300-10,100 texture 5-6 partial sun perennial forb good both wildlife and livestock erect herbaceous with wide, entire leaves; only flowers when often grows in dense colonies M, SA, R, WS, sun to partial moisture is but it also occurs scattered in Liliaceae (Lilly) Veratrum tenuipetalum Colorado false hellebore PJ 7,500-11,800 various 4-6 shade sufficient ? open aspen groves medium to deep-seated, EP, EF, M, coarse running root somewhat palatable to big Malvaceae (Mallow) Sphaeralcea coccinea scarlet globemallow WS, SLV; PJ 3,500-9,000 texture 2-5 full sun system. good game and livestock erect growth from rhizomatous root system; often comes after fires or other disturbances; Onagraceae Chamerion (Epilobium) high organic full sun to can be very palatable to wildlife and (Evening Primrose) angustifolium fireweed EF, M, PJ, SA 6,500-11,000 matter 4-6 partial shade aggressive; good livestock

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perennial often comes after fires or other Onagraceae scarlet beeblossom, EP, EF, M, SA, rhizomatous disturbances; can be (Evening Primrose) Gaura coccinea scarlet gaura WS, PJ, SLV 3,000-9,200 various 3-5 full sun forb ? aggressive biennial forb with yellow tubular flowers readily reseeds; moths Onagraceae hairy (common) evening EP, EF, M, full sun to in the second attracted to the evening (Evening Primrose) Oenothera villosa primrose WS, PJ 3,000-8,800 various 3-6 partial shade year ? blooming flowers annual to short-lived perennial; medium to prickly leaves coarse, often resemble Papaveraceae EP, EF, WS, low in organic foliage (Poppy) Argemone polyanthemos pricklypoppy PJ 3,900-7,500 matter 2-5 full sun good large and showy white flowers short-lived, cool season, perennial EP, EF, M, full sun to grass; bunch- long-awned flowers/ can (Grass) Aristida purpurea purple three-awn WS, PJ 3,800-9,000 various 2-6 partial shade forming good be irritant to livestock short-lived, cool season, fine to perennial EP, EF, M, SA, medium full sun to grass; bunch- long-awned flowers/seeds can Poaceae (Grass) Elymus elymoides squirreltail WS, PJ, SLV 3,800-10,800 texture 2-6 partial shade forming good be irritant to livestock abundant and valuable forage in some parts of its range; differs from F. idahoensis in its prominently ribbed blades and cool season, pubescent apices; EF, M, SA, perennial frequently been included in F. Poaceae (Grass) arizonica fescue WS, PJ 5,900-9,100 various 3-6 full sun bunch grass good ovina. cool season, provides good forage (young full sun to perennial foliage is particularly palatable) Poaceae (Grass) Festuca idahoensis fescue M, SA, WS, PJ 7,300-12,000 various 4-6 partial shade bunch grass good fine to tall, cool EP, EF, M, medium full sun to season grass; Poaceae (Grass) Nassella viridula green needlegrass WS, PJ 4,000-8,400 texture 3-6 partial shade bunch forming good

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rhizomatous; fine to good drought EP, EF, M, R, medium and moderate commonly used for pasture Poaceae (Grass) Pascopyrum smithii western wheatgrass WS 3,500-9,000 texture 4-6 full sun alkali tolerance good and erosion control readily reseeds; tubular red flowers attract hummingbirds; biennial or abundant in the Front Range Polemoniaceae EF, M, SA, sun to partial short-lived foothills south of the Boulder (Phlox) Ipomopsis aggregata scarlet gilia WS, PJ 5,500-10,400 ? 3-4 shade perennial forb good region

herbaceous frequently been included in E. EF, M, SA, sun to partial mats, prostrate umbellatum () Eriogonum subalpinum sub-alpine buckwheat WS, PJ 6,700-11,500 various 3-6 shade to spreading ? medium to Polygonaceae sulphur-flower EF, M, SA, coarse clump-forming (Buckwheat) Eriogonum umbellatum buckwheat WS, PJ 5,400-11,500 texture 2-5 full sun sub-shrub good rhizomatous sun to partial perennial Rosaceae (Rose) Rosa manca (R. woodsii) Mancos rose WS 3,500-10,500 various 3-6 shade woody shrub ? rhizomatous Rosa nutkana (R. sun to partial perennial Rosaceae (Rose) woodsii) Nootka rose M, WS 3,500-10,501 various 3-7 shade woody shrub ? Rosa woodsii (including EP, EF, M, SA, rhizomatous R. manca and R. WS, PJ, SLV, sun to partial perennial Readily grazed by big game Rosaceae (Rose) nutkana) Wood's rose R 3,500-10,500 various 3-6 shade woody shrub good when present in winter range

NOTES: Common and Scientific names according to USDA Plants Database (plants.usda.gov) with synonyms in parentheses *Ecoregion Options: EP = Eastern Plains; EF = Eastern Foothills; M = Montaine; R = Riparian; SA = Subalpine; WS = Western Slope (canyonlands, shrublands, cold desert); SLV (San Luis Valley); PJ = Pinyon Juniper **Water Regime Options: 1 = always dry; 2 = usually dry; 3 = dry; 4 = occasionally moist; 5 = moderately moist; 6 = always moist; 7 = periodically saturated; 8 = moderately saturated; 9 = always saturated Other Sources Used: FGP = Flora of the Great Plains W&W-ES, W&W-WS = Weber & Wittman, Colorado Flora, 3rd ed., east slope, west slope FNA = Flora of Plants db = USDA Plants database Colorado Plants Database: http://www.co.jefferson.co.us/coopext/wordsearch.jsp Plant Propagation Information: http://nativeplants.for.uidaho.edu/network/

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