Outbreak of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Associated with Raw Shellfish Consumption, Connecticut, June
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Transmission and Evolution of Tick-Borne Viruses
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Transmission and evolution of tick-borne viruses Doug E Brackney and Philip M Armstrong Ticks transmit a diverse array of viruses such as tick-borne Bourbon viruses in the U.S. [6,7]. These trends are driven encephalitis virus, Powassan virus, and Crimean-Congo by the proliferation of ticks in many regions of the world hemorrhagic fever virus that are reemerging in many parts of and by human encroachment into tick-infested habitats. the world. Most tick-borne viruses (TBVs) are RNA viruses that In addition, most TBVs are RNA viruses that mutate replicate using error-prone polymerases and produce faster than DNA-based organisms and replicate to high genetically diverse viral populations that facilitate their rapid population sizes within individual hosts to form a hetero- evolution and adaptation to novel environments. This article geneous population of closely related viral variants reviews the mechanisms of virus transmission by tick vectors, termed a mutant swarm or quasispecies [8]. This popula- the molecular evolution of TBVs circulating in nature, and the tion structure allows RNA viruses to rapidly evolve and processes shaping viral diversity within hosts to better adapt into new ecological niches, and to develop new understand how these viruses may become public health biological properties that can lead to changes in disease threats. In addition, remaining questions and future directions patterns and virulence [9]. The purpose of this paper is to for research are discussed. review the mechanisms of virus transmission among Address vector ticks and vertebrate hosts and to examine the Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology & diversity and molecular evolution of TBVs circulating Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, in nature. -
Generic Amplification and Next Generation Sequencing Reveal
Dinçer et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:335 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2279-1 RESEARCH Open Access Generic amplification and next generation sequencing reveal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus AP92-like strain and distinct tick phleboviruses in Anatolia, Turkey Ender Dinçer1†, Annika Brinkmann2†, Olcay Hekimoğlu3, Sabri Hacıoğlu4, Katalin Földes4, Zeynep Karapınar5, Pelin Fatoş Polat6, Bekir Oğuz5, Özlem Orunç Kılınç7, Peter Hagedorn2, Nurdan Özer3, Aykut Özkul4, Andreas Nitsche2 and Koray Ergünay2,8* Abstract Background: Ticks are involved with the transmission of several viruses with significant health impact. As incidences of tick-borne viral infections are rising, several novel and divergent tick- associated viruses have recently been documented to exist and circulate worldwide. This study was performed as a cross-sectional screening for all major tick-borne viruses in several regions in Turkey. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was employed for virus genome characterization. Ticks were collected at 43 locations in 14 provinces across the Aegean, Thrace, Mediterranean, Black Sea, central, southern and eastern regions of Anatolia during 2014–2016. Following morphological identification, ticks were pooled and analysed via generic nucleic acid amplification of the viruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus, Nairovirus and Phlebovirus of the families Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae, followed by sequencing and NGS in selected specimens. Results: A total of 814 specimens, comprising 13 tick species, were collected and evaluated in 187 pools. Nairovirus and phlebovirus assays were positive in 6 (3.2%) and 48 (25.6%) pools. All nairovirus sequences were closely-related to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strain AP92 and formed a phylogenetically distinct cluster among related strains. -
The Ecology of New Constituents of the Tick Virome and Their Relevance to Public Health
viruses Review The Ecology of New Constituents of the Tick Virome and Their Relevance to Public Health Kurt J. Vandegrift 1 and Amit Kapoor 2,3,* 1 The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA 3 Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2019; Accepted: 29 May 2019; Published: 7 June 2019 Abstract: Ticks are vectors of several pathogens that can be transmitted to humans and their geographic ranges are expanding. The exposure of ticks to new hosts in a rapidly changing environment is likely to further increase the prevalence and diversity of tick-borne diseases. Although ticks are known to transmit bacteria and viruses, most studies of tick-borne disease have focused upon Lyme disease, which is caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Until recently, ticks were considered as the vectors of a few viruses that can infect humans and animals, such as Powassan, Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses. Interestingly, however, several new studies undertaken to reveal the etiology of unknown human febrile illnesses, or to describe the virome of ticks collected in different countries, have uncovered a plethora of novel viruses in ticks. Here, we compared the virome compositions of ticks from different countries and our analysis indicates that the global tick virome is dominated by RNA viruses. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of tick viruses from these different countries reveals distinct geographical clustering of the new tick viruses. -
Powassan Virus and Deer Tick Virus Most Tick-Borne Diseases, Such As Lyme, Are Caused by Bacteria
Powassan Virus and Deer Tick Virus Most tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme, are caused by bacteria. However, with a recent case in New Jersey and discovery in Connecticut blacklegged (deer) ticks, Powassan virus (POWV) has recently come to public attention. Approximately 75 cases of Powassan virus disease were reported in the United States over the past 12 years (103 since 1958) mostly from the Northeast and Great Lakes regions and incidence appears to be increasing. 23 human cases of illness occurred in NY from 1971 to 2016, primarily from the lower Hudson Valley area. Although some people infected with POW do not develop symptoms, it can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord). Other symptoms can include fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, some paralysis, disorientation, loss of coordination, speech difficulties, seizures and memory loss. Long-term neurologic problems may occur and about 10% of cases are fatal. There is no specific treatment, but people with severe POW virus illnesses often need to be hospitalized to receive respiratory support, intravenous fluids, or medications to reduce swelling in the brain. Powassan virus was first identified in 1958 from a young boy in Powassan, Ontario who eventually died from the disease. Related to the West Nile Virus, in North America studies so far suggest POWV is a complex of viruses with two genetic ‘lineages’ including the initial (1958) LB strain and others found in Canada and New York State (POWV, Lineage I), and a second sometimes referred to as ‘deer tick virus’ (DTV, Lineage II), found in animals in the eastern and upper mid-west US and in humans. -
Powassan Virus Infection Disease Fact Sheet Series
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES P- 00355 (06/12) Division of Public Health Page 1 of 2 Powassan virus infection Disease Fact Sheet Series What is Powassan virus infection? Powassan virus (POWV) infection is a rare tickborne viral infection occurring in Wisconsin and other northern regions of North America. POWV infection is caused by an arbovirus (similar to the mosquito-borne West Nile virus) but it is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick instead of a mosquito bite. The virus is named for Powassan, Ontario where it was first discovered. Eleven reported cases of POWV infection have been detected among Wisconsin residents during 2003 to 2011. At least 50 cases have been detected in the United States and Canada since 1958. How is Powassan virus spread? In Wisconsin, Ixodes scapularis (known as the blacklegged tick or deer tick) is capable of transmitting Powassan virus. In addition, several other tick species in North America can carry POWV, including other Ixodes species and Dermacentor andersoni. Where does Powassan virus infection occur? Powassan virus infection occurs mostly in northeastern and upper Midwestern states. In Wisconsin, cases have been detected in areas where there is a high risk of exposure to ticks. Who gets Powassan virus infection? Everyone is susceptible to Powassan virus, but people who spend time outdoors in tick-infested environments are at an increased risk of exposure. In the upper Midwest, the risk of tick exposure is highest from late spring through autumn. What are the symptoms of Powassan virus infection? Symptoms usually begin 7-14 days (range 8-34 days) following infection. -
Sébastian LEQUIME
UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE ECOLE DOCTORALE 515 « Complexité du Vivant » Groupe à 5 ans – Interactions Virus-Insectes Interactions flavivirus – moustiques : diversité et transmission ! par Sébastian LEQUIME THÈSE DE DOCTORAT en EVOLUTION VIRALE Présentée et soutenue publiquement le : 21 Juin 2016 Devant un jury composé de : M. Samuel ALIZON, Chargé de Recherche Rapporteur M. Jacob KOELLA, Professeur Rapporteur M. Dominique HIGUET, Professeur Examinateur Mme Anna-Bella FAILLOUX, Directeur de Recherche Examinatrice M. Serafín GUTIERREZ, Chargé de Recherche Examinateur M. Louis LAMBRECHTS, Chargé de Recherche Directeur de thèse « Je sais qu’au point où en est arrivée aujourd’hui la microbiologie, tout nouveau grand pas en avant sera une affaire des plus pénibles et que l’on aura beaucoup de mécomptes et de déceptions. » – Alexandre YERSIN, 28 août 1891. Résumé Les infections humaines dues aux virus du genre Flavivirus constituent depuis longtemps un problème de santé publique majeur à travers le monde, en particulier dans les zones à climat tropical. Ces virus à ARN sont des arbovirus qui infectent alternativement un hôte vertébré et un arthropode « vecteur », dont majoritairement des moustiques de la sous-famille des Culicinae. D’autres flavivirus, en revanche, sont incapables d’infecter les cellules de vertébrés et sont qualifiés de flavivirus spécifiques d’insectes (FSI). L’interaction entre les vecteurs et les flavivirus est centrale dans leur biologie, par l’influence qu’elle a sur leur diversité génétique, leur évolution et leur transmission. Cependant, après plus d’un siècle de recherches scientifiques, certains points de ces aspects fondamentaux restent méconnus, malgré une abondance accrue de données. Les approches basées sur les « mégadonnées » (big data) ont été au cœur du travail de cette thèse, qu’elles aient été générées par des technologies modernes ou par compilation de travaux plus anciens. -
Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 August 2021 Review Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations Maria Raisa Blahove 1 and James Richard Carter 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8064, Statesboro, GA 30460, United States; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: A substantial number of humans are at risk for infection by vector-borne flaviviruses, re- sulting in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses also infect wildlife at a considerable rate, persistently cycling between ticks/mosquitoes to small mammals and reptiles to non-human primates and humans. Substantially increasing evidence of viral persistence in wild- life continue to be reported. In addition to in humans, viral persistence has been shown to establish in mammalian, reptile, arachnid, and mosquito systems, as well as insect cell lines. Although a considerable amount of research has centered on the potential roles defective virus particles, au- tophagy and/or apoptosis induced evasion of the immune response, and the precise mechanism of these features in flavivirus persistence have yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present find- ings that aid in understanding how vector-borne flavivirus persistence is established in wildlife. Research studies to be discussed include determining the critical roles universal flavivirus non- structural proteins played in flaviviral persistence, the advancement of animal models of viral per- sistence, and studying host factors that allow vector-borne flavivirus replication without destructive effects on infected cells. These findings underscore the viral–host relationships in wildlife animals and could be used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the establishment of viral persistence in these animals. -
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: History, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Syndrome and Genetic Diversity Dennis A
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- ubP lished Research US Geological Survey 2013 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity Dennis A. Bente University of Texas Medical Branch, [email protected] Naomi L. Forrester University of Texas Medical Branch Douglas M. Watts University of Texas at El Paso Alexander J. McAuley University of Texas Medical Branch Chris A. Whitehouse US Geological Survey See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, ouD glas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 761. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/761 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- ubP lished Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Dennis A. Bente, Naomi L. Forrester, Douglas M. Watts, Alexander J. McAuley, Chris A. Whitehouse, and Mike Bray This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/761 Antiviral Research 100 (2013) 159–189 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Antiviral Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/antiviral Review Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity ⇑ Dennis A. Bente a, , Naomi L. Forrester b, Douglas M. Watts c, Alexander J. McAuley a, Chris A. -
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Complex • Aerosol Hazard in Laboratory
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Complex • Aerosol hazard in laboratory Disease Agents: Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: • Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) • Unlikely • Powassan virus (POWV) / deer tick virus (DTV) At-Risk Populations: • Other potentially relevant members of the TBEV complex include Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and its related • Forestry workers, farmers, military, outdoor enthusiasts variant Alkhurma virus (ALKV), and Omsk hemorrhagic Vector and Reservoir Involved: fever virus (OHFV) • Ixodes ricinus (Western Europe); I. persulcatus (eastern Disease Agent Characteristics: Eurasia); I. ovatus (China and Japan); I. cookei (North • Family: Flaviviridae; Genus: Flavivirus; Species: TBEV (sub- America) types: European, Far Eastern, and Siberian); POWV/DTV • Dermacentor species and Haemaphysalis species also impli- • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, polyhedral nucleo- cated vectors in Ixodes-free areas capsid symmetry, spherical particles, 40-60 nm in diameter • Maintained in nature in small wild vertebrate hosts (rodents • Nucleic acid: Linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, and insectivores); large mammals, such as goats, sheep, and ~11.0 kb in length cattle are a less important source of infection • Physicochemical properties: Nonionic detergents solubilize • POWV is maintained primarily in a woodchuck-mustelid-I. the entire envelope; infectivity sensitive to acid pH and high cookei cycle; humans infrequently come into contact with temperatures (total inactivation at 56°C for 30 min); virus infectious ticks that are found only rarely outside of the stable at low temperatures, especially at -60°C or below; burrows of their host animal; generations of ticks are associ- aerosol hazard noted; virus inactivated by UV light, gamma- ated with a single animal. This tick behavior is referred to as irradiation and disinfectants (relatively more resistant than nidiculous. -
Arboviral Infection
Arboviral Infection Agent(s): In Virginia, the agents of arboviral infection, from most to least common, are the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV), La Crosse encephalitis (LAC) virus, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus and Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus. Other arboviral agents causing illness in Virginians include the imported dengue virus and chikungunya virus, which typically infect travelers to endemic regions of the tropics and subtropics, but have not become established in Virginia. Powassan (POW) virus, which is a tick-borne encephalitis virus, was recently discovered in Virginia. Mode of Transmission: Most commonly through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV may also be transmitted by blood products via transfusion or transplanted organs from infected donors, and more rarely by cuts or punctures with contaminated scalpels or needles in a laboratory. Signs/Symptoms: Severity of symptoms differs depending on the particular virus and characteristics of the infected person. Most infections are asymptomatic. Mild cases may appear as fever with headache. More severe disease can cause encephalitis (i.e., inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (i.e., inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and may lead to long term or permanent neurological impairment, or death. Prevention: Minimize bites by avoiding areas infested by mosquitoes or ticks, and, when in those areas, use mosquito or tick repellents and wear long-sleeved, light-colored clothing with pants legs tucked into socks. Additional mosquito control measures include maintaining screens on all open windows and doors and eliminating or regularly dumping all containers that could hold water and breed mosquitoes, including buckets, birdbaths and discarded tires. -
Encephalitic Flaviviruses
1 Encephalitic Flaviviruses Duncan R. Smith Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University Thailand 1. Introduction As defined by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, encephalitis is “the presence of an inflammatory process of the brain associated with clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction”(Tunkel et al., 2008). In the absence of appropriate data, it is difficult to estimate the worldwide incidence of encephalitis, but in Southeast Asia Japanese encephalitis virus infections alone causes some 30,000 to 50,000 cases of encephalitis annually (Misra & Kalita, 2010; Tsai, 2000) and causes of encephalitis include, but are not limited to, bacterial, viral, fungal and parasite infections as well as autoimmune and post infectious encephalitis where the encephalitis follows a usually mild viral infection or vaccine immunization and results from an inappropriate immune response. More than one hundred different infectious agents have been known to cause encephalitis, and while bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Bartonella henselae (the agent that causes cat scratch disease) are significant causes of encephalitis, viral infections are responsible for the majority of cases of infectious encephalitis. Viruses that can cause encephalitis include rabies virus, herpes simplex virus, enteroviruses including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and a number of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses). Table 1. Tick-borne flavivirus species There are over -
Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response
viruses Review Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response Richard Lindqvist 1,2,3 ID , Arunkumar Upadhyay 1,2,3,† and Anna K. Överby 1,2,3,* ID 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (A.U.) 2 Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden 3 Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-90-7850922 † Current address: Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Received: 29 May 2018; Accepted: 19 June 2018; Published: 21 June 2018 Abstract: Flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response. Keywords: tick-borne flavivirus; innate immunity; interferon; tick-borne encephalitis virus; powassan virus; omsk hemorrhagic fever virus; kyasanur forest disease virus; louping ill virus; viperin 1. Introduction Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV), Flaviviridae family, includes many pathogens causing severe human disease, ranging from mild fever to encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. There are more than 70 viruses in the genus flavivirus, and they are transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes (dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) and ticks (tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Langat virus (LGTV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Powassan virus (POWV), and Louping-ill virus (LIV)) [1–5].