Transmission and Evolution of Tick-Borne Viruses
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Tick-Transmitted Diseases
Deer tick-transmitted infections zoonotic in the eastern U.S. •Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato): erythema migrans rash, fever, chills, muscle aches; can progress to arthritis or neurologic signs – 200-500 cases/100,000/year •Babesiosis (Babesia microti): malaria like, fever, chills, muscle aches, fatigue, hemolysis/anemia– 100-200 cases/100,000/year •Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum): fever, chills, muscle aches, headache—50-100 cases/100,000/year •Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD): fever, chills, muscle aches, headache – 50-100 cases/100,000/year •Deer tick virus fever/encephalitis: fever, headache, confusion, seizures– 1-5 cases/100,000/ year Erythema migrans: not just a “bulls-eye” Courtesy of Tim Lepore MD, Nantucket Cottage Hospital Life cycle of deer ticks…critical to develop interventions 40%-70% infection rate 10%-30% infection rate Grace period: Adaptations to extended life cycle Borrelia burgdorferi: 24-48 hours (upregulation of OspC, migration from gut to salivary glands) Babesia microti: 48-62 hours (sporogony from undifferentiated salivary sporoblast) Anaplasma phagocytophilum: 24-36 hours (acquisition of “slime layer”?) Tickborne encephalitis virus: none “Restore the risk landscape to what it was before 1980” The main drivers for emergence of the Lyme disease epidemic: 1905 Pout’s Pond, Deforestation, reforestation: Nantucket dominance of successional habitat Increased development and recreational use in reforested sites Burgeoning deer herds 1986 http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/publications/bulletins/b1010.pdf -
Generic Amplification and Next Generation Sequencing Reveal
Dinçer et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:335 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2279-1 RESEARCH Open Access Generic amplification and next generation sequencing reveal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus AP92-like strain and distinct tick phleboviruses in Anatolia, Turkey Ender Dinçer1†, Annika Brinkmann2†, Olcay Hekimoğlu3, Sabri Hacıoğlu4, Katalin Földes4, Zeynep Karapınar5, Pelin Fatoş Polat6, Bekir Oğuz5, Özlem Orunç Kılınç7, Peter Hagedorn2, Nurdan Özer3, Aykut Özkul4, Andreas Nitsche2 and Koray Ergünay2,8* Abstract Background: Ticks are involved with the transmission of several viruses with significant health impact. As incidences of tick-borne viral infections are rising, several novel and divergent tick- associated viruses have recently been documented to exist and circulate worldwide. This study was performed as a cross-sectional screening for all major tick-borne viruses in several regions in Turkey. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was employed for virus genome characterization. Ticks were collected at 43 locations in 14 provinces across the Aegean, Thrace, Mediterranean, Black Sea, central, southern and eastern regions of Anatolia during 2014–2016. Following morphological identification, ticks were pooled and analysed via generic nucleic acid amplification of the viruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus, Nairovirus and Phlebovirus of the families Flaviviridae and Bunyaviridae, followed by sequencing and NGS in selected specimens. Results: A total of 814 specimens, comprising 13 tick species, were collected and evaluated in 187 pools. Nairovirus and phlebovirus assays were positive in 6 (3.2%) and 48 (25.6%) pools. All nairovirus sequences were closely-related to the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) strain AP92 and formed a phylogenetically distinct cluster among related strains. -
Clinically Important Vector-Borne Diseases of Europe
Natalie Cleton, DVM Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Department of Viroscience [email protected] No potential conflicts of interest to disclose © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Erasmus Medical Centre Department of Viroscience Laboratory Diagnosis of Arboviruses © by author Natalie Cleton ESCMID Online LectureMarion Library Koopmans Chantal Reusken [email protected] Distribution Arboviruses with public health impact have a global and ever changing distribution © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Notifications of vector-borne diseases in the last 6 months on Healthmap.org Syndromes of arboviral diseases 1) Febrile syndrome: – Fever & Malaise – Headache & retro-orbital pain – Myalgia 2) Neurological syndrome: – Meningitis, encephalitis & myelitis – Convulsions & coma – Paralysis 3) Hemorrhagic syndrome: – Low platelet count, liver enlargement – Petechiae © by author – Spontaneous or persistent bleeding – Shock 4) Arthralgia,ESCMID Arthritis and Online Rash: Lecture Library – Exanthema or maculopapular rash – Polyarthralgia & polyarthritis Human arboviruses: 4 main virus families Family Genus Species examples Flaviviridae flavivirus Dengue 1-5 (DENV) West Nile virus (WNV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Zika virus (ZIKV) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Togaviridae alphavirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV) Mayaro virus (MAYV) Sindbis virus (SINV) Ross River virus (RRV) Barmah forest virus (BFV) Bunyaviridae nairo-, phlebo-©, orthobunyavirus by authorCrimean -Congo heamoragic fever (CCHFV) Sandfly fever virus -
Fluralaner Activity Against Life Stages of Ticks Using Rhipicephalus
Williams et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:90 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-0704-x RESEARCH Open Access Fluralaner activity against life stages of ticks using Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ornithodoros moubata IN in vitro contact and feeding assays Heike Williams*, Hartmut Zoller, Rainer KA Roepke, Eva Zschiesche and Anja R Heckeroth Abstract Background: Fluralaner is a novel isoxazoline eliciting both acaricidal and insecticidal activity through potent blockage of GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels. The aim of the study was to investigate the susceptibility of juvenile stages of common tick species exposed to fluralaner through either contact (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) or contact and feeding routes (Ornithodoros moubata). Methods: Fluralaner acaricidal activity through both contact and feeding exposure was measured in vitro using two separate testing protocols. Acaricidal contact activity against Rhipicephalus sanguineus life stages was assessed using three minute immersion in fluralaner concentrations between 50 and 0.05 μg/mL (larvae) or between 1000 and 0.2 μg/mL (nymphs and adults). Contact and feeding activity against Ornithodoros moubata nymphs was assessed using fluralaner concentrations between 1000 to 10−4 μg/mL (contact test) and 0.1 to 10−10 μg/mL (feeding test). Activity was assessed 48 hours after exposure and all tests included vehicle and untreated negative control groups. Results: Fluralaner lethal concentrations (LC50,LC90/95) were defined as concentrations with either 50%, 90% or 95% killing effect in the tested sample population. After contact exposure of R. sanguineus life stages lethal concentrations were (μg/mL): larvae - LC50 0.7, LC90 2.4; nymphs - LC50 1.4, LC90 2.6; and adults - LC50 278, LC90 1973. -
When Neglected Tropical Diseases Knock on California's Door
When Neglected Tropical Diseases Knock on California’s Door Anne Kjemtrup, DVM, MPVM, PhD California Department of Public Health Vector-Borne Disease Section Overview of Today’s Topics • Neglected tropical diseases: setting the stage for impact on California • California Public Health Overview – Surveillance/response structure – Vector-Borne Disease program areas THE MONSTER RETURNS • Two examples: Peter McCarty – Arbovirus introduction (dengue, chikungunya, zika) – Re-emergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (not really NTD but similar principals) Neglected Tropical Diseases* • Buruli Ulcer • Leishmaniasis • Chagas disease • Leprosy (Hansen disease) • Dengue and Chikungunya • Lymphatic filariasis • Dracunculiasis (guinea • Onchocerciasis (river worm disease) blindness) • Echinococcosis • Mycetoma • Endemic treponematoses • Rabies (Yaws) • Schistosomiasis • Foodborne trematodiases • Soil-transmitted • Human African helminthiases trypanosomiasis (sleeping • Taeniasis/Cysticercosis sickness) • Trachoma * from: http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/ Neglected Tropical Diseases • Buruli Ulcer • Leishmaniasis • Chagas disease • Leprosy (Hansen disease) • Dengue and Chikungunya • Lymphatic filariasis • Dracunculiasis (guinea • Mycetoma worm disease) • Onchocerciasis (river • Echinococcosis blindness) • Endemic treponematoses • Rabies (Yaws) • Schistosomiasis • Foodborne trematodiases • Soil-transmitted • Human African helminthiases trypanosomiasis (sleeping • Taeniasis/Cysticercosis sickness) • Trachoma California has vector and/or -
The Ecology of New Constituents of the Tick Virome and Their Relevance to Public Health
viruses Review The Ecology of New Constituents of the Tick Virome and Their Relevance to Public Health Kurt J. Vandegrift 1 and Amit Kapoor 2,3,* 1 The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; [email protected] 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA 3 Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2019; Accepted: 29 May 2019; Published: 7 June 2019 Abstract: Ticks are vectors of several pathogens that can be transmitted to humans and their geographic ranges are expanding. The exposure of ticks to new hosts in a rapidly changing environment is likely to further increase the prevalence and diversity of tick-borne diseases. Although ticks are known to transmit bacteria and viruses, most studies of tick-borne disease have focused upon Lyme disease, which is caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Until recently, ticks were considered as the vectors of a few viruses that can infect humans and animals, such as Powassan, Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses. Interestingly, however, several new studies undertaken to reveal the etiology of unknown human febrile illnesses, or to describe the virome of ticks collected in different countries, have uncovered a plethora of novel viruses in ticks. Here, we compared the virome compositions of ticks from different countries and our analysis indicates that the global tick virome is dominated by RNA viruses. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of tick viruses from these different countries reveals distinct geographical clustering of the new tick viruses. -
Tick Talk: Advancing the Understanding and Prevention of Tick-Borne Diseases
Tick Talk: Advancing the Understanding and Prevention of Tick-borne Diseases Seemay Chou UCSF Dept of Biochemistry & Biophysics Osher Mini Med School, 11/14/19 Malaria Sleeping sickness Lyme disease Topics: 1. Ticks and their vector capacity 2. Challenges associated with diagnosing Lyme 3. Strategies for blocking tick-borne diseases 4. What else can we learn from ticks? Ticks are vectors for human diseases Lyme Disease Ixodes scapularis Anaplasmosis Ixodes pacificus Babesiosis Powassan Disease Dermacentor andersoni Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor variablis Colorado Tick Fever Ehrlichiosis Amblyomma maculatum Rickettsiosis Amblyomma americanum Mammalian Meat Allergy Different ticks have different lifestyles Hard scutum Soft capitulum Ixodes scapularis Ornithodoros savignyi Different ticks have different lifestyles Hard • 3 stages: larvae, nymphs, adults • Single bloodmeal between each • Bloodmeal: days to over a week Ixodes scapularis Lyme disease cases in the U.S. are on the rise Ixodes scapularis Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease Cases have tripled in past decade Most commonly reported vector-borne disease in U.S. Centers for Disease Control Tick–pathogen relationships are remarkably specific Source: CDC.gov Lyme disease is restricted to where tick vectors are Source: CDC.gov West coast vector: Ixodes pacificus Western blacklegged tick West coast vector: Ixodes pacificus Sceloporus occidentalis Western fence lizard County level distribution of submitted Ixodes Nieto et al, 2018 Distribution of other tick species received Nieto -
Powassan Virus and Deer Tick Virus Most Tick-Borne Diseases, Such As Lyme, Are Caused by Bacteria
Powassan Virus and Deer Tick Virus Most tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme, are caused by bacteria. However, with a recent case in New Jersey and discovery in Connecticut blacklegged (deer) ticks, Powassan virus (POWV) has recently come to public attention. Approximately 75 cases of Powassan virus disease were reported in the United States over the past 12 years (103 since 1958) mostly from the Northeast and Great Lakes regions and incidence appears to be increasing. 23 human cases of illness occurred in NY from 1971 to 2016, primarily from the lower Hudson Valley area. Although some people infected with POW do not develop symptoms, it can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord). Other symptoms can include fever, headache, vomiting, weakness, confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, some paralysis, disorientation, loss of coordination, speech difficulties, seizures and memory loss. Long-term neurologic problems may occur and about 10% of cases are fatal. There is no specific treatment, but people with severe POW virus illnesses often need to be hospitalized to receive respiratory support, intravenous fluids, or medications to reduce swelling in the brain. Powassan virus was first identified in 1958 from a young boy in Powassan, Ontario who eventually died from the disease. Related to the West Nile Virus, in North America studies so far suggest POWV is a complex of viruses with two genetic ‘lineages’ including the initial (1958) LB strain and others found in Canada and New York State (POWV, Lineage I), and a second sometimes referred to as ‘deer tick virus’ (DTV, Lineage II), found in animals in the eastern and upper mid-west US and in humans. -
Healthcare Providers, Hospitals, Local Health Departments (Lhds)
May 11, 2015 TO: Healthcare Providers, Hospitals, Local Health Departments (LHDs) FROM: NYSDOH Bureau of Communicable Disease Control HEALTH ADVISORY: TESTING AND REPORTING OF MOSQUITO- AND TICK-BORNE ILLNESSES For healthcare facilities, please distribute immediately to the Infection Control Department, Emergency Department, Infectious Disease Department, Director of Nursing, Medical Director, Laboratory Service, and all patient care areas. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) is advising physicians on the procedures to test and report suspected cases of mosquito-borne illnesses, including West Nile virus (WNV), eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), dengue fever, and chikungunya as well as tick-borne illnesses including Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. SUMMARY Mosquito-borne (arboviral) illnesses: o During the mosquito season (early summer until late fall), health care providers should consider mosquito-borne infections in the differential diagnosis of any adult or pediatric patient with clinical evidence of viral encephalitis or viral meningitis. o All cases of suspected viral encephalitis should be reported immediately to the LHD. o Dengue and/or chikungunya should be suspected year round in patients presenting with fever, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, or other illness consistent with infection and recent travel to endemic areasi. o Wadsworth Center, the NYSDOH public health laboratory, provides testing for a number of domestic, exotic, common and rare viruses. The tests performed will depend on the clinical characteristics, patient status and travel history. Health care providers should contact the LHD of the patient’s county of residence prior to submission of specimens. Tick-borne illnesses: o Tick-borne disease symptoms vary by type of infection and can include fever, fatigue, headache, and rash. -
Powassan Virus Infection Disease Fact Sheet Series
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES P- 00355 (06/12) Division of Public Health Page 1 of 2 Powassan virus infection Disease Fact Sheet Series What is Powassan virus infection? Powassan virus (POWV) infection is a rare tickborne viral infection occurring in Wisconsin and other northern regions of North America. POWV infection is caused by an arbovirus (similar to the mosquito-borne West Nile virus) but it is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick instead of a mosquito bite. The virus is named for Powassan, Ontario where it was first discovered. Eleven reported cases of POWV infection have been detected among Wisconsin residents during 2003 to 2011. At least 50 cases have been detected in the United States and Canada since 1958. How is Powassan virus spread? In Wisconsin, Ixodes scapularis (known as the blacklegged tick or deer tick) is capable of transmitting Powassan virus. In addition, several other tick species in North America can carry POWV, including other Ixodes species and Dermacentor andersoni. Where does Powassan virus infection occur? Powassan virus infection occurs mostly in northeastern and upper Midwestern states. In Wisconsin, cases have been detected in areas where there is a high risk of exposure to ticks. Who gets Powassan virus infection? Everyone is susceptible to Powassan virus, but people who spend time outdoors in tick-infested environments are at an increased risk of exposure. In the upper Midwest, the risk of tick exposure is highest from late spring through autumn. What are the symptoms of Powassan virus infection? Symptoms usually begin 7-14 days (range 8-34 days) following infection. -
Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service 2021 Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species Nicole M. Nemeth Colorado State University, [email protected] J. Jeffrey Root USDA APHIS Wildlife Services Airn E. Hartwig Colorado State University Richard A. Bowen Colorado State University Angela M. Bosco-Lauth Colorado State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Veterinary Medicine Commons, Population Biology Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, Veterinary Infectious Diseases Commons, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology Commons, Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Zoology Commons Nemeth, Nicole M.; Root, J. Jeffrey; Hartwig, Airn E.; Bowen, Richard A.; and Bosco-Lauth, Angela M., "Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species" (2021). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2444. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2444 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 104(3), 2021, pp. 1048–1054 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-0105 Copyright © 2021 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species Nicole M. -
Zoonoses of Importance in Wildlife Rehabilitation
Zoonoses of Importance in Wildlife Rehabilitation Margaret A. Wild, Colorado Division of Wildlife, 317 W. Prospect Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 W. John Pape, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, Colorado 80222-1530 Zoonoses are infections or infestations shared in nature by humans and other vertebrate animals. Because wildlife rehabilitators work with animals that have unknown health histories, may be ill, and may be more susceptible to disease due to the stress of captivity, there is a risk of exposure to zoonotic diseases. Although infection of wildlife with most zoonotic diseases is uncommon in Colorado, it is prudent to follow precautions when housing, handling, and treating wild species. In general, most problems can be avoided by using common sense and good hygiene practices. Prevention of infection with zoonotic diseases should be a major emphasis in protocols for rehabilitation of wildlife. In addition to specific control and prevention guidelines listed below for each group of diseases, some general guidelines should be followed in all cases. First, isolation of the wild animal is important both for the animal and to minimize exposure of humans to potential pathogens. Second, good personal hygiene is important. Handwashing after handling animals or animal facilities is extremely important. People should not consume food or drink in the animal facilities. Additional precautions may include wearing protective clothing (lab coat, coveralls), boots, gloves, and/or dust mask depending on the situation. Because children are more susceptible to some zoonotic diseases, particular emphasis should be placed on protecting children. Third, animal facilities and equipment should be kept clean.