Vest-Tysklands Møte Med Nazifortiden På Filmlerretet

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Vest-Tysklands Møte Med Nazifortiden På Filmlerretet Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet Vegar Lillejordet Masteroppgave i historie Det humanistiske fakultetet Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2014 i Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet Forord Forord Jeg vil takke min flinke veileder Anders G. Kjøstvedt for verdifulle innspill, oppmuntring og trøst, og for at han ikke har ignorert meg selv om jeg som vanlig har kunnet feire St. Totteringhamsday på hans bekostning. Takk til Mads Motrøen og Iver Gabrielsen for kommentarer og korrekturlesning i sluttfasen, og til slutt takk til Kristan Toreskaas som har vært lesesalsstøtte, lunsjpartner og kaffebrygger i hele skriveperioden. Uten dere hadde dette vært en ensom og vanskelig prosess. Vegar Lillejordet Oslo, mai 2014 ii Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet iii Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet Innholdsfortegnelse Innholdsfortegnelse Forord..........................................................................................................................................ii Innholdsfortegnelse....................................................................................................................iv Innledning....................................................................................................................................1 1.0 Teori, metode og historiografi...............................................................................................5 1.1 Kan film si noe om historien?...........................................................................................5 1.1.1 Hayden White – historieskriving er fiksjon..............................................................6 1.1.2 Rosenstone og historie på film..................................................................................7 1.1.3 Historie fortalt gjennom film..................................................................................10 1.2 Utvalg.............................................................................................................................12 1.3 Metode............................................................................................................................13 1.4 Tidligere forskning på vesttysk film om Det tredje riket................................................14 1.4.1 Nye tendenser i forskningen på tysk film om nazifortiden.....................................17 2.0 1950-tallet – ute av syne, ute av sinn..................................................................................21 2.1 Bakgrunn: Politisk blokkering av minnene....................................................................21 2.1.1 Historiografi............................................................................................................24 2.1.2 Filmhistorie.............................................................................................................27 2.2 Filmanalyser...................................................................................................................29 2.2.1 Ofre og gjerningsmenn og «Det rene Wehrmacht»................................................29 2.2.2 Kald krig og fienden i øst........................................................................................34 2.2.3 Motstandskamp og motstandshelter........................................................................40 2.3 Oppsummering av 1950-tallet........................................................................................44 3.0 1960- og 1970-tallet – nye kritiske røster kommer til orde ................................................47 3.1 Bakgrunn: Politikk, historiografi og filmhistorie...........................................................47 3.2 Filmanalyser...................................................................................................................49 3.2.1 Holocaust og normalitet – Herzogs Lebenszeichen (1968)....................................49 3.2.2 Sosioøkonomiske perspektiv – Götterdämmerung (1969).....................................52 3.2.3 Nazimens følger for samfunnet – Die Blechtrommel (1979).................................56 3.2.4 Ny vending i filmene: Kritikk av etterkrigsgenerasjonen.......................................62 3.2.5 Fortsatt uskyldige soldater – Cross of Iron (1977).................................................66 3.3 Oppsummering av 1960- og 1970-tallet.........................................................................70 4.0 1980-tallet – underholdning og folkemord side om side ....................................................73 iv Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet Innholdsfortegnelse 4.1 Bakgrunn: Holocaust og Bitburg-affæren.......................................................................73 4.1.1 Historikerstriden.....................................................................................................74 4.1.2 Filmhistorien fram mot gjenforeningen..................................................................76 4.2 Filmanalyser...................................................................................................................77 4.2.1 Konsensusfilm – Das Boot (1981)..........................................................................77 4.2.2 Sivil motstand – Die weiße Rose (1982)................................................................79 4.2.3 Antisemittisme blant lederne – Die Wannseekonferenz (1984)..............................82 4.2.4 Antisemittisme fra grasrota – Europa Europa (1990).............................................84 4.2.5 Historieforskning på film – Das schreckliche Mädchen (1990).............................87 4.3 Oppsummering av 1980-tallet........................................................................................91 5.0 1990- og 2000-tallet – tyskere som ofre (igjen)..................................................................93 5.1 Bakgrunn: Politikk og historiografi etter gjenforeningen...............................................93 5.1.1 Filmhistorien – «Cinema of consensus», komedier, underholdning...........................96 5.2 Filmanalyser...................................................................................................................98 5.2.1 Dramatiske lidelseshistorier....................................................................................98 5.2.2 Motstandsfilmer – «Det vi gjør, det gjør vi for Tyskland»...................................105 5.2.3 Jøder som ofre i kjærlighetshistorier.....................................................................112 5.3 Oppsummering av tiden etter gjenforeningen..............................................................116 6.0 Avslutning..........................................................................................................................119 Litteraturliste...........................................................................................................................123 Filmografi................................................................................................................................129 v Vest-Tysklands møte med nazifortiden på filmlerretet Innledning Innledning Da den tyske fjernsynsserien Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter hadde premiere i 2013 lot ikke reaksjonene vente på seg. Noen hevdet at serien tok opp nye temaer og problemområder i 2. verdenskrig og viste hvordan også vanlige mennesker var en del av krigsmaskineriet, mens andre hevdet at filmen gjorde alle tyskere til ofre og fjernet begeistringen for Hitler og nasjonalsosialismen fra historien.1 I nabolandet Polen reagerte flere på at de polske motstandsfolkene i filmen blir portrettert som antisemitter, og at de tyske serieskaperne derfor forsøkte å dele ansvaret for jødeutryddelsene med landet i øst.2 Hva dette viser er at nazifortiden på ingen måte er glemt, og at filmatiske framstillinger av Det tredje riket ofte skaper debatter. Oppstyret rundt TV-serien fikk meg til å ville utforske det følgende: Hvordan har tyske filmer framstilt nazifortiden i perioden fra de umiddelbare etterkrigsårene og fram til i dag? Har det vært forandringer i hvordan tyske filmskapere har behandlet den vanskelige arven etter nazismen? Å forske på historie på film er et relativt nytt fagområde innen historievitenskapen og er derfor et valg det er viktig å begrunne. Hvorfor er film interessant i en historieoppgave? Selv om historiske filmer ofte møter motbør fra ulike historikere på grunn av faktafeil og lignende, mener jeg likevel at historiske filmer kan være med på å stille seriøse historiske spørsmål. Vesttysk film var og er en del av kunsten og kulturen, og kan ses på som en indikator på hvordan tyskerne har møtt og bearbeidet nazifortiden på gitte tidspunkt. Med ordet bearbeidelse ligger det en forestilling om en aktiv bearbeidelse av fortiden, altså at man vil oppnå noe eller komme videre, men det trenger ikke alltid være slik; en kan bearbeide fortiden mer indirekte ved å hente den tilbake i form av film. Jeg er med andre ord ikke opptatt av om ulike filmer gir et korrekt bilde av historiske hendelser, men er mer opptatt av hvordan filmene bearbeider nazifortiden på det tidspunktet de ble laget og vist. Denne utviklingen ser jeg i lys av tre aspekter: Politiske endringsprosesser i det (vest)tyske samfunnet, i historiografien om nazismen og Det tredje riket, og i endringer innen den (vest)tyske filmhistorien. Problemstillingen min er derfor som følger: Hvordan har (vest)tyske spillefilmer
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