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Fast Food

In the 1950s and 60s, fast food chains – epitomized by McDonald's – revolutionized the restaurant industry and changed farming and food distribution businesses. The first McDonald's restaurant was actually a barbecue joint that opened in 1940 by brothers Dick and Maurice (Mac) McDonald along Route 66 in San Bernardino, California. At first, they offered 25 different items served by carhops. They catered to young affluent people who were part of the emerging California car culture. Teens drove up, placed their order with the carhops and were served on trays that hooked onto rolled down windows. In 1940, The brothers figured out that almost all of their profits were coming the sale of hamburgers. They also sensed that teens and families alike were interested in eating quickly. So, they closed down their restaurant for several months and developed their "Speedee Service System" of food preparation. This was a streamlined assembly line for food. They also streamlined their menu to hamburgers, milkshakes and french fries. The burgers sold for 15-cents, about half of what a burger cost at regular diners of the time. With success, the brothers franchised their enterprise and had eight restaurants open by the early 50s. It's significant that McDonald's concentrated on milkshakes because that brought Ray Kroc to McDonalds in 1954. Kroc was selling the Multimixer – a machine that could mix five shakes at a time – when he became fascinated with the Speedee system. He asks the brothers to allow him to franchise McDonald's outside of California. They do and Kroc opened his first outlet in Des Plaines, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. By 1958, the company sold its 100 millionth hamburger. By 1961, Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers and opened a training facility called Hamburger University in Illinois. The rest, as they say, is history. In a way, Burger King was an outgrowth of McDonald's. The same year that Ray Kroc visited the original McDonald's, James McLamore and David Edgerton visited as well. They were both graduates of the Cornell University course in hotel administration, and they also saw the potential of assembly-line fast food. They opened their first restaurant in 1954 in a suburb of Miami, Florida. Now, Burger King has more than 11,220 franchise outlets in 61 countries. The franchise model was quickly adapted to other types of food, for example, pizza. By the early 50s, servicemen returning from Italy brought back a taste for pizza. Up until then, pizza was a regional dish concentrated in Italian immigrant neighborhoods in New York and Chicago. New York pizza was very thin, and Chicago pizza tended to be very thick. After WWII, other local pizza joints began to open up with a variety of recipes. In 1958, Dan and Frank Carney borrowed $600 from their mother and opened the first Pizza Hut in Wichita Kansas. It was so successful that they began franchising restaurants quickly. By 1968, they opened their first restaurant in Canada. Now they have operations in over 100 countries. Dominos added delivery to the pizza business when they opened their first store in Detroit Michigan in 1960. Their guarantee – delivery in 30 minutes or it's free – helped them expand to include more than 8,000 stores in 55 countries. Today, there are 4.2 billion pizzas sold every year by 60,000 pizzerias. The franchise model – with a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu – became so successful that fast food joints are now part of multi-national corporate giants. Pizza Hut is now part of the aptly named Yum! Brands, a corporation that also owns Taco Bell, A&W, Long John Silver's, and the American icon KFC. In the early 1950s, Col. Harland Sanders was both a victim and a beneficiary of the automobile boom. Since the Depression, Sanders had been serving fried chicken – prepared with a "secret recipe of 11 herbs and

spices" – at his gas station and restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky. But the route for the new Interstate 75 was going to bypass his establishment, so the Colonel sold his property and started traveling across the U.S. trying to sell his spice recipe and preparation method. Sanders claimed that frying his chicken in a pressure cooker shortened the preparation time. The short cooking time would take advantage of the fast food boom. No one bought, until Pete Harman of South Salt Lake, Utah, opened the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet in 1952. Today, KFC has 750,000 employees and is the most popular Western fast food chain in China. Coincidently, Dave Thomas got into the fast food business by franchising several KFC stores in Ohio. He was the one who came up the idea that the chicken should be sold in paper buckets to wick away excess moisture, and he also came up with the rotating bucket-of-chicken advertising sign that, at one time, was outside every KFC. But in 1969, Thomas wanted to go out on his own, and so he opened the first Wendy's in Columbus, Ohio. He stressed fresh, rather than frozen, meat served as square patties prepared fresh and served "hot off the grill." Wendy's was also the first fast food restaurant to build a drive-through window in 1970. That cut down on labor costs because carhops were no longer needed, and all of the fast food chains built drive-throughs within a few years. The predominance of fast food restaurants changed the food supply chain all the way down to the farmer. McDonald's quickly became the single largest buyer of beef, pork, potatoes and apples in the U.S. That gave them tremendous economic clout. The fast food system is all about standardization, and so when the companies went looking for someone to supply their meat, they choose to deal with their large, corporate counterparts in the packing industry. IBP began to produce "boxed beef," where the final cuts of beef, including hamburger, were produced at the processing plant rather than the local grocery. IBP became the largest supplier of hamburger meat to the fast food industry. Kentucky Fried Chicken buys all of its chickens from huge suppliers like Perdue, Tyson and Pilgrim's Pride. McDonald's gets its fish products from the giant supplier Gorton's of Gloucester. Because consumers with busy lifestyles needed food fast, the chains needed raw materials in standardized packages. So, meat packers needed a consistent supply of standardized animals to produce their meat. They couldn't afford to deal with the uncertainty of many, small family farms. So, livestock producers became bigger and bigger. McDonald'sand other chains have also been accused of using their huge buying power to keep farm produce prices artificially low. When McDonald's expanded into international marketplaces beginning in 1971, McDonald's both adapted to local conditions and forced local farmers to adapt to them. For instance, beef is not the lead meat item offered in countries that have cultural taboos or food preferences for other types of meat. However, the company has been accused of changing food preferences and exporting American culture around the world along with its propensity for obesity. McDonald's and other fast food chains have affected farmers wherever new restaurants open. In 1990, McDonald's opened their first outlet in Russia. When they realized that they couldn't guarantee a high quality, reliable supply of meat and other food products, they opened their own farms, controlling the supply chain at every step.

The Rolling Stones (Aftermath). The Rolling Stones (Beggars Banquet). The Rolling Stones ("Out Of Our Heads"). The Rolling Stones (Their Satanic Majesties Request). The Rolling Stones (Let It Bleed). The Rolling Stones (12x5). The Rolling Stones (Between The Buttons). John Coltrane (A Love Supreme). Salsa (Please Please Me). The Beatles (With The Beatles). The Beatles (A Hard Day's Night). The Beatles (Beatles For Sale). The Beatles (Help! ). The Beatles (Rubber Soul). The Beatles (Revolver). The Beatles (Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band). The Beatles (Magical Mystery Tour). The Beatles (White ). The Beatles (Yellow Submarine (álbum)). The Beatles (Abbey Road ). The Beatles (Let It Be ). The Beach Boys (Today!). The Beach Boys (Pet Sounds). The Beach Boys (SMiLE). Jimi Hendrix (Are You Experienced). The Bonz (Eating all the mushrooms). (Highway 61 Revisited). Bob Dylan (Blonde on Blonde). (). Cher (Chér). Cher (Whit Love, Cher). Cher (Backstage). Cher (The Sonny Side Of Cher). Cher (3614 Jackson Highway). Henry Mancini (Moon River). Donovan (Sunshine Superman). Donovan (Mellow Yellow). Donovan (The Hurdy Gurdy Man). Donovan (A Gift From a Flower to a Garden). Leonardo Favio (Fuiste mía un verano). The Doors (The Doors). Led Zeppelin (Led Zeppelin). Led Zeppelin (Led Zeppelin II). The Who (Tommy). Ray Charles (Modern Sounds In Country And Western). Frank Zappa (Hot Rats). Creedence (Green River). Cream (Whells Of Fire ). Elvis Presley (Elvis Is Back). Iron Butterfly (Heavy). The Doors (The Soft Parade). Everly Brothers (It's Everly Time). The Mamas & The Papas (California Dreamin'). Jimi Hendrix (Electric Ladyland). The Band (The Band). Chuck Berry (St Louis To Liverpool). Jefferson Airplane (Surrealistic Pillow). The Who (The Who Sings My Generation). Santana (Santana). The Byrds (Mr. Tambourine Man ). Elvis Presley (From Elvis To Memphis). Sonny & Cher (Look At Us). Frank Zappa (Freak Out!). Neil Young & Crazy Horse (Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere). The Doors (Strange Days). Yardbirds (Having A Rave Up With The Yardbirds). Simon and Garfunkel (Sounds of Silence). Simon and Garfunkel (Bookends). Pink Floyd (The Piper at the Gates of Dawn). The Kinks (The Kinks). Nancy Sinatra (Boots). Janis Joplin (Cheap Thrills). The Turtles (So, happy together). In North America, Europe and Oceania, the decade was particularly revolutionary in terms of , as it saw the formation and evolution of rock. At the beginning of the 1960s, pop and trends of the 1950s continued; nevertheless, the rock and roll of the decade before started to merge into a more international, eclectic variant known as rock. In the early-1960s, rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by , beat, , rock, and , which had grown in popularity. The country and folk-influenced style[1] associated with the latter-half of 1960s spawned a generation of popular singer-songwriters who wrote and performed their own work. Towards the decade's end, genres such as ,[2] ,[3] bubblegum pop,[4] progressive rock and heavy metalstarted to grow popular, with the latter two finding greater success in the following decade. Furthermore, the 1960s saw funk and soul music rising in popularity; rhythm and blues in general remained popular, and this style was commonly associated to girl groups of the time, whose fusion of R&B and gospel with rock and roll enjoyed success until the mid-part of the decade.[5] Aside from the popularity of rock and R&B music in the 1960s, Latin American as well as Jamaican and Cuban music achieved a degree of popularity throughout the decade, with genres such as bossa nova, the cha-cha-cha,[6] ska,[7] and calypso being popular. From a classical point of view, the 1960s were also an important decade as they saw the development of experimental, and contemporary classical music, notably minimalism and free improvisation.[8] In Asia, various trends marked the popular music of the 1960s. In Japan, the decade saw the rise in popularity of several Western popular music groups such as The Beatles. The success of rock music and bands in the Japan started a new genre, known as Group Sounds, which was popular in the later half of the decade. In , genres such as bossa nova, nueva canción and nueva ola started to emerge. Rock music began leaving its mark, and achieved success in the 1960s. Additionally, salsa grew popular towards the end of the decade.[9] In the 1960s entered Chile and leaving a long-lasting impact on in that country , Spain and Portugal[edit] Bossa Nova[edit] Main article: Bossa Nova This Brazilian musical style, which means "New Trend", had its origins in the upscale neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro. Immensely popular in the early 1960s, it was a fusion of samba and cool jazz. Antonio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto, and Astrud Gilberto became the best known artists of the Bossa Nova movement. The latter's The Girl From Ipanema, released in 1964, became the first Bossa Nova song to achieve international acclaim. In 1965, it won a Grammy Award for Best Record of the Year. Nueva ola[edit] Main articles: Nueva ola and Uruguayan Invasion It was during the 60s that rock music began to gain acclaim in Latin America. In Spanish speaking South America musicians who adopted US and British inspired rock, mainly rock and roll, twist and British Invasionmusic, were collectively labelled as Nueva ola (Spanish for "New Wave"). , having his own Rock and Roll and inspired bands and artist, Sandro de América, Sandro y Los de Fuego(es),Johnny Allon(es), Los Gatos Salvajes, Los Beatniks, Los Buhos, among others.) suffered the Uruguayan Invasion, a series of British Invasion inspired rock bands from that moved to Buenos Aires and soon became popular in Argentina Los Shakers, Los Mockers, Los Iracundos. Rock music was during the 60s still largely sung in English, but some bands like Los Mac's and others mentioned above used Spanish for their songs as well.[71] Nueva canción[edit] During the 1960s Nueva Canción emerges and starts to expand its influence. This development is pioneered by the Chileans Violeta Parra and Victor Jara who base many of their songs in folklore, specially . Nueva Canción spreads quickly all over Latin America and becomes closely related to the New Left and the Liberation theology movements. In Francisco Franco's Spain Joan Manuel Serrat reaches widespread notability as an exponent of Nueva Canción and of the political opposition. Salsa[edit] Even though began to take form In a New York scene dominated by Cubans and other Latin American communities, Salsa would not become popular all across Latin America until the late 1980s. The U.K[edit] See also: Music of the United Kingdom (1960s) Beatles music[edit] Main article: Beatles music

The arrival of the Beatles in the U.S., and subsequent appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, marked the start of the British Invasionin which a large number of rock and roll, beatand pop performers from Britain gained massive popularity in the U.S.

The Monkees, another popular band dominating the 60s. In the late 1950s, a flourishing culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and London. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has been estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls and clubs.[11] Beat bands were heavily influenced by American bands of the era, such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets (from which group the Beatles derived their name), as well as earlier British groups such as the Shadows.[12] After the national success of the Beatles in Britain from 1962, a number of Liverpool performers were able to follow them into the charts, including Gerry & the Pacemakers, the Searchers and Cilla Black. Among the most successful beat acts from Birmingham were the Spencer Davis Group and the Moody Blues. From London, the term Tottenham Sound was largely based around the Dave Clark Five, but other London bands that benefited from the beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds and the Kinks. The first non-Liverpool, non-Brian Epstein-managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester,[13] as were Herman's Hermits.[14] The beat movement provided most of the groups responsible for the British invasion of the American pop charts in the period after 1964, and furnished the model for many important developments in pop and rock music. The British Invasion[edit] Main article: British Invasion

The Rolling Stones in 1965 By the end of 1962, the British rock scene had started with beat groups like the Beatles drawing on a wide range of American influences including soul music, rhythm and blues and .[15] Initially, they reinterpreted standard American tunes, playing for dancers doing the twist, for example. These groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with increasingly complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds.[16] During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. "I Want to Hold Your Hand" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion of the American music charts.[17] The song entered the chart on January 18, 1964 at No. 45 before it became the No. 1 single for 7 weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart.[18] Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture. The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers, at the time a record for an American television program. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands.[19] During the next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders,Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles.[17] Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. [20] British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom.[16] The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success.[21] In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music, vocal girl groups and (for a time) the teen idols, that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and '60s.[22] It dented the careers of established R&B acts like Fats Domino andChubby Checker and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis Presley.[23] The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music, and cemented the primacy of the rock group, based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as singer-songwriters.[24] British blues boom[edit] Main article: British blues boom In parallel with , in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson, Howling Wolf and Muddy Waters. It reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s, when it developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by and made international stars of several proponents of the genre including the Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, the Yardbirds, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin. A number of these moved through blues-rock to different forms of rock music and as a result British blues helped to form many of the sub-genres of rock, including psychedelic rock and heavy metal music. Since then direct interest in the blues in Britain has declined, but many of the key performers have returned to it in recent years, new acts have emerged and there have been a renewed interest in the genre.[25] British psychedelia[edit]

The British band Cream in 1966 Main article: Psychedelic rock § Development in the UK British psychedelia emerged during the mid-1960s, was influenced by psychedelic culture and attempted to replicate and enhance the mind-altering experiences ofhallucinogenic drugs. The movement drew on non-Western sources such as Indian music's ragas and sitars as well as studio effects and long instrumental passages and surreal lyrics. Established British artists such as Eric Burdon, the Who, Cream, Pink Floyd and the Beatles produced a number of highly psychedelic tunes during the decade. Many British psychedelia bands of the 1960s never published their music and only appeared in live concerts during that time.

Adolfo Lopez Mateos- Gustavo Diaz Ordaz n la década de los años 1950 la ya nombrada Colonia Juárez comenzó a transformar sus antiguas mansiones y palacetes para adaptarlos a otros usos diferentes de los que se destinaron, abriendo sus puertas a numerosos cafés, galerías de arte, restaurantes, bares y boutiques, también tiendas artesanales, oficinas y discotecas. Fue punto de reunión de varios intelectuales. Debido al auge que tuvo el lugar, por varias partes comenzaron a surgir edificios de corte moderno que fueron destinados a hoteles de gran turismo y oficinas corporativas. Su fama aumentó después de los Juegos Olímpicos de México 1968 y de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1970, que le hicieron punto de interés turístico y de reunión. La zona sufrió con el terremoto de 1985, cuando varios edificios se derrumbaron y empezaron a surgir otras zonas que comenzaron a desplazarla, como Polanco. Ya para principios de la década de 1990 la Zona Rosa se convirtió en zona de tolerancia e integración para la comunidad gay de la Ciudad de México. Esto debido al gran número de bares y discotecas para público lésbico-gay, y a que la policía no podía extorsionar más a los transeúntes por su apariencia, su preferencia sexual o sus expresiones afectivas. Actualmente la calle de Amberes es la de mayor concentración de establecimientos formalmente declarados gay. Sin embargo, a diferencia de Chueca en Madrid o El Castro en San Francisco, la Zona Rosa no es una zona exclusivamente gay, sino que el tipo de lugares de entretenimiento se hallan mezclados para darle al área un toque relajado y tolerante. Así uno encuentra bares y discotecas para todo público, tiendas, hoteles, escuelas, iglesias, comida rápida, restaurantes de todo tipo, tianguis,sex shops, todo en el mismo lugar. La Zona Rosa también se caracterizó porque reconocidos artistas vivían en sus calles, por ejemplo, Pita Amor, poetisa de la Zona Rosa. Pita Amor nació en la Ciudad de México en 1918 y murió el 9 de mayo de 2000. Paseaba y decía sus poesías por las calles de la Zona Rosa en los años 60s; en esas calles se daban cita poetas, escritores y artistas, tales como el escritor Juan Jose Arreola, además de muchos bohemios. Había una gran efervescencia artística en esa zona, además de que las condiciones de seguridad y tranquilidad en esa época, lo permitían. ”Como dices que soy una ignorante, todo el mundo comenta sin respeto que sin duda ha de haber algún sujeto que pone mi pensar en consonante”. También esta zona es escenario de la novela "El vampiro de la Colonia Roma" de Luis Zapata.