DOCSLIB.ORG

Modeling Li/CF X -SVO Hybrid-Cathode Batteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modeling Li/CF X -SVO Hybrid-Cathode Batteries University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering, Department of 2007 Modeling Li/CFx-SVO Hybrid-Cathode Batteries Parthasarathy M. Gomadam Donald R. Merritt Erik R. Scott Craig L. Schmidt Paul M. Skarstad See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/eche_facpub Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Publication Info Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2007, pages A1058-A1064. © The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 2007. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The ra chival version of this work was published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society. http://www.electrochem.org/ Publisher's link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2779963 DOI: 10.1149/1.2779963 This Article is brought to you by the Chemical Engineering, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Author(s) Parthasarathy M. Gomadam, Donald R. Merritt, Erik R. Scott, Craig L. Schmidt, Paul M. Skarstad, and John W. Weidner This article is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/eche_facpub/120 A1058 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 154 ͑11͒ A1058-A1064 ͑2007͒ 0013-4651/2007/154͑11͒/A1058/7/$20.00 © The Electrochemical Society Modeling Li/CFx-SVO Hybrid-Cathode Batteries Parthasarathy M. Gomadam,a,*,z Donald R. Merritt,a,* Erik R. Scott,a,* Craig L. Schmidt,a,* Paul M. Skarstad,a,* and John W. Weidnerb,* aMedtronic Energy and Component Center, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota 55430, USA bCenter for Electrochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA A mathematical model is developed that predicts the voltage-capacity behavior of a primary lithium battery containing a hybrid ͑ ͒ cathode, which combines the high energy density of carbon monofluoride CFx and the higher power density of silver vanadium oxide ͑SVO͒. The model is developed using material balances and kinetic expressions for each material, extracting kinetic and thermodynamic parameters from data collected on CFx and SVO batteries, and then integrating this information into a hybrid system. The full model is validated by comparing simulations to experimental data on Li/CFx-SVO hybrid-cathode batteries of various designs and for a range of discharge currents. The model closely agrees with the data up to moderate discharge rates, beyond which the model overpredicts voltage as ignored phenomena ͑mainly, ohmic resistance͒ become important. © 2007 The Electrochemical Society. ͓DOI: 10.1149/1.2779963͔ All rights reserved. Manuscript submitted June 1, 2007; revised manuscript received July 30, 2007. Available electronically September 24, 2007. Modern implantable medical devices such as pacemakers and and kinetic parameters, the model simulations are first fit to dis- neurostimulators offer an ever-increasing array of therapies and fea- charge data from Li/CFx and Li/SVO batteries. The model simula- 1 tures that improve the management of disease states. These features tions are then compared to discharge curves from Li/CFx-SVO ͑e.g., increased computational power, sensing and long-distance te- hybrid-cathode batteries of various mix ratios, electrode thicknesses lemetry͒ demand the device batteries to be increasingly high-power and geometric areas. Finally, limits on discharge rates and battery capable, without compromising on the excellent energy density pro- design are established, within which the model accurately predicts vided by traditional Li/I2 batteries. One possible solution, the Li/ performance. silver vanadium oxide ͑SVO͒ battery, has attractive attributes such as high power density and a stepped voltage-capacity curve with a Experimental plateau near the end of discharge. ͑The latter feature provides an The data used in developing and validating the model were ob- ample and reliable end-of-service warning for device replacement tained from the batteries listed in Table I. The batteries were all prior to battery depletion.2-6͒ Therefore, the Li/SVO battery is the cathode limited but differed in mix ratio, electrode thickness, or present state-of-the-art power source for implantable cardioverter geometric area and, therefore, in cathode mass and capacity. The defibrillators, which demand peak power loads as high as 10 W mass and capacity of the active materials are related by Faraday’s from the battery. However, for devices in which such high power is law, taking into account that CFx and SVO consume 1 and 6 equiva- not needed, the Li/SVO battery may be less attractive because its lents of Li, respectively. The maximum capacity is the sum of the energy density is substantially lower than the Li/I2 battery. Another individual capacities, and the mix ratio is the ratio of the individual possible solution is the Li/CFx battery, which has comparable en- capacities. The cathode is a porous pellet made of CFx,SVO,and ergy density to the Li/I2 battery, although lower power density than inert materials pressed onto the current collector. The separator is the Li/SVO battery. Further, an end-of-service warning is relatively inert porous polyethylene, and the anode is Li metal pressed onto a more difficult with the Li/CFx battery because its voltage-capacity current collector. The pores of the cathode and separator are ͑ ␥ curve remains nearly flat for most of discharge and falls off steeply flood-filled with electrolyte 1 M LiBF4 in -butyrolactone/ near the end. dimethoxyethane͒ with excess filling the headspace and other voids In recent years, Medtronic introduced a battery whose cathode in the can. contains a mixture of CFx and SVO, preserving the best properties During operation the batteries were maintained at 37°C and dis- of each ͑namely, high energy and power densities, respectively͒. charged at various currents. For some of the low discharge currents This battery, known as the Li/CFx-SVO hybrid-cathode battery, has used here, it would have taken years to generate a full voltage- comparable energy density to Li/I2, but with about two orders of capacity curve. Therefore, to generate these lower-rate discharge magnitude greater power density.1,7 In addition, the hybrid-cathode curves, sets of batteries were discharged at higher currents to differ- battery exhibits the same voltage plateau near the end of discharge ent depths of discharge, after which the current was switched to the as the Li/SVO battery, allowing for a convenient and reliable end- given lower value. This resulted in discontinuous discharge curves of-service warning. By modulating the mix ratio of CFx and SVO, that were pieced together to form complete discharge curves. one can tune the battery’s power-energy characteristic as well as the Model Development time interval between end-of-service warning and battery depletion. To characterize lithium batteries containing hybrid cathodes, a Assumptions.— The following assumptions were made in devel- mathematical model was developed that predicts battery perfor- oping the models for Li/CFx, Li/SVO, and Li/CFx-SVO hybrid- mance over a range of design parameters and operating conditions cathode batteries: relevant to implantable medical devices. Since these applications typically involve discharges lasting months to years, phenomena 1. The cathode limits battery capacity ͑i.e., excess Li in anode͒. having shorter time scales ͑e.g., capacitance͒ are ignored in the 2. The cathode dominates battery resistance ͑i.e., resistances in model, with discharge characteristics being governed by the relative the anode and separator are negligible͒. reaction kinetics of the hybrid system. The resulting mathematical 3. The cathode is kinetically limited ͑i.e., ohmic and mass- model is a set of coupled ordinary differential and algebraic equa- transfer resistances are negligible͒ such that the reaction current is tions that is highly nonlinear, and requires a numerical solution to uniform throughout the porous electrode. predict battery performance. To obtain the requisite thermodynamic 4. The effects of heat generation, degradation, and parasitic re- actions are negligible. 5. The CFx and SVO particles are spherical and cylindrical, re- * Electrochemical Society Active Member. spectively, and of the average sizes given in Tables II and III, z E-mail: [email protected] respectively. Downloaded 20 Jul 2011 to 129.252.86.83. Redistribution subject to ECS license or copyright; see http://www.ecsdl.org/terms_use.jsp Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 154 ͑11͒ A1058-A1064 ͑2007͒ A1059 Table I. Cathode design parameters of the batteries used in this study. Mass Thickness Area Total Battery Mix-ratio L A mC mSV capacity ͑ ͒ ͑ 2͒ ͑ ͒ ͑ ͒ ͑ ͒ name QC/QSV mm cm g g Ah CFx 1:0 2.6 5.3 1.908 0.000 1.65 SVO 0:1 2.6 5.3 0.000 5.109 1.38 HB1 7.5:1 2.1 3.1 0.850 0.364 0.83 HB2 7.5:1 2.1 5.0 1.315 0.564 1.29 HB3 2.2:1 2.1 5.0 0.884 1.288 1.11 HB4 7.5:1 2.6 5.3 1.721 0.738 1.69 HB5 7.5:1 8.4 8.3 8.813 3.778 8.64 0 0͑ ␪ ͒2/3 ͓ ͔ aCV = aCV 1− C 4 Equations governing an Li/CFx battery.— The overall electro- chemical reaction occurring at the cathode is8 where the initial reaction area is related to the initial properties of the spherical CF particles by + − → ͓ ͔ x CFx + xLi + xe xLiF+C 1 3m0 This reaction is irreversible and follows Tafel kinetics as confirmed a0 V0 = C ͓5͔ C 0 ␳ ͑ ͒ 9 R C by our observations of E vs ln Iapp as well as those of Tiedemann C and Davis et al.10 Therefore, the local current density on the surface Combining Eq.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION of VANILLIC ACID (SILVER, Oxide PROCESS) Irwin A
    Patented Apr. 15, 1947 2,419,158 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION OF VANILLIC ACID (SILVER, oxIDE PROCESS) Irwin A. Pearl, Appleton, Wis., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Sulphite Products Corporation, - Appleton, Wis., a corporation of Wisconsin No Drawing. Application January 12, 1944, Seria No. 517,985 8 Claims. (C. 260-521) 2 The present invention relates to the production About 300 parts of vanillic acid melting at 210 of vanillic and closely related acids, and to an 211 is obtained. - a improved process for producing acids derived by Ortho vanillin and syringaldehyde react in the oxidation from vanillin, Ortho-vanillin, and same way as the vanillin in Example I, with syringaldehyde. similarly high yields of completely transformed Most aldehydes may be transformed to the material. corresponding acids by common oxidizing agents If the treatment with solid sodium hydroxide or in the Cannizzaro reaction, but vanillin, Ortho warms the solution materially above 50° C., the vanillin, and Syringaldehyde are exceptions and vaniliin reacts as fast as it is added and the have been reported as not amenable to either temperature rises, but full completion of the reaction. Ordinary oxidizing agents either (1) action is assured by slight further heating. I have no action on the compound or (2) act as have secured good results with final temperatures dehydrogenating agents, and yield the dehydro of 75° to 85, but higher temperatures are dicompound or (3) cause complete decomposition. innocuous. The Cannizzaro reaction is conveniently written 5 However, if the materials are admixed at tem as follows: peratures materially below 50° C., it is first neces NaOH sary to warm them, and at about 50° C.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver As a Drinking-Water Disinfectant
    Silver as a drinking-water disinfectant Silver as a drinking-water disinfectant Alternative drinking-water disinfectants: silver ISBN 978-92-4-151369-2 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Alternative drinking-water disinfectants: bromine, iodine and silver. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Growth of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on the Surface of Citrate Anion Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide
    nanomaterials Article Controlled Growth of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on the Surface of Citrate Anion Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide Do-Gak Jeung 1, Minseop Lee 2, Seung-Min Paek 2,* and Jae-Min Oh 1,* 1 Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-M.P.); [email protected] (J.-M.O.) Abstract: Silver oxide nanoparticles with controlled particle size were successfully obtained utilizing citrate-intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a substrate and Ag+ as a precursor. The lattice of LDH was partially dissolved during the reaction by Ag+. The released hydroxyl and citrate acted as a reactant in crystal growth and a size controlling capping agent, respectively. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microscopic measurements clearly showed the development of nano-sized silver oxide particles on the LDH surface. The particle size, homogeneity and purity of silver oxide were influenced by the stoichiometric ratio of Ag/Al. At the lowest silver ratio, the particle size was the smallest, while the chemical purity was the highest. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy results suggested that the high Ag/Al ratio tended to produce silver oxide with a complex silver environment. The small particle size and homogeneous distribution of silver oxide showed advantages in antibacterial efficacy compared with bulk silver oxide. LDH Citation: Jeung, D.-G.; Lee, M.; Paek, with an appropriate ratio could be utilized as a substrate to grow silver oxide nanoparticles with S.-M.; Oh, J.-M.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Oxide Battery SIZES: All Sizes EMERGENCY HOTLINE: 800-424-9300 (24 Hr, Chemtrec) EDITION DATE: 08/11/2014
    Spectrum Brands, Inc. Rayovac Division 3001 Deming Way Middleton, WI 53562-1431 Phone: (608) 275-3340 Fax: (608) 275-4577 http://www.rayovac.com SAFETY DATA SHEET The Safety Data Sheet is supplied as a service to you. For other related information, please visit: http://www.rayovac.com 1. IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME: Silver Oxide Battery SIZES: All sizes EMERGENCY HOTLINE: 800-424-9300 (24 hr, Chemtrec) EDITION DATE: 08/11/2014 2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION We would like to inform our customers that these batteries are exempt articles and are not subject to the 29 CFR 1910.1200 OSHA requirements, Canadian WHMIS requirements or GHS requirements. Emergency Overview OSHA Hazards-not applicable Target Organs-not applicable GHS Classification-not applicable GHS Label Elements, including precautionary Statement-not applicable Pictogram-not applicable Signal words-not applicable Hazard statements-not applicable Precautionary statements-not applicable 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS INGREDIENT NAME CAS # % TLV*/**TWA Silver Oxide 20667-12-3 <0.5 .01 mg/m3 (TWA) Steel 7439-89-6 37-41 --- Zinc 7440-66-6 30-40 5.0 mg/m3 (ZnO as Fume) Potassium Hydroxide 1310-58-3 1-3 Solution Not Listed Graphite 7782-42-5 <0.25 15 mppcf (TWA) Mercury 7439-97-6 <0.9** 1 mg/10 m3 (Ceiling) Manganese Dioxide 1313-13-9 <2.5 C5.0 mg/ m3 (Mn, TWA) Water, paper, plastic, other --- Balance --- *Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1, 2 or 3 11-01-2012 ** All Silver Oxide cells contain less than 25 mg/cell of mercury NA = Not Applicable Safety Data Sheet Information (800) 237-7000 Page 1 of 4 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 4 Silver Oxide Batteries January 2016
    Page 1 of 4 Silver Oxide Batteries January 2016 PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET PRODUCT NAME: Energizer Battery Type No.: Volts: 1.5 /cell TRADE NAMES: Energizer, Hearwell, Overtime Approximate Weight: CHEMICAL SYSTEM: Silver Oxide-Zinc Designed for Recharge: No Energizer has prepared copyrighted Product Safety Datasheets to provide information on the different Eveready/Energizer battery systems. Batteries are articles as defined under the GHS and exempt from GHS classification criteria (Section 1.3.2.1.1 of the GHS). The information and recommendations set forth herein are made in good faith, for information only, and are believed to be accurate as of the date of preparation. However, ENERGIZER BATTERY MANUFACTURING, INC. MAKES NO WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS INFORMATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM REFERENCE ON IT. SECTION 1 - MANUFACTURER INFORMATION Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc. Telephone Number for Information: 25225 Detroit Rd. 800-383-7323 (USA / CANADA) Westlake, OH 44145 Date Prepared: January 2016 SECTION 2 – HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS classification: N/A Signal Word: N/A Hazard Classification: N/A Under normal conditions of use, the battery is hermetically sealed. Ingestion: Swallowing a battery can be harmful. Contents of an open battery can cause serious chemical burns of mouth, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract. Inhalation: Contents of an open battery can cause respiratory irritation. Skin Contact: Contents of an open battery can cause skin irritation and/or chemical burns. Eye Contact: Contents of an open battery can cause severe irritation and chemical burns. SECTION 3 - INGREDIENTS IMPORTANT NOTE: The battery should not be opened or burned. Exposure to the ingredients contained within or their combustion products could be harmful.
    [Show full text]
  • Printed Textile-Based Ag2o–Zn Battery for Body Conformal Wearable Sensors
    sensors Communication Printed Textile-Based Ag2O–Zn Battery for Body Conformal Wearable Sensors Akash Kota * , Ashish Gogia, Amy T. Neidhard-Doll and Vamsy P. Chodavarapu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.T.N.-D.); [email protected] (V.P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wearable electronics are playing an important role in the health care industry. Wearable sensors are either directly attached to the body surface or embedded into worn garments. Textile- based batteries can help towards development of body conformal wearable sensors. In this letter, we demonstrate a 2D planar textile-based primary Ag2O–Zn battery fabricated using the stencil printing method. A synthetic polyester woven fabric is used as the textile substrate and polyethylene oxide material is used as the separator. The demonstrated battery achieves an areal capacity of 0.6 mAh/cm2 with an active electrode area of 0.5 cm × 1 cm. Keywords: sensor power; textile battery; stencil printing; zinc-silver oxide; battery characteristics 1. Introduction The rapid development of wearable devices is fueled by the interest from the general population for real-time health and wellness monitoring [1,2]. Various human health and Citation: Kota, A.; Gogia, A.; wellness indicators including body temperature, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation Neidhard-Doll, A.T.; Chodavarapu, (SpO2) level, electrocardiogram, calories burned, exercise outcomes, and walking steps V.P. Printed Textile-Based Ag2O–Zn can be monitored non-invasively in real time by wearable devices. Wearable devices also Battery for Body Conformal Wearable play an important role in the development of smart bandages for wound healing applica- Sensors.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Oxide Battery ILER OIDE BATTERY
    Primary Battery SRSilver Oxide Battery SILVER OXIDE BATTERY Safety Instructions Improper handling of the battery could lead to distortion, leakage*, overheating, or explosion, causing bodily injury or equipment trouble. Especially touch with liquid leaked out of battery could cause injury like a loss of eyesight. Please observe the following instructions to prevent S accidents. (* Leakage is defined as the unintentional escape of a liquid from a battery.) R Warnings — Handling Caution — Handling/Storage í Never swallow. í Never reverse the positive and negative terminals when Always keep the battery out of the reach of infants and young mounting. children to prevent it from being swallowed. If it is swallowed, Improper mounting of the battery may lead to short-circuiting, consult a physician immediately. charging or forced-discharging. This may cause distortion, leakage, overheating, or explosion. í Never allow liquid leaking from the battery to get in your body. The battery contains strong alkaline liquid, which is deleterious í Never short-circuit the battery while installing into equipment. material. If it does come in contact with your eyes, flush them Please be careful when installing the battery not to short-circuit it immediately with plenty of water and consult a physician, because with metal portions of the equipment. the alkaline liquid could cause becoming blind. Likewise, If the liquid gets in your mouth, rinse immediately with plenty of water and í Never weld the terminal or wire to the body of the battery consult a physician. The alkaline liquid could also cause the skin directly. irritation and/or chemical burns. If the liquid adheres to the skin or The heat of welding or soldering may cause distortion, leakage, clothes, immediately flush it with plenty of water.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanillic Acid [I
    A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices. In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red “Caution Notes” within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices. The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures for Functional Applications Haitao Fu
    Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures for Functional Applications By Haitao Fu A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Science The University of New South Wales August 2013 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed ……………………………………………...... Date …………………………………………….............. i List of Publications Peer-Reviewed Journals 1. Fu, H.; Yang, X.; Jiang, X.; Yu, A., Bimetallic Ag–Au Nanowires: Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Catalytic Properties. Langmuir 2013, 29, (23), 7134-7142. 2. Fu, H.; Yang, X.; Yu, A.; Jiang, X., Rapid synthesis and growth of silver nanowires induced by vanadium trioxide particles. Particuology 2013, 11, (4), 428-440. 3. Su, D.; Fu, H.; Jiang, X.; Wang, G., ZnO nanocrystals with a high percentage of exposed reactive facets for enhanced gas sensing performance. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013, 186, (0), 286-292.
    [Show full text]
  • Feb- 6, 1940- B. A. DIGGORY ET AL ' 2,138,940 H20 Mpon
    Feb- 6, 1940- B. A. DIGGORY ET AL ' 2,138,940 ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE Filed Dec. 2, 1937 H20 mpon . B. A. D/GGORV INVENTORS- 61K. TEAL _ A 7' TORNE V ‘ Patented Feb._ 6, 1940 ' 2,188,940; 1 UNITED STATES PATENT Fries v _ t I ' 2,188,940. ‘ ' . ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE Benjamin A. mil-‘my, Plain?eld, N. 3., macer ; idon K. Teal, NewxYork», N. Y., assignors to f Bell‘ Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, I . New York, N.v Y., a corporation of New York _ Application December 2,1937, Serial No. 177,660 11 Claims. (01'. 250M275), This invention relates to methods of oxidizing ' tures which is particularly‘ suitable for use in the ' ' metallic elements and to electrode vstructures, preparation‘of electrode structures and photo and ‘more speci?cally to- electrode structures in sensitive targets‘ such as, for example, those used special ‘types of electron discharge devices and in television electronic cameras and electron v to methods of oxidizing the electrodes inysuch vmultipliers. '‘ '. ' i _ ‘ '5 devices.v j _ . '1 X .' In the method according to this invention as In certain electron discharge devices such as, hereinafter described in detail by way of exam for example, photoelectric tubeselectroni'c cam; ple, ozone [(03) is generated ‘by any suitable‘ ‘ era tubes for television, an‘de'lectron multipliers, , means such as, for example, by means of a spark U electrodes having photosensitive surfaces are pro, coil and the gas allowed to flow through‘ water 0 vided. _. In the preparation 'of these surfaces a vapor to moisten it.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Structural and Optical Properties of Chemical Bath Deposited Silver Oxide Thin Films: Role of Deposition Time
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2013, Article ID 450820, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/450820 Research Article Structural and Optical Properties of Chemical Bath Deposited Silver Oxide Thin Films: Role of Deposition Time A. C. Nwanya,1 P. E. Ugwuoke,1 B. A. Ezekoye,2 R. U. Osuji,2 andF.I.Ezema2 1 National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 41001, Nigeria 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 41001, Nigeria Correspondence should be addressed to A. C. Nwanya; [email protected] Received 3 December 2012; Revised 21 March 2013; Accepted 22 March 2013 Academic Editor: Zhimin Liu Copyright © 2013 A. C. Nwanya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ∘ Silver oxide thin films were deposited on glass substrates at a temperature of50 C by chemical bath deposition technique under different deposition times using pure AgNO3 precursor and triethanolamine as the complexing agent. The chemical analysis based on EDX technique shows the presence of Ag and O at the appropriate energy levels. The morphological features obtained from SEM showed that the AgO structures varied as the deposition time changes. The X-ray diffraction showed the peaks ofAg2Oand AgO in the structure. The direct band gap and the refractive index increased as the deposition time increased and was in the range of 1.64–1.95 eV and 1.02–2.07, respectively.
    [Show full text]