Printed Textile-Based Ag2o–Zn Battery for Body Conformal Wearable Sensors
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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION of VANILLIC ACID (SILVER, Oxide PROCESS) Irwin A
Patented Apr. 15, 1947 2,419,158 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION OF VANILLIC ACID (SILVER, oxIDE PROCESS) Irwin A. Pearl, Appleton, Wis., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Sulphite Products Corporation, - Appleton, Wis., a corporation of Wisconsin No Drawing. Application January 12, 1944, Seria No. 517,985 8 Claims. (C. 260-521) 2 The present invention relates to the production About 300 parts of vanillic acid melting at 210 of vanillic and closely related acids, and to an 211 is obtained. - a improved process for producing acids derived by Ortho vanillin and syringaldehyde react in the oxidation from vanillin, Ortho-vanillin, and same way as the vanillin in Example I, with syringaldehyde. similarly high yields of completely transformed Most aldehydes may be transformed to the material. corresponding acids by common oxidizing agents If the treatment with solid sodium hydroxide or in the Cannizzaro reaction, but vanillin, Ortho warms the solution materially above 50° C., the vanillin, and Syringaldehyde are exceptions and vaniliin reacts as fast as it is added and the have been reported as not amenable to either temperature rises, but full completion of the reaction. Ordinary oxidizing agents either (1) action is assured by slight further heating. I have no action on the compound or (2) act as have secured good results with final temperatures dehydrogenating agents, and yield the dehydro of 75° to 85, but higher temperatures are dicompound or (3) cause complete decomposition. innocuous. The Cannizzaro reaction is conveniently written 5 However, if the materials are admixed at tem as follows: peratures materially below 50° C., it is first neces NaOH sary to warm them, and at about 50° C. -
Batteries Information Received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and Other Stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG)
Batteries Information received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and other stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG) 1. Category of mercury-added product Batteries 2. Further description of the product Mercury-containing button cells 3. Information on the use of the Currently, there are three types of button cell batteries that contain mercury: zinc air, silver oxide and alkaline. product These batteries contain mercury in small amounts (typically 0.1-2%) and the purpose of mercury in the cell is to prevent the build-up of hydrogen gas. The mercury acts as a barrier to the production of hydrogen and as such prevents the cell swelling and becoming damaged. Figure 1 – Cross Section of Zinc Anode Button Cell and Zinc Air Button Cell (European Commission, 2014) Range of mercury content/consumption per unit product - 0.1 – 2 weight-% (button cells with intentionally added mercury) - 0.0005 weight-% (button cells without intentionally added mercury) Button batteries are used for powering high drain devices such as watches, calculators, and hearing aids. 4. Information on the availability of EU mercury-free (or less-mercury) Main alternatives: Mercury-free zinc air batteries alternatives Mercury free versions are commercially available for all applications of the main types of button cells (lithium, silver, oxide, alkaline and zinc air). The most frequently used types make use of zinc air technology (European Commission, 2014). Since October 2015, mercury-containing button cell batteries have been prohibited in the EU following the expiry of the exemption granted under the Batteries Directive. 1 Canada Alternatives: mercury-free silver oxide batteries, mercury-free zinc air batteries, lithium batteries Mercury-free alternatives have been available from major battery manufacturers since the late 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. -
Silver As a Drinking-Water Disinfectant
Silver as a drinking-water disinfectant Silver as a drinking-water disinfectant Alternative drinking-water disinfectants: silver ISBN 978-92-4-151369-2 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Alternative drinking-water disinfectants: bromine, iodine and silver. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. -
Controlled Growth of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on the Surface of Citrate Anion Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide
nanomaterials Article Controlled Growth of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on the Surface of Citrate Anion Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide Do-Gak Jeung 1, Minseop Lee 2, Seung-Min Paek 2,* and Jae-Min Oh 1,* 1 Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-M.P.); [email protected] (J.-M.O.) Abstract: Silver oxide nanoparticles with controlled particle size were successfully obtained utilizing citrate-intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a substrate and Ag+ as a precursor. The lattice of LDH was partially dissolved during the reaction by Ag+. The released hydroxyl and citrate acted as a reactant in crystal growth and a size controlling capping agent, respectively. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microscopic measurements clearly showed the development of nano-sized silver oxide particles on the LDH surface. The particle size, homogeneity and purity of silver oxide were influenced by the stoichiometric ratio of Ag/Al. At the lowest silver ratio, the particle size was the smallest, while the chemical purity was the highest. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy results suggested that the high Ag/Al ratio tended to produce silver oxide with a complex silver environment. The small particle size and homogeneous distribution of silver oxide showed advantages in antibacterial efficacy compared with bulk silver oxide. LDH Citation: Jeung, D.-G.; Lee, M.; Paek, with an appropriate ratio could be utilized as a substrate to grow silver oxide nanoparticles with S.-M.; Oh, J.-M. -
Silver Oxide Battery SIZES: All Sizes EMERGENCY HOTLINE: 800-424-9300 (24 Hr, Chemtrec) EDITION DATE: 08/11/2014
Spectrum Brands, Inc. Rayovac Division 3001 Deming Way Middleton, WI 53562-1431 Phone: (608) 275-3340 Fax: (608) 275-4577 http://www.rayovac.com SAFETY DATA SHEET The Safety Data Sheet is supplied as a service to you. For other related information, please visit: http://www.rayovac.com 1. IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME: Silver Oxide Battery SIZES: All sizes EMERGENCY HOTLINE: 800-424-9300 (24 hr, Chemtrec) EDITION DATE: 08/11/2014 2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION We would like to inform our customers that these batteries are exempt articles and are not subject to the 29 CFR 1910.1200 OSHA requirements, Canadian WHMIS requirements or GHS requirements. Emergency Overview OSHA Hazards-not applicable Target Organs-not applicable GHS Classification-not applicable GHS Label Elements, including precautionary Statement-not applicable Pictogram-not applicable Signal words-not applicable Hazard statements-not applicable Precautionary statements-not applicable 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS INGREDIENT NAME CAS # % TLV*/**TWA Silver Oxide 20667-12-3 <0.5 .01 mg/m3 (TWA) Steel 7439-89-6 37-41 --- Zinc 7440-66-6 30-40 5.0 mg/m3 (ZnO as Fume) Potassium Hydroxide 1310-58-3 1-3 Solution Not Listed Graphite 7782-42-5 <0.25 15 mppcf (TWA) Mercury 7439-97-6 <0.9** 1 mg/10 m3 (Ceiling) Manganese Dioxide 1313-13-9 <2.5 C5.0 mg/ m3 (Mn, TWA) Water, paper, plastic, other --- Balance --- *Source: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1, 2 or 3 11-01-2012 ** All Silver Oxide cells contain less than 25 mg/cell of mercury NA = Not Applicable Safety Data Sheet Information (800) 237-7000 Page 1 of 4 4. -
Energizer Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions
Energizer® Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions Click on the question to view the answer: 1. Is it a good idea to store batteries in a refrigerator or freezer? 2. Why is mixing batteries of different chemistries, brands or age a potential problem? 3. What type of batteries can be recharged? 4. How long can I store batteries? 5. How can I test batteries to see if they’re still good? 6. What is the difference between carbon zinc and alkaline batteries? 7. Why doesn’t my flashlight work well in cold weather? 8. Are there potential dangers or safety issues carrying loose batteries in a purse or pocket? 9. How long will my batteries last in a device? 10.How is the rated capacity of a battery determined? 11.Does the capacity of a battery change with the drain rate? 12.Is there a guarantee on Energizer batteries? 13.What increases the possibility for alkaline battery leakage? 14.Are cylindrical alkaline batteries considered hazardous waste? 15.Where can I obtain information on the effects of swallowing a battery? 16.Are Energizer batteries RoHS and WEEE compliant? 17.Are Energizer batteries compliant to the EU Battery Directive (226/66/EC)? 18.Can I fly commercially with non-rechargeable Energizer primary lithium batteries? 19.Do Energizer batteries require an MSDS? 20.Can magnets affect battery performance Answers are designed to be generally informative ©2012 Energizer and do not constitute a warranty implied or otherwise. Version 6.2 Energizer® Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions Click on blue arrow to return to questions: 1. -
Page 1 of 4 Silver Oxide Batteries January 2016
Page 1 of 4 Silver Oxide Batteries January 2016 PRODUCT SAFETY DATA SHEET PRODUCT NAME: Energizer Battery Type No.: Volts: 1.5 /cell TRADE NAMES: Energizer, Hearwell, Overtime Approximate Weight: CHEMICAL SYSTEM: Silver Oxide-Zinc Designed for Recharge: No Energizer has prepared copyrighted Product Safety Datasheets to provide information on the different Eveready/Energizer battery systems. Batteries are articles as defined under the GHS and exempt from GHS classification criteria (Section 1.3.2.1.1 of the GHS). The information and recommendations set forth herein are made in good faith, for information only, and are believed to be accurate as of the date of preparation. However, ENERGIZER BATTERY MANUFACTURING, INC. MAKES NO WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS INFORMATION AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM REFERENCE ON IT. SECTION 1 - MANUFACTURER INFORMATION Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc. Telephone Number for Information: 25225 Detroit Rd. 800-383-7323 (USA / CANADA) Westlake, OH 44145 Date Prepared: January 2016 SECTION 2 – HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION GHS classification: N/A Signal Word: N/A Hazard Classification: N/A Under normal conditions of use, the battery is hermetically sealed. Ingestion: Swallowing a battery can be harmful. Contents of an open battery can cause serious chemical burns of mouth, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract. Inhalation: Contents of an open battery can cause respiratory irritation. Skin Contact: Contents of an open battery can cause skin irritation and/or chemical burns. Eye Contact: Contents of an open battery can cause severe irritation and chemical burns. SECTION 3 - INGREDIENTS IMPORTANT NOTE: The battery should not be opened or burned. Exposure to the ingredients contained within or their combustion products could be harmful. -
Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries for Small Satellite Applications
Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries for Small Satellite Applications J. Brill. D. Coates, P. Bamia S. Vankalaaan, M.A. Fetcenko, S. R. Ovahinsky Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Ovonic Battary Co" Inc. Joplin, Missouri Trov, Michigan Abstract Y·Ti-Zr-Ni-Cr family of materials and are relatively inexpen Sealed, nickel-metal hydride cells are being developed for sive and easily produced. The materials have been fully de aerospace applications by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Sizes scribed and evaluated in previous publications by aBC (1, 2, 3). ranging from 3.5 ampere-hours to 20 ampere-hours are targeted The alloys are presently being produced in 60 Kg ingots and then for the small satellite program. The nickel-metal hydride system processed into a fine powder. Electrode material is then pro offers nearly twice the energy density of aerospace nickel-cad duced in a continuous roll using a standard sintering process on mium cells with no memory effect. The cells contain no a nickel wire substrate with no additives or binders required. cadmium, mercury orothertoxic materials. The system operates OBC has also successfully developed the commerical nickel at low pressure and offers significant cost advantages over the metal hydride cell system including the positive electrode, sepa nickel-hydrogen system. The cells exhibit excellent overcharge rator, electrolyte and seals to fully take advantage ofthe superior and overdischarge capability with cycle life similar to that of perfonnance of the hydride electrode. nickel-cadmium. Cells are also being assembled and tested in a number of sizes and designs for use in terrestrial applications. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. -
Next Generation Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries First Quarter Progress Eport 2019
NEXT GENE ATION ANODES Next Generation Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries First Quarter Progress eport 2019 Jack Vaughey, Point-of-Contact Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Phone: (630) 252-8885 E-mail: [email protected] Brian Cunningham, DOE-EE E-VTO Technology Manager U.S. Department of Energy, Battery &D Phone: (202) 287-5686 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Page Overview 2 Milestone FY19Q1 5 Baseline Silicon Materials 7 Composite Silicon / Graphite Electrodes Variable Temperature Performance of Silicon-Gr Composite Electrodes (ANL) 8 Silicon-containing Anodes with Extended Cycle Life and Calendar Life (PNNL) 10 Impact of Processing Conditions on Uniformity of Silicon-Gr Composite Electrodes (O NL) 13 The ole of Dispersants on Binder Selection for Silicon-Gr Composite Electrodes (O NL) 17 Composite Silicon-Sn Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LBNL) 20 High Silicon Content Electrodes Carbon-coated Silicon for Improved Electrochemical Performance in Full Cells (ANL) 23 Carbon-Coated Silicon Materials (LBNL) 26 High Silicon Content electrodes: CAMP Prototyping (ANL) 27 Cell Balancing with High Silicon Content Electrodes (ANL) 29 Silicon Surface Functionalization (ANL) 32 Lithium Inventory (ANL) 35 1 | P a g e NEXT GENE ATION ANODES Silicon Deep Dive Overview Project Introduction Silicon has received significant attention as an alternative to the graphitic carbon negative electrodes presently used in a lithium-ion battery due to its high capacity and availability. Compared to graphitic carbons, elemental silicon has nearly an order of magnitude higher capacity (~3600 mAh/g silicon vs 372 mAh/g Graphite), however, several problems have been identified that limit its utility including a large crystallographic expansion (~320%) upon full lithiation, slow lithium diffusion, and high reactivity at high states of charge. -
Influence of the Binder on Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Tortuosity and Performance
Journal of The Electrochemical Society OPEN ACCESS Influence of the Binder on Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Tortuosity and Performance To cite this article: Johannes Landesfeind et al 2018 J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 A1122 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 129.187.254.46 on 20/01/2020 at 10:44 A1122 Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165 (5) A1122-A1128 (2018) Influence of the Binder on Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Tortuosity and Performance Johannes Landesfeind, ∗,z Askin Eldiven, and Hubert A. Gasteiger∗∗ Chair of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany The electrochemical performance of porous graphite anodes in lithium ion battery applications is limited by the lithium ion concentration gradients in the liquid electrolyte, especially at high current densities and for thick coatings during battery charging. Beside the electrolyte transport parameters, the porosity and the tortuosity of the coating are key parameters that determine the electrode’s suitability for high power applications. Here, we investigate the tortuosity of graphite anodes using two water as well as three n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone based binder systems by analysis of symmetric cell impedance measurements, demonstrating that tortuosities ranging from ∼3–10 are obtained for graphite anodes of similar thickness (∼100 μm), porosities (∼50%) and areal capacity (∼3.4 mAh/cm2). Furthermore, selected electrodes with tortuosities of 3.1, 4.3, and 10.2 were cycled in cells with reference electrode at charging C-rates from 0.1-20 1/h, illustrating the clear correlation between electrode tortuosity and its rate capability. -
The Processing of Binder Jet Multi-Material 3D Printing to Improve Upon Material Properties
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses December 2019 The Processing of Binder Jet Multi-Material 3D Printing to Improve upon Material Properties Sara Mohammed Damas Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Damas, Sara Mohammed, "The Processing of Binder Jet Multi-Material 3D Printing to Improve upon Material Properties" (2019). All Theses. 3224. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/3224 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PROCESSING OF BINDER JET MULTI-MATERIAL 3D PRINTING TO IMPROVE UPON MATERIAL PROPERTIES A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Mechanical Engineering by Sara M. Damas December 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Cameron J. Turner, Committee Chair Dr. Gang Li Dr. Suyi Li ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing methods are becoming more prominent in the world of design and manufacturing due to their reduction of material waste versus traditional machining methods such as milling. As their demand rises, a need to improve their methodologies and produce higher quality products arises. The technology to 3D print has been in around since the 1970’s, and thanks to Scott Crump as of 1989, it is possible to 3D print in layers to obtain a solid component. In today’s present time, we now can multi- material 3D print. However, even though we have the technology for multi-material 3D printing, standards in this field are severely lacking. -