Organizing for Collective Development in Pluralistic Settings: Theory and Evidence from Planning the Uk’S High Speed 2 Railway
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ORGANIZING FOR COLLECTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN PLURALISTIC SETTINGS: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM PLANNING THE UK’S HIGH SPEED 2 RAILWAY A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 Rehema Sophia Msulwa Alliance Manchester Business School TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 11 1.0. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 20 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................... 22 2.0. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 22 2.1. OVERVIEW: THE MEGAPROJECT META-ORGANIZATION ................................................. 23 2.2. WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT DESIGNING ORGANIZATIONS ................................................... 25 2.2.1 THE DIVISION OF LABOUR AND INTERDEPENDENCE.............................................................. 25 2.2.2. THE INTEGRATION OF EFFORT ............................................................................................... 28 2.3. DESIGNING SELF-GOVERNING ORGANIZATIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION .................. 38 2.3.1. DESIGNING ROBUST SELF-GOVERNING ORGANIZATIONS ..................................................... 40 2.4. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 45 3. RESEARCH SETTING AND METHODS AND DATA .................................................. 47 3.0. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.1. RESEARCH SETTING ............................................................................................................. 47 3.2. AN ABDUCTIVE CASE-BASED RESEARCH STRATEGY ........................................................ 48 3.3. DATA COLLECTION .............................................................................................................. 51 3.4. DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 55 3.5. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 57 4. EMPIRICAL SETTING ...................................................................................................... 58 4.0. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.1. CONTEXT OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 58 4.2. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 61 5. ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 63 5.0. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 63 5.1. RESOLVING COORDINATION PROBLEMS ............................................................................ 63 5.1.1. COORDINATION PROCESS OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 64 5.1.2. INTEGRATIVE DEVICES: COORDINATION ............................................................................... 72 5.2. RESOLVING COOPERATION PROBLEMS .............................................................................. 86 5.2.1. COOPERATION PROCESS OVERVIEW ...................................................................................... 86 5.2.2. INTEGRATIVE COOPERATION MECHANISMS .......................................................................... 96 5.3. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 123 6. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 125 6.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 125 6.1. THE SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF COLLECTIVE DEVELOPMENT .................... 125 6.2. ORGANIZING COLLECTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN PLURALISTIC SETTINGS ........................ 128 6.3. MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES ..................................................................... 133 6.4. RESOLVING THE COORDINATION PROBLEM .................................................................... 138 6.4.1. TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS ........................................................................................... 142 6.4.2. BOUNDARY OBJECTS ............................................................................................................ 145 6.5. RESOLVING THE COOPERATION PROBLEM ...................................................................... 149 6.5.1. ROBUST META-ORGANIZATION BOUNDARIES ..................................................................... 153 6.5.2. NEGOTIABLE RESOURCE BOUNDARIES ................................................................................ 158 6.5.3. APPEALING TO THE PROPORTIONALITY COSTS AND BENEFITS ........................................... 162 6.6. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 166 7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 168 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 190 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 206 WORD COUNT: 54230 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Design Principles (Ostrom et al., 1994) ...............................................................47 Table 5.1 Overview of the Coordination Process Across Organizational Boundaries ........71 Table 5.2 Overview of the Cooperation Process Across Organizational Boundaries..........94 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5.1 The Composition of Inter-Organizational Technical Working Groups .............73 Figure 5.2 The Different Hierarchical Levels of Project Decision-making ......................103 Figure 5.3 The Evolution of Local Station Decisions .......................................................110 Figure 5.4 The Evolution of HS2 project cost over time (2009-2017) .............................120 Figure 6.1 Framework for Organizing Collective Development in Pluralistic Settings ...137 3 APPENDICES Appendix A Interview Details...................................................................................... 206 Appendix A1 Interviewees, job roles and employers ...................................................... 206 Appendix A2 Number of Interviews and Job Roles by Unit of Analysis ....................... 207 Appendix B Exploratory Questions for HS2 Ltd. Informant Interviews ................ 208 Appendix C Teaching Case Studies ............................................................................ 209 Appendix C 1 Britain’s High Speed 2: All Aboard? (A) .................................................. 209 Appendix C 2 Britain’s High Speed 2: All Aboard? (B) .................................................. 247 Appendix D HS2 Ltd’s Wider Route Network Options ............................................ 258 Appendix E HS2 Route ................................................................................................ 259 Appendix E 1 Proposed High Speed 2 Route Map, 2013 ............................................. 259 Appendix E 2 Route Map, 2017 (includes changes in Sheffield) ................................. 260 Appendix F Longitudinal Chronology of the HS2 Planning Process ........................... 261 Appendix G Birmingham .............................................................................................. 265 Appendix G 1 West Midlands Sifting Process ................................................................. 265 Appendix G2 Possible Stations Locations in Birmingham – Stage Two ........................ 266 Appendix G3 Birmingham Curzon Street Connections from High Speed Two ............. 267 Appendix G4 Virtual Image Showing of Birmingham Curzon Street HS2 Station ........ 268 Appendix H Leeds......................................................................................................... 269 Appendix H 1 Leeds Sifting Process ................................................................................ 269 Appendix H 2 Proposed Leeds City Centre Station Final Options .................................. 270 Appendix H 3 Proposed New Lane Station Layout.......................................................... 271 Appendix H 4 New Lane Indicative Station Illustration .................................................. 272 Appendix H 5 Leeds Station North Layout ...................................................................... 273 Appendix H 6 Leeds Station North Indicative Illustration ............................................... 274 Appendix