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THE JOURNAL of CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Volume: XXIII 2016 ISSN: 0975-086X THE JOURNAL OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Volume: XXIII 2016 ISSN: 0975-086X Chief Editor Prof. G. N. Khaki Editor Prof. G. M. Mir Associate Editors Dr. Tareak A. Rather Dr. M. Raffiudin Makhdumi Dr. Darakhshan Abdullah Dr. M. Afzal Mir Dr. Fayaz A. Loan Dr. Mohammad Afzal Mir Technical Assistance Nazir A. Doshab Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir Srinagar, J&K, India © Publisher: Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir No part of this Journal may be reprinted in original or translated without the explicit permission of the Publisher. The views expressed in this volume of the Journal are opinions of contributors and can not be associated with the Publisher or Editorial Board. The Journal is peer reviewed, refereed and indexed in EBSCOhost and ProQuest. The Journal is also available online through EBSCO Host Database: Political Science Complete on web.ebscohost.com; and on the University of Kashmir web page http://ccas.uok.edu.in. Scope of the Journal: The Journal welcomes original papers on any aspect of Central Asia, preferably, contemporary problems and emerging regional issues. Print Year: 2017 Price: ` 900 / $ 20 Printed at Crown Printing Press, Srinagar # +91 9796737362 CONTENTS Contributors i-iv Socio-cultural Reform Movement in Central Asia Phool Badan 1-16 Environmental Geopolitics: Kazakh – China Hydropolitics Over Lake Balkhash Basin Sutandra Singha 17-28 Dynamics of Soviet Educational Model in Central Asian Republics Darakhshan Abdullah 29-42 US Policy Towards Post-2014 Afghanistan Naseer Ahmed Mohammad Monir Alam 43-64 Qajar Women: The Pioneers of Modern Women Education in Persia Safa Altaf G. N. Khaki 65-82 Geoeconomic Resurgence of Silk Road and India’s Central Asian Strategy Deepika Saraswat 83-104 Indo-Iran Relations: Reassessing India’s Iran Policy Tabasum Firdous 105-114 Challenges of Democratic Transition in Tajikistan Kammuanmung Thangniang 115-130 Central Asian Migrations and Kushan Material Culture in Kashmir Mohamad Ajmal Shah 131-142 Post-Independence Demographic Changes in Uzbekistan: A Regional Analysis G. M. Shah 143-154 Tourism Model of J&K State: A Study of Conflict on Macroeconomic Variables M. Ibrahim Wani M. Afzal Mir Kulsuma Akhter 155-166 Scholarship as Heritage: Commonness Between India and Central Asia P. L. Dash 167-176 Impact of Climate on Cereal Crop Production in Turkmenistan Abdul Rauf Shah Mujahid Ahmad 177-182 Growth and Technological Change in Kazakhstan Economy Imtiyaz Ahmad Shah Imtiyaz-ul-Haq 183-194 Significance of Stone Bowls and Saddle Querns: A Case Study of Archaeological Sites in North-west Kashmir Mumtaz A. Yatoo 195-200 Resource Geo-Politics in Central Asia: From Conflict to Cooperation Imtiyaz A. Malik Monisa Nisar Jan 201-216 Contributors Prof. Phool Badan Centre for Russian and Central Asian Studies School of International Studies Jawahrlal Nehru University New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] Sutandra Singha Ph.D. Scholar Centre for Russian and Central Asian Studies School of International Studies Jawahrlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Kammuanmung Thangniang Post Doctoral Fellow Centre for Russian and Central Asian Studies School of International Studies Jawahrlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] Prof. G. N. Khaki Professor, Islamic Studies Director, Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Prof. P. L. Dash Formerly Director, Centre for Central Eurasian Studies and ICCR Chair Professor in International Relations, University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent e-mail: [email protected] Deepika Saraswat Ph.D. Scholar Centre for International Politics, Organisation & Disarmament School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. M. Afzal Mir Associate Professor, Economics Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Contributors Dr. Darakhshan Abdullah Associate Professor, History Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Tabasum Firdous Associate Professor, Political Science Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. G. M. Shah Associate Professor, Geography Academy of International Studies Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Imtiyaz-ul-Haq Associate Professor, Economics Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Abdul Rauf Shah Sr. Assistant Professor, Geography Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Monir Alam Sr. Assistant Professor Department of Strategic & Regional Studies University of Jammu, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Mohamad Ajmal Shah Assistant Professor, Archaeology Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Mumtaz A. Yatoo Assistant Professor, Archaeology Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] ii The Journal of Central Asian Studies, Vol. XXIII, 2016 Dr. Mujahid Ahmad Sr. Assistant Professor, Geography Govt. A. S. College, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Wani Post Doctoral Fellow, Economics, ICSSR Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Kulsuma Akhter Department of Education (Geography) Government of Jammu & Kashmir, India e-mail: [email protected] Safa Altaf Ph.D. Scholar, Islamic Studies Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Imtiaz Ahmed Malik Ph. D. Scholar, Geography Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Naseer Ahmed Kalis Senior Research Fellow Department of Strategic & Regional Studies University of Jammu, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Monisa Nisar Jan Ph.D. Scholar, Geography Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] Imtiyaz Ahmad Shah Ph.D. Scholar, Economics Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India e-mail: [email protected] iii SOCIO-CULTURAL REFORM MOVEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA Phool Badan Abstract The study of socio-cultural reform movement in the form of Jadid movement in Central Asia throws light upon the history of the national progressive socio-cultural movement in the region during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This cultural movement is known as Jadid movement. The word Jadid has been taken from the Arabic language, which means progressive/ modern or new method. The history of Jadid movement and its evolution from socio-cultural enlightenment to a powerful political movement would also be highlighted in this study. Keywords Progressive Movement, Jadidism, Socio Cultural, Central Asia, Reform Movement, Literary Legacy, Traditional Intellectuals, Jadidist. First of all, it is essential to throw light on the socio-cultural and political situation in Central Asia during the 19th century which prepared the ground for reform movement in the region. If we look at these conditions, we find that prior to Russian conquest, the culture and political life of the people of Central Asia did not differ greatly from the settled and nomadic population in other parts of the Muslim world1. At that time, Central Asia was divided into three native Khanates of Kokand, Khiva and Emirate of Bukhara. These Khanates and Emirate were backward feudatories which were ruled by Khans and Emirs, and Islam was the main source of political legitimization. The system of administration, land tenure and the taxation was based on the Perso-Arab administration of Transoxiania. The system of justice was based on the Islamic laws (Shariah) and the customary laws (Adat). In practice, the dynastic rulers of the Khanates and their subordinate officials did not generally follow the accepted principles and the legal norms. The rule of the native Khans and Emirs was cruel and exploitative. The beiys, the wealthy landlords and subordinate feudal officials used to exploit the poor people of the region. Poverty was the rampant, disease and illiteracy widely prevailed. The Russian Army moved towards south in 1839. But, this move was half hearted. In reality, it began after 1857 world economic crisis. Socio-cultural Reform Movement in Central Asia Russia fought the Crimean war (1853-56) with the European powers. Russia was badly defeated. Due to defeat, Russia lost its national glory and prestige. In the aftermath of this, Russia made an attempt to get back its lost glory as well as to raise its prestige at the international level. As a result, Russia showed serious interest to move towards south2. The Russian army captured Tashkent on June 15, 1865. The Russian conquest of the Central Asian region was completed with the capture of Merv in January 1884 Kushka and in March 1885. The Russian advance in Central Asia, which began in 1839, in the course of less than half a century resulted in the reduction of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khante of Khiva to vassal status and the total annexation of the territories of the Kokand Khanate into the Russian Empire. The Russian army did not face any serious resistance because the native rulers were disunited and were fighting against each other. The Tsarist army did not face any serious challenge during the conquest of Central Asia. In the aftermath of the annexation of the region into the Russian Empire, the Tsarist administration started colonization of Central Asia. The Central Asian response to Russian colonialism followed two distinct patterns. The first was rebellion under the clerical leadership which played significant role in the various rebellions, including 1916 uprising. The second pattern was reform movement which adopted the liberal ideas3.
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