Stupas Und Verwandte Bauwerke in Felsbildern Der Stationen Chilas I, Chilas II Und Oshibat Am Indus (Nordpakistan)

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Stupas Und Verwandte Bauwerke in Felsbildern Der Stationen Chilas I, Chilas II Und Oshibat Am Indus (Nordpakistan) Stupas und verwandte Bauwerke in Felsbildern der Stationen Chilas I, Chilas II und Oshibat am Indus (Nordpakistan) Stupas und verwandte Bauwerke in Felsbildern der Stationen Chilas I, Chilas II und Oshibat am Indus (Nordpakistan) Teil I: Text Volker Thewalt Volker Thewalt Verlag Für Irene ISBN 978-3-9802753-4-7 Volker Thewalt Verlag 2008 Wiesenbach Teilnehmer 1981 (v.l.): Jürgen Przybilla, Thomas Schmitt, Karl Jettmar, Thomas Haubenreisser, Jaroslav Poncar, Volker Thewalt, Mian Said Qamar Inhalt 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................ 7 2. Die Stifter .............................................................................................. 16 3. Stil und Ikonographie ............................................................................ 18 3.1 Die stupas und ihre Bauelemente .................................................... 18 3.1.1 Plinthe ..................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Pilastergliederung ................................................................... 27 3.1.3 Nischen ................................................................................... 27 3.1.4 Zaun / vedika .......................................................................... 28 3.1.5 Treppe / sopana ...................................................................... 30 3.1.6 Zugangstor / torana. ................................................................ 31 3.1.7 Tambour .................................................................................. 32 3.1.8 anda. ...................................................................................... 33 3.1.9 Girlanden und nagadantas ................................................... 34 3.1.10 Blendgiebel .......................................................................... 36 3.1.11 harmika ................................................................................ 37 3.1.12 Weltenwächter / dikpalas, lokapalas ................................... 39 3.1.13 Mast / yasti. .......................................................................... 40 3.1.14 Ehrenschirme / chattra ........................................................ 40 3.1.15 Regenschutz / varsasthali. .................................................... 43 3.1.16 triratna und andere Bekrönungen ....................................... 44 3.1.17 Glocken / ghanta. ................................................................. 48 3.1.18 Fahnen / pataka ................................................................... 49 3.2 stupa-Derivate, Tempel und andere Bauwerke ............................. 51 3.3 Die Säulen und ihre Bauteile ......................................................... 54 3.3.1 Basis ...................................................................................... 55 3.3.2 Schaft ..................................................................................... 56 3.3.3 Kapitell .................................................................................. 56 3.3.4 Bekrönung .................................................................................. 56 3.3.5 Girlanden ............................................................................... 57 4. Räumliche Verteilung der Zeichnungen ................................................ 58 4.1 Aufteilung auf die Himmelsrichtungen ......................................... 58 4.2 Bewertung der Verteilung .............................................................. 59 5. Zur Herstellungstechnik ....................................................................... 61 6. Chronologie .......................................................................................... 63 7. Katalog ................................................................................................. 67 7.1 Chilas II ......................................................................................... 69 7.2 Chilas I .......................................................................................... 83 7.3 Oshibat ........................................................................................ 125 8. Konkordanz ........................................................................................ 133 9. Index .................................................................................................. 135 9.1 Namen und Begriffe .................................................................... 135 9.2 Orte .............................................................................................. 141 10. Abkürzungen und Literaturverzeichnis ............................................ 145 Einleitung Schon vor uber¨ hundert Jahren berichtete BIDDULPH, daß es am rechten Ufer des Indus zwischen Seo in Induskohistan und Gor, nordostlich¨ von Chilas,¯ Felsbilder und Inschriften gibt.1 In einer kleinen Abhandlung uber¨ Feste und Uberlieferungen¨ aus Gilgit hat GHULAM MUHAMMAD zu Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts kurz uber¨ Felsbilder und damit verbundene Traditionen bei der lokalen Bevolkerung¨ berichtet und die Nachzeichnung einer stupa¯ -Darstel- lung veroffentlicht.¨ 2 Die Ergebnisse einer kurzen Besichtigung einiger weniger Felsbilder und Inschriften bei Chilas¯ im Sommer 1942 durch AUREL STEIN schließlich erschienen erst nach seinem Tod.3 Der tatsachliche¨ Umfang und da- mit die wahre Bedeutung dieser Felsbildprovinz konnte sich STEIN wahrend¨ seines allzu kurzen Aufenthalts in Chilas¯ nicht erschließen; auch war offen- sichtlich sein Interesse an dieser Art geschichtlicher Quellen nicht besonders stark ausgepragt,¨ denn seine Beschreibung der von ihm besichtigten Felszeich- nungen und Inschriften ist luckenhaft¨ und recht fluchtig.¨ Wahrend¨ einer Expedition deutscher Ethnologen und Linguisten nach Nord- pakistan und Afghanistan im Jahre 1955 unter der Leitung von Adolf FRIED- RICH (1914-1956), die zu Fuß und zu Pferd auch durch das obere Indus- Tal fuhrte,¨ wurden Inschriften und Felsbilder an weiteren Orten festgestellt. Dies fuhrte¨ schließlich dazu, daß ich 25 Jahre spater,¨ von 1980 bis 1988, nach Grundung¨ der “Pak-German-Study-Group” durch JETTMAR und DANI, mit der systematischen Dokumentation des Materials beginnen konnte – un- terstutzt¨ von einer ganzen Reihe einheimischer und Heidelberger Hilfskrafte,¨ den Sprachwissenschaftlern O. von HINUBER¨ (Indologie) und N. SIMS-WIL- LIAMS (Iranistik) und dem Kartographen R. KAUPER. So konnten in den Jah- ren 1981-1983 wesentliche Teile der Stationen Chilas¯ I und II (mit den kleine- ren umliegenden Stationen) sowie Thalpan aufgenommen werden. 1984 und teilweise 1987 (Oberseite von Stein 18, dem eigentlichen Stein des Windes“) ” wurde die Station Oshibat dokumentiert und kartographisch vermessen. Die Kampagnen1985 und 1987 waren weitgehend der Dokumentation und Ver- messung der verschiedenen Felsbildstationen in Shatial gewidmet, mit tat- kraftiger¨ Unterstutzung¨ durch die o. g. Sprachwissenschaftler. 1986 schließ- lich konnte ich ein komplettes Inventar der Station Hodar erstellen und eine 1 BIDDULPH 1880:15, Inschriften verstreut auf der gesamten Strecke. Von den Inschriften und Bildern des linken Indus-Ufers hatte BIDDULPH keine Kenntnis. S. 118: Taibans Pferd bei Gor in den Felsen geritzt oder gemeißelt. 2 GHULAM MUHAMMAD 1907. 3 STEIN 1944. 7 vorlaufige¨ kartographische Vermessung anfertigen. DANI, der sich in den er- sten drei Jahren an den Feldarbeiten beteiligte, veroffentlichte¨ anlaßlich¨ der “International Conference on Karakorum Culture” im September 1983 in Gil- git den ersten und bisher einzigen Versuch einer zusammenfassenden Darstel- lung. Daneben sind eine Reihe eher selektiver Artikel von JETTMAR und an- deren Mitarbeitern des Projekts erschienen, die das interessanteste Material an Felsbildern und Inschriften schon vorab publik gemacht haben. Die systemati- sche Veroffentlichung¨ des Inventars der einzelnen Stationen steht jedoch noch aus. Insgesamt kennen wir bisher etwa 4 000 Inschriften und ca. 40 000 Zeich- nungen in mehr als 50 Felsbildstationen, von denen allerdings erst drei wirk- lich zuverlassig¨ mit allen notwendigen Daten erfaßt und dokumentiert sind – aus den ubrigen¨ Stationen existieren lediglich vorlaufige¨ Photos (vielfach oh- ne jegliche Aufzeichnungen, vor allem von JETTMAR, der es von 1980 bis 1985 kategorisch fur¨ unnotig¨ hielt, irgendwelche Aufzeichnungen zu seinen Photos zu machen), die bei den Erstbegehungen gemacht wurden und einen sorgfaltigen¨ Katalog naturlich¨ nicht ersetzen konnen,¨ ganz abgesehen davon, daß die technische Qualitat¨ der vorlaufigen¨ Photos haufig¨ zu wunschen¨ ubrig¨ laßt,¨ da diese lediglich die Aufgabe haben, einen ersten Uberblick¨ festzuhal- ten, gewissermaßen als aide memoire´ zur Erleichterung der Orientierung in den Stationen bei der anschließenden vollstandigen¨ Dokumentation. Sie haben jedoch keinesfalls die Aufgabe, schon die publikationsreifen Aufnahmen zu erbringen. Dazu ist ein sehr viel hoherer¨ technischer Aufwand hinsichtlich Be- leuchtung, Aufnahmestandpunkt etc. notwendig, wie man sich leicht denken kann. Angesichts der Bedrohung der Felsbilder und Inschriften im gesamten Be- reich von Nordpakistan durch die Bevolkerung,¨ die ohne Rucksicht¨ auf Verlu- ste aus Ignoranz und Desinteresse selbst mit Bildern dicht uberzogene¨ Steine und Steingruppen als Steinbruche¨ verwendet, und ganz besonders durch den geplanten Bau mehrerer Wasserkraftwerke am oberen Indus ist die zugige¨ Do- kumentation und vor allem die Publikation des gesamten Inventars
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