Archaeology As a Source of Shared History: a Case Study of Ancient Kashmir
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Configurations of the Indic States System
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 34 Number 34 Spring 1996 Article 6 4-1-1996 Configurations of the Indic States System David Wilkinson University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Wilkinson, David (1996) "Configurations of the Indic States System," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 34 : No. 34 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol34/iss34/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Wilkinson: Configurations of the Indic States System 63 CONFIGURATIONS OF THE INDIC STATES SYSTEM David Wilkinson In his essay "De systematibus civitatum," Martin Wight sought to clari- fy Pufendorfs concept of states-systems, and in doing so "to formulate some of the questions or propositions which a comparative study of states-systems would examine." (1977:22) "States system" is variously defined, with variation especially as to the degrees of common purpose, unity of action, and mutually recognized legitima- cy thought to be properly entailed by that concept. As cited by Wight (1977:21-23), Heeren's concept is federal, Pufendorfs confederal, Wight's own one rather of mutuality of recognized legitimate independence. Montague Bernard's minimal definition—"a group of states having relations more or less permanent with one another"—begs no questions, and is adopted in this article. Wight's essay poses a rich menu of questions for the comparative study of states systems. -
Terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir Ideology and Program IPF Research Team: Shri Manmohan Sharma, Dr Suman Kumar, Dr Geeta Bhatt, Basant Saini, Shrutikar Abhijit
Terrorism In Jammu & Kashmir Ideology and Program IPF Research Team: Shri Manmohan Sharma, Dr Suman Kumar, Dr Geeta Bhatt, Basant Saini, Shrutikar Abhijit Assistance: Bhawna Kumari, Vishal Vaibhav, Abhineet Kalia, Shiv Kumar Singh Published by: India Policy Foundation New Delhi-110016 Email: [email protected] Website: www.indiapolicyfoundation.org © India Policy Foundation Edition: First: March 2019 ISBN: 978-93-84835-28-6 Price: 100/- Printed by: Deepak Offset India Policy Foundation Kashmir : An Overview Jammu and Kashmir, the crown of India has a rich civilizational past which has been unfortunately forgotten in the present era. Referred in legends, mythology, history and poetry, it is believed to have been created by Sage Kashyapa, who drained a lake to produce the land called Kashmira; now known as Kashmir. Surrounded by the Himalayan mountains, its picturesque surroundings and beautiful landscape have been admired by sages, kings and common people alike. Kashmir and its Golden Past Nilamata Purana, one of the few surviving ancient Kashmiri scriptures is considered as a reference text in its cultural history. It traces the existence of Kashmir to the time of the epic Mahabharata.1 Kalhana, a 12th century Kashmiri historian wrote the historical chronicle of the north- Figure 1: Old Carvings on the Wall of Avantiswamin Temple at Awantipora Source: http://www.findmessages.com/old-carvings-on-the-wall-of-avantiswamin- western Indian subcontinent, particularly temple-at-awantipora 03 India Policy Foundation the kings of Kashmir in Sanskrit poetry called Rajatarangini,2 It is a narrative of successive dynasties that ruled Kashmir. The earliest kingdom documented in Kalhana’s book is of King Gonanda, the first in 2449 B.C. -
Test-Booklet
Test No: 2 Date: 12.01.2019 Max. Marks: 250 Max. Time 3 Hours ANTHROPOLOGY- ALL INDIA TEST SERIES ARCHEOLOGY, GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER-1, CHAPTERS- 1.1 to 1.8 & PAPER-2, CHAPTERS- 1.1 to 1.3 KEY 1a. Visual Anthropology • Visual anthropologists look at the visual aspects of a culture, such as art and media, and are also interested in how anthropological data can be represented visually, • Visual anthropologists are concerned with both the visual aspects of culture and using media to present data visually. • study a wide range of cultural aspects, including art, dance, ritual, jewelry, body adornments; also intersects with archaeology in the study of prehistoric art, such as cave paintings • Visual anthropology is a subfield of social anthropology that is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. More recently it has been used by historians of science and visual culture. • study of all visual representations such as dance and other kinds of performance, museums and archiving, all visual arts, and the production and reception of mass media. • research topics include sand paintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs • Displaying data visually presents unique advantages that aren't always found through writing. For example, something as detailed and visually-focused as a dance is easily conveyed through a video, where the viewer can get a sometimes stronger sense of the experience • So-called "collecting clubs" included the British anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor, Alfred Cort Haddon, and Henry Balfour, who exchanged and shared photographs as part of an attempt to document and classify ethnographic "races." • Bateson and Mead took more than 25,000 photos while conducting research in Bali, and published 759 photographs to support and develop their ethnographic observations. -
India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute Asian Studies Institute & Centre for Strategic Studies Rajat Ganguly ISSN: 11745991 ISBN: 0475110552
Asian Studies Institute Victoria University of Wellington 610 von Zedlitz Building Kelburn, Wellington 04 463 5098 [email protected] www.vuw.ac.nz/asianstudies India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute Asian Studies Institute & Centre for Strategic Studies Rajat Ganguly ISSN: 11745991 ISBN: 0475110552 Abstract The root cause of instability and hostility in South Asia stems from the unresolved nature of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. It has led to two major wars and several near misses in the past. Since the early 1990s, a 'proxy war' has developed between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. The onset of the proxy war has brought bilateral relations between the two states to its nadir and contributed directly to the overt nuclearisation of South Asia in 1998. It has further undermined the prospects for regional integration and raised fears of a deadly IndoPakistan nuclear exchange in the future. Resolving the Kashmir dispute has thus never acquired more urgency than it has today. This paper analyses the origins of the Kashmir dispute, its influence on IndoPakistan relations, and the prospects for its resolution. Introduction The root cause of instability and hostility in South Asia stems from the unresolved nature of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. In the past fifty years, the two sides have fought three conventional wars (two directly over Kashmir) and came close to war on several occasions. For the past ten years, they have been locked in a 'proxy war' in Kashmir which shows little signs of abatement. It has already claimed over 10,000 lives and perhaps irreparably ruined the 'Paradise on Earth'. -
The Decline of Buddhism in India
The Decline of Buddhism in India It is almost impossible to provide a continuous account of the near disappearance of Buddhism from the plains of India. This is primarily so because of the dearth of archaeological material and the stunning silence of the indigenous literature on this subject. Interestingly, the subject itself has remained one of the most neglected topics in the history of India. In this book apart from the history of the decline of Buddhism in India, various issues relating to this decline have been critically examined. Following this methodology, an attempt has been made at a region-wise survey of the decline in Sind, Kashmir, northwestern India, central India, the Deccan, western India, Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, followed by a detailed analysis of the different hypotheses that propose to explain this decline. This is followed by author’s proposed model of decline of Buddhism in India. K.T.S. Sarao is currently Professor and Head of the Department of Buddhist Studies at the University of Delhi. He holds doctoral degrees from the universities of Delhi and Cambridge and an honorary doctorate from the P.S.R. Buddhist University, Phnom Penh. The Decline of Buddhism in India A Fresh Perspective K.T.S. Sarao Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-215-1241-1 First published 2012 © 2012, Sarao, K.T.S. All rights reserved including those of translation into other languages. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. -
NARTAMONGЖ 2013 Vol. Х, N 1, 2 F. R. ALLCHIN ARCHEOLOGICAL and LANGUAGE-HISTORICAL EVIDENCE for the MOVEMENT of INDO
NARTAMONGÆ 2013 Vol. Х, N 1, 2 F. R. ALLCHIN ARCHEOLOGICAL AND LANGUAGE-HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF INDO-ARYAN SPEAKING PEOPLES INTO SOUTH ASIA The present Symposium serves a useful purpose in focusing our attention upon the difficulties encountered in recognising the movements of peoples from archeological evidence. One of the reassuring aspects of the broad inter- national approach which is experienced in such a gathering is that it serves to show the common nature of the problems that confront us in trying to re- construct the movements of the Indo-Aryans and Iranians, whether in the South-Russian steppes or the steppes of Kazakhstan; the Caucasus or the southern parts of Middle Asia properly speaking; or in Iran, Afghanistan, Pa- kistan or India. Perhaps this is why there were recurrent themes in several pa- pers, and why echoes of what I was trying to express appeared also in the pa- pers of others, notably in those of B. A. Litvinsky and Y. Y. Kuzmina. In particular, there seems to be a need for a general hypothesis or model for these movements. Such a model must be inter-disciplinary, combining the more limited models derivable from archeological, historical, linguistic, anth- ropological and other categories of data. Strictly speaking, the several hypo- theses derived from each of these categories should first be formulated inde- pendently, and then as a second stage they should be systematically compared to one another. Only when there do not appear to be serious contradictions be- tween them should they be regarded as ready for incorporation into the general model. -
The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate
University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C. -
History, University of Kashmir
Post Graduate Department of History University of Kashmir Syllabus For the Subject History At Under-Graduate Level Under Semester System (CBCS) Effective from Academic Session 2016 Page 1 of 16 COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE SEMESTER CORE PAPERS CR-HS-I ANCIENT INDIA/ANCIENT FIRST KASHMIR CR-HS-II MEDIEVAL SECOND INDIA/MEDIEVAL KASHMIR CR-HS-III MODERN INDIA/MODERN THIRD KASHMIR CR-HS-IV THEMES IN INDIAN FOURTH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES DSE-HS-I HISTORY OF INDIA SINCE FIFTH 1947 DSE-HS-II HISTORY OF THE WORLD FIFTH (1945-1992) DSE-HS-III THEMES IN WORLD SIXTH CIVILIZATION DSE-HS-IV WOMEN IN INDIAN SIXTH HISTORY GENERIC ELECTIVES GE-HS-I (THEMES IN HISTORY-I) FIFTH GE-HS-II (THEMES IN HISTORY – II) SIXTH SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES SEC-HS-I ARCHAEOLOGY: AN THIRD INTRODUCTION SEC-HS-II HERITAGE AND TOURISM FOURTH IN KASHMIR SEC-HS-III ARCHITECTURE OF FIFTH KASHMIR SEC-HS-IV ORAL HISTORY: AN SIXTH INTRODUCTION Page 2 of 16 CR-HS-I (ANCIENT INDIA/ANCIENT KASHMIR) UNIT-I (Pre and Proto History) a) Sources] i. Archaeological Sources: Epigraphy and Numismatics ii. Literary Sources: Religious, Secular and Foreign Accounts b. Pre and Proto History: Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures: Features. c. Chalcolithic Cultures: Features d. Harappan Civilization: Emergence, Features, Decline, Debate. UNIT-II (From Vedic to Mauryas) a) Vedic Age i. Early Vedic Age: Polity, Society. ii. Later-Vedic Age: Changes and Continuities in Polity and Society. b) Second Urbanization: Causes. c) Janapadas, Mahajanapadas and the Rise of Magadh. d) Mauryas: Empire Building, Administration, Architecture; Decline of the Mauryan Empire (Debate). -
In Search of the Stylistic Origins of the Decorative Arts and Crafts of Kashmir: Period 1400-1900 INTRODUCTION: R
"THROUGH THE MISTS OF TIME" In search of the Stylistic origins of the Decorative arts and crafts of Kashmir: Period 1400-1900 INTRODUCTION: R. RAINA India (3-5 August 1992) The growth and development of the arts reflects a cultivation and aesthetic sensitivity: There is a certain quality of timelessness which is amply demonstrated by their persistence over several centuries. Notwithstanding stylistic and cultural diversities the art traditions have displayed a remarkable continuity, the parallels in form and ornamentation demonstrates the durability of design as also the perfect synthesis. It is with this backdrop that we should view the value of the arts, their origins and affinities. Kashmir's decorative art traditions have been largely determined by its strategic geographical situation and magnificent natural environment. Journeying back through the 'MISTS OF TIME', one can almost faintly visualize merchants, artisans, pilgrims and adventurers traversing the treacherous Karakorams, bringing with them expertise, knowledge and skills that have left a deep imprint on Kashmir's culture. The Silk Roads played a significant role in the growth and development of the arts. one of the important feeder roads left the southern route at Yarkand, across the inhospitable Karakorams, to enter the 'Gates of Hindustan', Leh and Srinagar, before continuing the easy ride down to the markets of the Bombay Coast. The more frequented route was Kokand- Kashgar-Yarkand-Leh-Srinagar. This was preferred by the traders as the Kabul route was fraught with danger from marauding tribes. Kashmir was thus a very vital staging and refueling post for the caravans, and soon became an equally important trading centre. -
Aryans, Harvesters and Nomads (Thursday July 6 2.00 – 5.00) Convenor: Prof
PANEL: Aryans, Harvesters and Nomads (Thursday July 6 2.00 – 5.00) Convenor: Prof. Asko Parpola: Department of Asian & African Studies University of Helsinki Excavations at Parwak, Chitral • Pakistan. Ihsan Ali: Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of NWFP & Muhammad Zahir: Lecturer, Government College, Peshawar The Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of NWFP, under the supervision of Prof. (Dr.) Ihsan Ali, Director, Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of NWFP, Peshawar has completed the first ever excavations in Chitral at the site of Parwak. The team included Muhammad Zahir, Lecturer, Government College, Peshawar and graduates of the Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar. Chitral, known throughout the world for its culture, traditions and scenic beauty, has many archaeological sites. The sites mostly ranging from 1800 B.C. to the early 600 B.C, are popularly known as Gandhara Grave Culture. Though brief surveys and explorations were conducted in the area earlier, but no excavations were conducted. The site of Parwak was discovered by a team of Archaeologists from Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of NWFP and Boston University, USA in a survey conducted in June 2003 under the direction of Prof. (Dr.) Ihsan Ali and Dr. Rafique Mughal. The site is at about 110 km north east of Chitral, near the town of Buni, on the right bank of river Chitral and set in a beautiful environment. The site measures 121 x 84 meter, divided in to three mounds. On comparative basis, the site is datable to the beginning of 2nd millennium BC and represents a culture, commonly known as Gandhara Grave Culture of the Aryans, known through graves and grave goods. -
India Pushing Kashmiri Youth to Wall: Masood
INDIA PUSHING KASHMIRI YOUTH TO WALL: MASOOD The Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) President Sardar Masood Khan has said that India had pushed the Kashmiri people toward the wall, and now they have no option except to fight. He said that today, every child of the age of ten to twelve years in occupied Kashmir is set to stand before the gun-wielding India army soldier to fight and die so as to save the honour and modesty of their mothers and sisters. Talking to a delegation of Friends of Kashmir Canada led by its convener Dr. Zafar Bangash here on Monday, he said that the UK, European and French parliaments as well as the US Congress and the US house of representatives have raised their voice over flagrant human rights violations in Indian Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IOJK). The AJK president maintained that these leading parliaments of the world had not only raised their voice for the rights of the Kashmiri people, but they also publicly criticized Indian repression in the held territory. He, however, regretted that other countries except China, Malaysia, Turkey and Iran have kept mum on the government-level over the situation of occupied Kashmir. "The Indian government headed by fanatic Prime Minister Narendra Modi is attempting to establish Hindu settlements in occupied Kashmir on the pattern of Israeli settlements in order to settle non-Kashmiri Hindus and ex-servicemen there in an attempt to turn the Muslim majority into a minority," he said and added that such attempts under international law are ethnic cleansing. The state president that organizations like Friends of Kashmir Canada can play an important role to break the silence of big powers and international forums on the aggravating the situation of occupied Kashmir. -
Spread of Buddhism in Ladakh (From 2 BCE to 9
Spread of Buddhism in Ladakh (From 2nd BCE to 9th CE) Dr. Mohd Ashraf Dar Cont. Assistant Professor, Department of History, Cluster University, Srinagar Abstract: Jammu and Kashmir State of India is still a blooming orchard of Buddhism. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse how Buddhism reached Ladakh and why it is flourishing there till date. Oral traditions have also been used in this study. During the course of present study, Interdisciplinary approach of research methodology has been applied. Key Words: Ladakh, Buddhism, Bon-chos, Lamaism, Tantra, Tibetan Buddhism Introduction: Buddhism as a new religion was born in India and soon became the faith of multitude especially in the Gangetic region. It got the patronage of some powerful monarchs especially Asoka Maurya and Kaniska . It is generally believed that Buddhism spread to the other regions of India as well as outside the India due to the zealous efforts of missionaries for which monasteries provided a strong base. Kashmir the immediate neighbor of Ladakh got the gospel of Buddha as depicted in some primary sources regarding the history of Kashmir like Rajtarangini as early as 2nd BCE. Kashmir remained the hub of Buddhism for next 11 centuries till it was ousted from Kashmir as from the other parts of India. Ladakh is perhaps the only region in India where Buddhism not only remained till date but flourished as well. It even was able to sustain itself after the introduction of Islam to this region by Syed Ali Hamdani. What matters most here is to know when and to whom was the gospel of Buddha preached in Ladakh.