Parasitism: the Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites: Second Edition Timothy M

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19028-2 - Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites: Second Edition Timothy M. Goater, Cameron P. Goater, Gerald W. Esch Index More information

INDEX

Acanthamoeba,59 American trypanosomiasis. See Aspidogaster conchicola, 116 acanthella, 191 Chagas’ disease Austramphilina elongata, 153 Acanthocephala amoebic dysentery, 59 alteration of behavior, 180–181 amoeboid protozoans, 56–59 B lymphocytes ( B cells), 17 body wall, 183–185 amphibian malformations Babesia bigemina, 67, 295 classification, 194 (deformities), 132, 400, 466–468 balanced polymorphism, 434 evolution of parasitism, 195–196 Amphilinidea, 153 Balantidium coli,79–80 heavy metal accumulation, 471, Amphipoda, 286–287 bat flies, 317 472–473 Ancylostoma braziliense, 224 beaver fever. See giardiasis lacunar system, 184–185 Ancylostoma caninum, 224 bedbugs, 315 life cycle, 188–191 Ancylostoma duodenale, 4, 223, 343, behavior modification metabolism, 186–188 388 Acanthocephala, 180–181 nervous system, 186 Anguillicoloides crassus, 232 Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 144–145 phylogenetic relationships, 192–197 anisakiasis, 231 Leucochloridium, 142 proboscis, 179–183 Anisakis simplex, 230 mechanisms of behavioral reproduction, 185 annelids, hosts for myxozoans, 97, alteration, 410–411 sexual selection, 188–189 105, 469 Myrmeconema neotropicum, transmission by paratenic hosts, Anoplocephala perfoliata, 168 406–408 191–192 antibodies, 24–25 Nematomorpha, 249 acanthocephalan peritonitis, 196 antibody formation, 24 parasitoids, 326–327 Acanthocephalus anguillae, 179 antigenic variation, 30–31, 52, 77 Rhizocephala, 284–286 acanthor, 190 apical complex, 60, 61 bilharziasis. See schistosomiasis Acarapis woodi, 305 Apicomplexa, 60–78 binary fission, 42, 45, 58 Acari, 289–308 apicoplast, 43 biogeography. See ecological acetabulum, 117 apparent competition. See parasite- biogeography, historical acid rain, effects on parasite mediated competition biogeography communities, 373, 464–469 Aranimermis giganteus, 217 biological tags, 96, 389–391, 463 acquired immunity, 17, 213 Archiacanthocephala, 192, 194 Biomphalaria glabrata, 33, 404 actinospores, 96, 97, 99 Archigetes sieboldi, 160 Bolbosoma, 191 Actornithophilus patellatus, 313 areoles, 245 Boophilus annulatus, 295 African trypanosomes, 30, 45, 46, 52 Argas cucumerinus, 300 Bopyridae, 288 African trypanosomiasis, 5, 27, Argas persicus, 300 bot flies, 310, 320, 323 28, 52 Argulus, 282 Bothriocephalidea, 162 aggregation, parasite populations, Arthropoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, 162 338, 339–346, 353, 436 Chelicerata, 289–308 Bovicola tibialis, 314 Alaria americanae, 141 classification, 329–330 Brachylaemidae, 141–142 Alaria marcianae, 141 Crustacea, 264–289 Brachylecithum mosquensis, 145 Allocreadidae, 143 Insecta, 327 bradyzoites, 66 Allocreadium neotenicum, 143 phylogenetic relationships, 328 Branchiura, 282 Alveolata, 45, 81 ascariasis, 229 Branchotenthes robinoverstreeti, 150 alveoli, 81 Ascarida, 228–232 Briarosaccus callosus, 283, 289 amastigotes, 48, 55 Ascaris lumbricoides, 4, 228, 343, 344, bronchial escalator, 222, 223 Amblyomma americanum, 295, 446 346, 387, 440 brood parasitism, 323 Amblyomma darwini, 296 Ascaris suum, 445 Brugia malayi, 235, 236 Amblyomma nitidium, 296 Aspersentis megarhynchus, 471 bryozoans, hosts for myxozoans, 96, Amblyomma rotundatum, 296 Aspidobothrea, 115–116 105, 107

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19028-2 - Parasitism: The Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites: Second Edition Timothy M. Goater, Cameron P. Goater, Gerald W. Esch Index More information

490 Index

Buddenbrockia plumatellae, 96, 97, coevolution, 381, 382, 432, 446–452 Cryptobia salmositica,56 108 coevolutionary arms race, 447, 449, Cryptocotyle lingua, 461 Bufolucilia, 322 452 Cryptolepas rachianecta, 282 bulla, 276 Collyriclum faba, 144 cryptosporidiosis, 63, 64 Colobomatus, 278 Cryptosporidium parvum, 60, Caligus, 272 colony collapse disorder, 90 63–64 Capillaria americana, 363 Combes’ supply-filter concept, Ctenocephalides canis, 316 Capillaria caudinflata, 218 368–370 cutaneous larval migrans, 224 Capillaria hepatica, 218 commensalism, 7, 447 Cuterebra, 319 Cardicola davisi, 133 competition, 361, 362, 363 cuticle Cardiodectes medusaeus, 268, 276 competitive exclusion, 362 Arthropoda, 264, 309 Caryophyllaeus laticeps, 160, complement, 21 Nematoda, 199–205 346–347, 352 component community Nematomorpha, 246 Caryophyllidea, 160 defined, 358 Pentastomida, 252 Cecrops latreilli, 272 ecological determinants of species cyamid amphipods, 286 cement glands, 185 richness, 371–374 Cyamis, 286 Centrorhynchus, 192 supply-filter concept, 370 Cyclophyllidea, 165–169 Ceratomyxa shasta, 105 variation in parasite species Cymothoa exigia, 287 cercariae richness, 370–371 cyprid, 282 behavioral adaptations, 122–127 component population, 336 cystacanth, 191 effects of heavy metals, 460–462 concomitant immunity, 28 cysticercoid, 159 host avoidance, 437 conjugation, 43, 78 cysticercus, 159 Ribeiroia ondatrae, 400, 466 conoid, 62, 63 cysts, 41, 49, 57, 58, 79, 247 cerebral malaria, 75 Contracaecum, 445 cytokines, 21, 23, 25 cestodes. See Eucestoda Copepoda cytostome, 42 Chagas’ disease, 5, 27, 48, 53–54 attachment structures, 271, 273, chiclero’s ulcer, 55 276, 278 Dacnitis truttae, 389 chiggers, 302 effects on hosts, 276 Dactylogyrus, 150 chloroquine, 78 life cycle, 279–280 Dactylogyrus vastator, 367 Chondracanthus zei, 277 metamorphosis, 273, 280, 282 dauer juvenile, 214 Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, 463 sexual dimorphism, 272, 278 Demodex canis, 304 Ciliophora, 78–80 copulatory bursa, 185, 222 Demodex folliculorum, 305 Cimex lectularis, 315 coracidia, 159, 162 density-dependence, 348, 418 Citellinema bifurcatum, 363 core-satellite species hypothesis, 360 density-dependent effects, 352–354 cladistics. See phylogenetic Corynosoma, 191 density-dependent parasite mortality, systematics Corynosoma magdaleni, 189 338, 352 cladogram, 12 cospeciation, 381, 452–455 Dermacentor albipictus, 296, 415 classification Cotesia congregata,32 Dermacentor andersoni, 295 Acanthocephala, 194 Cotylurus flabelliformis, 141 Dermacentor variabilis, 295 Arthropoda, 329–330 Crepidostomum cooperi, 143, 463–464 Dermanyssus gallinae, 301 Microsporida, 94 Cretachordodes burmitis, 249 Dermatobia hominis, 310, 321 Myxozoa, 108–110 crowding effect, 353 Derogenes varicus, 386 Nematoda, 240 Crustacea Desmozoon leopeophtherii,9 Nematomorpha, 250 Amphipoda, 286–287 Diclidophora merlangi, 148 Pentastomida, 258–261 Branchiura, 282 Dicrocoelidae, 144–145 Platyhelminthes, 172–174 Copepoda, 270–280 Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 121, 144 Protozoa, 81–82 cuticle, 265–266 Digenea Clonorchis sinensis, 142 Isopoda, 287–289 castration in snails, 449 Cnidaria, 97, 108 life cycle, 269–270 development in snails, 121–125 coccidia, 63 nervous system, 268 effects of heavy metals, 460–463 coccidiosis, 64 reproduction, 267 life cycle, 121–127 Cochliomyia hominivorax, 319 Rhizocephala, 282–286 metabolism, 120–121

Index 491

nervous system, 120 trichinosis, 220 geographical mosaic of coevolution reproduction, 119–120 epimastigotes, 50, 52 hypothesis, 451 Dioctophymatida, 221–222 epitopes, 18, 24 geohelminths, 223 Dioctophyme renale, 221 epizootiology, 10, 101–102 Geomydoecus actuosi, 445 diphyllobothriasis, 161 Ergasilus, 271 Giardia duodenalis,48–50 Diphyllobothrium latum, 160–161 Eucestoda Giardia lamblia,5,48 Diphylobothriidea, 160–162 holdfasts, 153–154 giardiasis, 48–50 Diplostomidae, 140–141 life cycle, 158–160 gigantism, 404 Diplostomum, 410 metabolism, 157–158 Gigantobilharzia, 140 Diplostomum spathaceum, 141 nervous system, 156 Gigantobilharzia acotyles, 135 Dipylidium caninum, 169, 317 reproduction, 155–156 Glugea, 91, 94 Diroﬁlaria immitis, 234–235 tegument, 154–155 glycocalyx, 57, 118, 183 dracunculiasis, 232 Eustrongylides ignotus, 464 glycosome, 46 Dracunculus medinensis, 4, 232–233 Eustrongylides tubifex, 221 Gordian knot, 244, 247 eutely, 199 Gordius aquaticus, 244 Ecdysozoa, 237, 264 eutrophication, effects on parasites, Gordius robustus, 247 Echeneibothrium maculatum, 164 463–468 Gordonius chinensis, 249, 426 Echinococcus granulosus, 4, 165–167, exﬂagellation, 69 Gorgoderina attenuata, 470 417, 444 extended phenotype, 406 granuloma, Schistosoma mansoni, 28, Echinococcus multilocularis, 167 139 Echinolaelaps muris, 301 Fahrenholtz’s rule, 452 Gregarina,62–63 Echinoparyphium megacirrus, 115 falciparum malaria. See Plasmodium Grillotia, 163 Echinostoma caproni, 132 falciparum Gryocotylidea, 152–153 ecological biogeography, 386–389 Fasciola gigantica, 124, 132 guild, 360 ecological epidemiology, 339, 340 Fasciola hepatica, 5, 120, 124, 131, Guinea worm. See Dracunculus ecological immunology, 10, 16, 386, 388 medinensis 34–37 fascioliasis, 386 gynecophoric canal, 135

effective population size (Ne), 444 Fasciolidae, 131–132 Gyrinicola batrachiensis, 228 Eimeria bareillyi,64 Fascioloides magna, 131, 415, 444 Gyrocotyle, 152 Eimeria maxima, 436 Fasciolopsis buski, 132 Gyrodactylus salaris, 149 Eimeria tenella,64 fecundity compensation, 404 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, 354 feminization, 91 Haematoloechus, 145, 470 elephantiasis, 5, 235 filariasis, 235 Haemobaphes diceraus, 273, 282 Encephalitozoon cuniculi,93 flagellated protozoa, 45–56 Haemogregarina,63 endosome, 58 fleas, 315–317 Haemonchus contortus, 224–226, Entamoeba histolytica, 41, 57, 59 flukes. See Digenea 437, 446 Enterobius vermicularis, 4, 228 fossils, 217, 288, 380, 391 Haemonchus placei, 446 Enterocytozoon,92 founder effect, 445 hairworms. See Nematomorpha Entobdella soleae, 148 frontal filament, 271 Halipegus eccentricus, 134 Entoniscidae, 289 fundamental niche, 361, 364 Halipegus eschi, 134 Eoacanthocephala, 192, 194 Fungi, 86, 93 Halipegus occidualis 10, 134, 350, 416 epidemiology Haplobothriidea, 162 African trypanosomiasis, 52 gametocytes, 62, 69 Haplobothrium globuliformae, 162 Chagas’ disease, 54 gametogony, 42, 62, 67, 99 Haplometra cylindracea, 120 defined, 10, 335 Gasterophilis intestinalis, 320 haptor (opisthaptor), 145 giardiasis, 49 Geckobia bataviensis, 304 heartworm. See Dirofilaria immitis hookworm disease, 223 gene flow, 432, 442, 445, 446 Heligmosomoides polygyrus, 8, 26, hydatid disease, 167 genetic drift, 432, 442 226, 349, 367, 374, 420, 438 Lyme disease, 299 genetic structure. See population Heligmosomum mixtum, 342 microsporidiosis, 91 genetic structure Hemiuridae, 135 models, 339 geographical information systems hemocytes, 32, 33 schistosomiasis, 136 (GIS), 387–388 Henneguya, 104, 108

492 Index

Hepatoxilon, 163 Leishmania, 31, 55 Leishmania tropica,55 Hepatozoon,63 Pentastomida, 254 Leishmania braziliensis, 54, 55 heritability, 438–439, 441 Schistosoma mansoni,30 Leishmania donovani, 54, 55 Heterakis gallinarum, 228, 425 immunity, optimal, 36–37 Leishmania mexicana, 54, 55 Heterodoxus octoseriatus, 445 immunological memory, 17, 32 Leishmania tropica,54 Heterophyes heterophyes, 142 immunology terminology, 18–19 leishmaniasis, 55 Heterophyidae, 142–143 immunoparasitology, 10 Leococytozoon simondi,69 Heterorhabditis, 215 immunopathology, 35, 37 Lepeophtheirus salmonis, 9, 272, heterozygosity, 442, 444 African trypanosomes, 28 413–414 heterozygote advantage, 434, 439 cerebral malaria, 75 Lernaeocera branchialis, 273, 282 Hexaglandula, 191 Chagas’ disease, 27, 53 Lernaeopodidae, 276 Hexagonoporus, 160 Lacistorhynchus dollfusi, 438 Leucochloridium, 127, 141–142 Histomonas meleagridis, 228 Schistosoma mansoni, 28, Leucocytozoon, 437 historical biogeography, 380–386 136–138 lice honey bees as hosts, 89–90, 303–304, immunosuppression, 27, 33, 77, 326 chewing, 313–314 305 infracommunity cospeciation with hosts, 453–454 hookworms, 223–225 biological tags, 391 effects on metabolism, 399 horizontal transmission, 90, 91 defined, 357 population genetic structure, 445 host specificity, 381 isolationist–interactive continuum, sucking, 314–315 host switching, 381, 382, 383, 454, 455 364 vectors, 315 Hyalomma, 296 role of competition, 362–364 life cycles hydatid cysts, 166, 167 role of host immunity, 366–368, 374 Acanthocephala, 188–191 hydatid disease, 167 infrapopulation, 336, 353, 354 Apicomplexa, general, 62 Hydrachna, 306 Insecta Ascaris lumbricoides, 229 hydrogenosome, 46 development, 312 Cryptosporidium parvum,63 Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga, immune response to parasites, 32–33 Digenea, 121–127 326–327 nervous system, 310–311 Dirofilaria immitis, 234–235 Hymenolepis abortiva, 363 nutrient uptake, 311–312 Echinococcus granulosus, 166 Hymenolepis citelli, 348–349 reproduction, 310 Entamoeba histolytica,58–59 Hymenolepis diminuta, 155, 157, 169, intermediate hosts, 9, 179, 282, 363, Giardia duodenalis,49 367, 403, 419, 472 374 hookworm, 223 Hymenolepis nana, 354 Ismaila, 279 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,80 hyperparasites, 9, 115, 289 Isopoda, 287–289 Microsporida, 88–89 Isospora,64 Myxobolus cerebralis,97–100 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,80 Ixodes pacificus, 295 Nematoda, 210–211 immune response of vertebrates, Ixodes scapularis, 295, 298 Opalina ranarum,60 overview, 16–20 Ixodes uriae, 446 Orthione griffenis, 288 immunity Paragordius varius, 246–247 acquired response in vertebrates, k (negative binomial distribution), 341, Pentastomida, 256–258 21–26 345, 418 Phrixocephalus cincinnatus, 280 innate response of vertebrates, 21 Kabatana, 91, 94 Plasmodium spp., 69 insects, 32–33 kentrogon, 280, 284 Pseudodiplorchis americanus, parasite community structure, 368 kinetoplast, 46 347–348 parasite-mediated natural selection, Kinetoplastida, 46 Pseudoterranova decipiens, 230 436–437 kinetosome, 46 Rhabdias spp., 222 regulation of host, 26 Koalachirus perkinsi, 307 Rhizocephala, 284 snails, 33–34, 403 Kudoa thyrsites, 96, 104 Schistosoma, 136 immunity, context-dependent, 36 Toxoplasma gondii,64–66 immunity, costs, 35 Lacistorhynchus dollfusi, 438 Trypanosoma brucei,52 immunity, evasion by parasites lacunar system, 184 Trypanosoma cruzi,48–52, 53 African trypanosomes, 30–31 Lankesteria culicis,63 Varroa destructor, 303 larval trematodes of snails, 33–34 leeches, 56 Ligula intestinalis, 161, 415, 440

Index 493

Linguatula serrata, 256, 258 Microsporida reproduction, 99 Liponyssus sanguineus, 301 classification, 94 spore morphology, 97 Lipoptena cervi, 317 effects on hosts, 89, 91, 92, 400 Lipoptena depressa, 317 life cycle, 88–89 Naegleria fowleri, 57, 59 Liriopsis pygmaeae, 289 phylogenetic relationships, 94 Nanophyetus salmincola, 144 Lironeca amurensis, 287 reproduction, 88 natural selection, 29, 77, 123, 140, 366, Lobatostoma manteri, 116 sex ratio distortion, 91 432–437, 439, 449 Loma morhua,92 spore morphology, 86–88 nauplius, 269 Loma salmonae,92 xenoma formation, 91 Necator americanus, 223, 343, 388, louse flies, 317 microsporidial gill disease, 92 440 lycophore, 153 microsporidiosis, 93 Nectonema, 248 Lyme disease, 299 Microsporidium, 91, 92 negative binomial distribution (k), 341, microtriches, 155, 157 342, 345, 418 Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, miracidia nematocysts, 106 187 effects of heavy metals, 462–463 Nematoda macrophages, 18, 21, 22, 55, transmission behaviors, 121–125 Ascarida, 228–232 138, 439 mites classification, 240 major histocompatibility complex effects on hosts, 301, 302, 303, 305, cuticle, 199–205 (MHC), 16, 23, 349, 436, 439–440 306 developmental biology, 209–210, Malacosporea, 97, 107, 110 vectors, 303 213–214, 222 malacospores, 97 mitosome, 93 digestive system, 206–207 malaria Mixotricha paradoxa,44 Dioctophymatida, 221–222 avian, in Hawaii, 424, 438, 440 molecular mimicry, 30 life cycle, 210–211 cerebral, 75 Moniezia expansa, 155, 168 Mermithidae, 215–217 diagnosis, 74–75 Moniliformis dubius, 191 metabolism, 208–209 drug resistance, 78 Moniliformis moniliformis, 187, 471 nervous system, 208 drug therapy, 43 Monogenea Oxyurida, 227–228 history, 4, 5, 67–69 holdfasts, 146–147 phylogenetic relationships, 237–238 life cycle, 69 life cycle, 148 population genetic structure, 444, pathogenesis, 75–77 reproduction, 147–148 445, 446 recrudescence, 68–69 mosquitoes pseudocoelom, 205 relapse, 68 bot fly transmission, 321 reproduction, 207–208 mange, 306 filariid nematode transmission, 235 Rhabditida, 222 Mazamastrongylus odocoilei, 446 malaria transmission, 10, 388, 389, Spirurida, 232–237 Megalodiscus temperatus, 129 423, 437 Strongylida, 222–227 Megapriapus ungriai, 192 multiple fission, 42 Trichocephalida, 218–221 Melanophagus ovinus, 317 mutualism, 7 Nematomorpha Mermithidae, 215–217 myiasis, 322, 323 alteration of behavior, 249 merogony. See schizogony Myrmeconema neotropicum, 217, body wall, 244–245 merozoites, 62, 69 406–408 effects on ecosystems, 249, 426 mesocercariae, 141 Myxidium, 102, 103 effects on hosts, 249 metacercariae Myxobolus arcticus, 390 fossils, 249 cyst adaptations, 127 Myxobolus cerebralis, 96, 97, 101–102, life cycle, 246–247 Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 408 411 metabolism, 246 Ribeiroia ondatrae, 400, 466 Myxosporea, 108, 110 nervous system, 246 Uvulifer ambloplitis, 401 myxospores, 96, 97, 99 phylogenetic relationships, 249–250 Metagonimus yokawagai, 143 Myxozoa reproduction, 246 Metastrongylus apri, 226 biological tags, 96 Nematospiroides dubius, 367 microfilariae, 235 classification, 108–110 Neobellieria citellivora, 322 Microphallus, 449 environmental indicators, 469 Neobenedenia, 150 micropredator, 7 life cycle, 97–100, 246–247 Neodermata, 119, 171 Microsomacanthus, 372 phylogenetic relationships, 106–110 neodermis, 117, 171

494 Index

Neoechinorhynchus, 197 Palaeacanthocephala, 192, 194 Diptera, 323 Neorickettsia helminthoeca, 144 panmixia, 442, 445, 446 evasion of insect immunity, 32–33 Neospora caninum,66 pansporoblast, 97 Hymenoptera, 325–328 neurocysticerosis, 165 paragonimiasis, 143 manipulation of behavior, 326–327 niche restriction, 360 Paragonimus westermani, 143 parasitology defined, 362 Paragordius obamai, 246 environmental, 459 parasite infracommunities, 361–362 Paragordius tricuspidatus, 249 forensic, 390 reproductive assurance, 365 Paragordius varius, 244, 246, 247 historical perspective, 4–5 role of host immunity, 366–368 paramphistomiasis, 131 multidisciplinary scope, 2–3, 464 role of interspecific competition, Paramphistomidae, 129–131 parasitophorous vacuole, 55 362–364 Paramphistomum cervi, 131 paratenic hosts Nosema algerae,89 parasite community structure, 360 Acanthocephala, 191 Nosema apis,89 parasite fauna, 358, 368 defined, 10 Nosema bombi,89 parasite-induced effects on host Digenea, 141 Nosema bombycis, 86, 89 populations, 412–417 Eucestoda, 159 Nosema ceranae,89–90, 411, 422 parasite-induced fruit mimicry, 217, Nematoda, 228, 230 Nosema disease, 89 407–408 Nematomorpha, 247 Nosema granulosis,91 parasite-induced host life-history parelaphostrongylosis, 425 Notochaeta bufonivora, 322 variation, 405 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, 227, 412, nurse cell, 219–220, 406 parasite-induced host mortality, 338, 425 Nybelinia surmenicola, 163 348, 401, 418, 439, 466 parenchyma, 119 Nyctotherus cordiformis,80 parasite-mediated competition, 228, Parvicapsula minibicornis, 105 423–425 pathogenesis Obeliscoides cuniculi, 417 parasite-mediated evolution, 437–440 African trypanosomiasis, 27–28, 53 Oculotrema hippopotami, 145 parasite-mediated natural selection, 3, anisakiasis, 231 Oligacanthorhynchus, 192 24, 77, 162, 432–437, 439, 440 ascariasis, 229 Ommatokoita elongata, 265, 276 parasites, 389–391 Chagas’ disease, 27, 53 Onchocerca volvulus, 235, 237 biological tags, 96 cryptosporidiosis, 64 onchocerciasis, 235, 237 defined, 5–6 Entamoeba histolytica,59 onchocercoma, 236 ecosystem engineers, 423, 425–426 giardiasis, 50 Oncicola pomastomi, 192 effects on host fitness, 400–403 Gyrodactylus, 150 oncomiracidia, 113, 145, 148, 348 effects on host metabolism, hookworm disease, 223 oncospheres, 159, 347 399–400 hydatid disease, 167 oocysts, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69 effects on host phenotypes, 405–411 leishmaniasis, 55 ookinete, 69 effects on host populations, Loma salmonae,92 Opalina ranarum,59–60 412–417 Lyme disease, 297 Opalinida, 59–60 environmental sentinels, 470–473 malaria, 75–77 Opisthorchiidae, 142 evolution of host sexual microsporidiosis, 93 Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus, reproduction, 448–450 Myxobolus cerebralis, 101 127, 460 food web roles, 426–427 Nosema disease, 89 Ornithodoros erraticus, 446 fossils, 217, 249, 288, 380 pentastomiasis, 260 Ornithodoros savignyi, 300 host life-history variation, 403–405 proliferative kidney disease, 107 Ornithodoros spheniscus, 300 host population regulation, schistosomiasis, 28–29 Ornithodoros transversus, 300 417–422 toxoplasmosis, 65 Ornithonyssus bacoti, 301 indicators of host evolutionary trichinosis, 220 Ornithonyssus bursa, 301 history, 380–381, 391–392 Varroa destructor, 303 Ornithonyssus sylviarum, 301 keystone, 289, 423, 459 Pediculus humanus, 314, 380 Orthione griffenis, 288, 422 pollution effect indicators, 460–463 pellicle, 41 Ostertagia circumcincta, 417 population genetic structure, Peltogaster paguri, 283 Ostertagia ostertagi, 226, 444, 446 441–446 Peltogasterella, 283 Otobius megnini, 300 parasitoids Pennella balaenopterae, 273 Oxyurida, 227–228 defined, 7, 313 Pennella elegans, 266

Index 495

Pennellidae, 272 Plagiorchoriidae, 145 population dynamics pentastomiasis, 260 Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, 145, 191 density-dependent effects, 353–354 Pentastomida Plasmodium vivax,75 regulation of parasite populations, body wall, 252–253 Plasmodium azurophilum, 425 353–354 classification, 258–261 Plasmodium chabaudi, 367 role of host genetics, 349 evasion of immunity, 252, 254 Plasmodium falciparum role of host immunity, 348, 354 fossils, 259 drug resistance, 78 seasonal effects, 347, 350 life cycle, 256–258 life cycle, 69 population ecology case studies metabolism, 256 pathogenesis, 76 Caryophyllaeus laticeps, 346–347 nervous system, 256 recrudescence, 68 Halipegus occidualis, 349–350 phylogenetic relationships, sickle-cell anemia, 77, 432–434 Hymenolepis citelli, 348–349 260–261 Plasmodium malariae, 68, 75 Pseudodiplorchis americanus, reproduction, 255–256 Plasmodium ovale, 68, 75 347–348 periodicity, 234 Plasmodium reichenowi, 433 population ecology, terminology, phenotypic manipulation Plasmodium relictum, 397, 336–337 Acanthocephala, 180–181 424, 438 population genetic structure, parasites, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Plasmodium vivax,67 441–446 144–145 plasmolemma, 40 Porocephalus crotali, 258 Leucochloridium, 127, 141–142 Platyhelminthes Posthodiplostomum minimum, 460 mechanisms of behavioral Aspidobothrea, 115–116 Potamopyrgus antipodarum, 449 alteration, 410–411 classification, 172–174 primary amoebic Myrmeconema neotropicum, Digenea, 116–145 meningeoencephalitis (PAM), 57 407–408 Eucestoda, 153–169 proboscis, 196 Nematomorpha, 249 Monogenea, 145–152 procercoids, 159, 160, 162, 347 Rhizocephala, 284–286 phylogenetic relationships, Profilicollis altmani, 194 Ribeiroia ondatrae, 133 113–114, 169–171 proglottids, 113, 154 Philornis, 323 tegument, 117–119 proliferative kidney disease, 96, 106–107 Philornis downsi, 322 Temnocephalida, 115 promastigotes, 50 phoresy, 7 Udonellida, 115 Proteocephalidea, 162 Phrixocephalus cincinnatus, 269, 280 Platypsyllus castoris, 324 Proteocephalus ambloplitis, 162 Phthirius pubis, 315 Pleistophora, 86, 91, 94 proteomics, 410 phylogenetic relationships plerocercoids, 159, 160, 162, 415 protonephridia, 113, 119 Acanthocephala, 192–197 Poecilancistrium caryophyllum, 163 Protopolystoma, 362 Arthropoda, 328 polar capsules, 97, 106 Protostrongylus, 417 Microsporida, 93–94 pollution Protostrongylus stilesi, 226 Myxozoa, 106–110 effects on parasite communities, Protozoa Nematoda, 237–238 360, 373, 464–470 amoeba, 56–59 Nematomorpha, 249–250 effects on parasite populations, Apicomplexa, 60–78 Pentastomida, 260–261 463–464 Ciliophora, 78–80 Platyhelminthes, 113–114, 169–171 effects on trematode larvae, classification, 81–82 Protozoa, 41, 81 460–463 flagellates, 45–56 phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) Polyacanthocephala, 194 metabolism, 42 historical biogeography, 381 polydnaviruses (PDVs), 33, 326 Opalinida, 59–60 overview, 11–13 polyembryony, 121 phylogenetic relationships, 41, 80–81 phylogeography, 379, 385, See polymorphism, genetic, 442, 447 pseudocoelom, 179, 205 historical biogeography Polymorphus minutus, 187 pseudocysts, 48 Piagetiella, 313 Polymorphus paradoxus, 180 Pseudodiplorchis americanus, 151, piroplasms, 67 Polyplax serrata, 367 347–348 Placentonema gigantissima, 199 Polypodium hydriforme, 108 Pseudoterranova decipiens, 230, 445 Plagioporus shawi, 391, 445 Polystoma integerrimum, 151 Psilostomidae, 132 Plagioporus sinitsini, 145 Pomphorhynchus, 192 Pulex irritans, 316 Plagiorchis noblei, 145 Pomphorhynchus laevis, 471, 472 Pyemotes tritici, 305

496 Index

questing behavior, 224 Schistosoma japonicum, 136 Spirurida, 232–237 Schistosoma bovis, 139 Splanchnotrophus, 279 realized niche, 361, 364 Schistosoma haematobium, 4, 136, 139 sporocysts, 121 recrudescence, malaria, 68 Schistosoma japonicum, 10, 386 sporogony, 42, 62, 69, 89, 99 Red Queen hypothesis, 447–451 Schistosoma mansoni sporophorous vesicle, 88 rediae, 121 concomitant immunity, 28 sporoplasm, 88, 91, 97 reduviid bugs, 50, 54, 315 effects of heavy metals on miracidia, sporozoites, 62, 69 regulation of host–parasite 462 Steinernema, 214, 216 populations, 417–422 fecundity compensation in snails stichosome, 218 Reighardia sternae, 256, 259 404 Strepsiptera, 323–324 relapse, malaria, 68 granula formation, 139–140 Strongylida, 227 reproduction immunopathology, 28–28, 136–138 Strongyloides papillosus, 214 Acanthocephala, 185 mechanism of egg release, 138–140 Strongyloides ratti, 213, 222, 354 Acari, 319–293 miracidia behavior, 125 Strongyloides robustus, 363 Apicomplexa, 62 population genetic structure, 445 Strongyloides stercoralis, 214, 380 Crustacea, 267 snail immunity evasion, 33–34, 439 Subtriquetra subtriquetra, 259 Eucestoda, 155–156 Schistosomatidae, 135–140 suprapopulation, 336 gyrodactylid monogeneans, 148 schistosomiasis, 136, 388 swimmer’s itch, 140 Microsporida, 88 schistosomule, 136 symbiosis, 6–7 Myxozoa, 97–100 schizogony, 42, 69, 88, 99 synapomorphies, 11 Nematoda, 207–208 scolex, 153 syncytium, 119, 155, 183 Nematomorpha, 246 sea lice. See Lepeophtheirus salmonis Syndermata, 195 Pentastomida, 255–256 Selfia, 258 Protozoa, 42–43 serotonin, 20, 148, 410, 411 T lymphocytes (T cells), 17 reproductive rate, 338 sex ratio distortion (SRD), 91 tachyzoites, 66 reservoir hosts, 10, 50, 54 sexual selection, Acanthocephala, Taenia crassiceps, 165 rete system, 185, 220 188–189 Taenia pisiformis, 165 Rhabdias, 222 sickle-cell anemia, 77, 434 Taenia saginata, 4, 165 Rhabdias bufonis, 353, 402 siphonostome, 271 Taenia solium, 4, 30, 165 Rhabditida, 222 slime balls, 125, 144 Taenia taeniaeformis, 165 Rhinebothriidea, 164 snails taxon pulse model, parasite Rhinebothrium, 164 castration by larval trematodes, 449 biogeography, 383–385 Rhizocephala, 282–286, 425 development of Digenea, 121–125 tegument, 179, 183, 348 Ribeiroia ondatrae, 132, 344, 400, eutrophication and Ribeiroia Temnocephala chilensis, 115 464–468 transmission, 467 Temnocephalida, 114–115 risk maps, predicting parasite immune response to trematodes, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, 96, distributions, 388 33–34 97, 105, 107 Ro. See reproductive rate intermediate hosts to nematodes, tetracotyle, 141 Romanomermis culicivorax, 215 226 Tetraphyllidea, 163–164 rostrum, 196 trematodes and evolution of host Thaumamermis zealandica, 217 Rotifera, 179, 195, 197 sexual reproduction, 448–450 Theileria parva,67 Soboliphyme baturini, 221 Thelohania contegeani,91 Sacculina carcini, 283, 425 speciation, 382, 432, 452 Thompsonia, 283 Saefftigen’s pouch, 185 species richness thorny-headed worms. See Salmincola, 276 defined, 357 Acanthocephala salmon-poisoning disease, 144 ecological determinants of, ticks Sanguinicolidae, 133 371–374 effects on hosts, 296 Sarcocystis, 64, 66 effects of pollution, 373, 464–470 life cycle, 295, 299 Sarcoptes scabiei, 306 supply-filter concept, 368–370 population genetic structure, scabies, 307 Sphaerospora testicularis, 104 446 Schistocephalus solidus, 162, 344, 389, Sphyranura, 150 saliva, 293 401, 402, 415, 440 Spilopsyllus cuniculi, 316 vectors, 298

Index 497

tomites, 80 trematodes. See Digenea vaccine, 77, 78 Toxocara canis, 229 triactinomyxons, 97, 99, 469 Vampirolepis nana, 169 Toxocara cati, 229 Triaenophorus crassus, 389 variance-to-mean ratio, 341, 436 Toxoplasma gondii, 60, 64–66 tribocytic organ, 140 variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs), toxoplasmosis, 65 Trichinella murrelli, 220 30, 52 transmammary transmission, 141, Trichinella nativa, 220 Varroa destructor, 8, 302–304, 411, 225, 229 Trichinella phylogeography, 383 422 transmission Trichinella pseudospiralis, 220 varroatosis, 303 Acanthocephala, 191 Trichinella spiralis, 4, 10, 219–221, vectors avian malaria in Hawaii, 438 367, 397, 406 black flies, 237 Dermatobia hominis, 321 trichinosis, 220 Branchiura, 282 Dracunculus medinensis, 233 Trichobilharzia, 140 defined, 10 filariid nematodes, 233 Trichobilharzia ocellata, 403 fleas, 317 hookworms, 223 Trichocephalida, 221 leeches, 56 horizontal, 89, 90 Trichodina,79 lice, 315 localized nature of, 451 Trichomonas vaginalis,46 mites, 301, 303 Lyme disease, 299 Trichonympha campanula,7 mosquitoes, 10, 67, 235, 423, 437 malaria, 388, 423 Trichostrongylus tenuis, 226, 398, 402, reduviid bugs, 50, 53 Microsporida, 88, 89 420–422, 437, 440 sand flies, 54 miracidia behaviors, 123–125 Trichuris trichiura, 218, 343, 388, 440 ticks, 67, 290, 295 Myxozoa, 99 triungulins, 323 tsetse flies, 46, 52 Nematomorpha, 249 Troglotrematidae, 143–144 vermigon, 281 parasite-mediated natural selection, trophic transmission, 113, 116, 127, vertical transmission, 89, 91, 295 440 153, 179, 230, 460 vicariance biogeography, 381–383 Pentastomida, 257 trophonts, 80 virulence, 338, 397, 437, 447, 448 population genetic structure, 445 trophozoites, 48, 58 visceral larval migrans, 229 predicting risk of parasitic disease, Trypanorhyncha, 163 387–388 Trypanosoma brucei,52–53 Waddycephalus punctatus, 258 Pseudodiplorchis americanus, Trypanosoma cruzi, 31, 48, 53–54 whale lice. See Cyamis 347–348 Trypanosoma diemyctyli,56 whirling disease, 96, 97–100 ticks, 264–289 Trypanosoma equiperdum,46 winter ticks. See Dermacentor transmammary, 141, 225, 229 Trypanosoma otospermophili, 398 albipictus transplacental, 226, 229 Trypanosoma rotatorium,56 Wolbachia, 234–235 trophic, 113, 116, 127, 153, 179, trypomastigotes, 50, 52 Wuchereria bancrofti, 5, 235, 406 230, 460 tsetse flies, 46, 52 trypanosomes, 52 xenodiagnosis, 54 vertical, 89, 91, 295 Udonella caligorum, 9, 115 xenoma, 91 transmission threshold, 339 Udonellida, 115 transovarial transmission, 89, 91, See Uncinaria lucasi, 225 zoitocysts, 66 vertical transmission uterine bell, 185 zoonoses, 10 transplacental transmission, Uvulifer ambloplitis, 141, 401 Zschokkella mugilus, 105 226, 229 zygocysts, 59