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5 PARASITE-HOST LIST 7 KINGDOM PROTISTA3 FAMILY BODONIDAE SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA Ichthyobodo necator (F,B,M) PHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA (Henneguy, 1884) Pinto, 1928 Syn.: Costia necatrix Henneguy, 1884 CLASS KINETOPLASTIDEA Location: gills, skin Hosts:Blicca bjoerkna ORDER KINETOPLASTIDA Carassius carassius Dist.: Lake Rāznas, Daugava River SUBORDER TRYPANOSOMATINA Records: Shulman 1949; Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 FAMILY TRYPANOSOMATIDAE Remarks: A dangerous ectoparasite for practically all fish, Ichthyobodo causes mortalities mainly of young fish and those Trypanosoma carassii (F) with lowered resistance (see Lom and Mitrophanow, 1883 Dyková 1992). Syn.: Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran and Mesnil, 1904 Includes: T. gracilis of Kirjusina and CLASS DIPLOMONADEA Vismanis, 2004 Location: blood ORDER DIPLOMONADIDA Host: Cyprinus carpio carpio Dist.: Latvia (ponds) FAMILY HEXAMITIDAE Records: Vismanis & Peslak 1963; Vismanis 1964; Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Remarks: This trypanosome is a pathogen of Hexamita salmonis (Moore, 1923) (F,B) juvenile common carp. The leeches Piscicola Wenyon, 1926 geometra and Hemiclepsis marginata are Syn.: Hexamita truttae (Schmidt, 1920) reported to be vectors (see Lom and Dyková Octomitus truttae Schmidt, 1920 1992). Location: gall bladder, intestine The synonymy follows Lom and Hosts: Lota lota (1,4) Dyková (1992). Oncorhynchus mykiss (2,3,4) Salmo salar (2,4) Dist.: Lake Rāznas, Kegums Water Reservoir, Trypanosoma granulosum (F) Daugava River Laveran and Mesnil, 1909 Records: 1. Shulman 1949 (Lake Rāznas, Location: blood Daugava River); 2. Vismanis, Kuznetsova, Host: Anguilla anguilla & Rakitsky 1983 (hatchery); 3. Lullu et al. Dist.: Lake Usmas; Venta River; Gulf of Riga 1989 (tanks); 4. Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Records: Kirjusina & Vismanis 2000 (Lake (Lake Rāznas, Kegums Water Reservoir, Usmas, Venta River, Gulf of Riga), 2004 tanks) (Lake Usmas) Remarks: The pathogenicity of this flagellate Remarks: The leeches Piscicola geometra and is not clear. In mass infections of salmonid Hemiclepsis marginata are reported to be fry it probably can cause mortality (see vectors of this flagellate (see Lom and Bauer 1984). Vismanis, Kuznetsova and Dyková 1992). Rakitsky (1983) recorded mortalites in one- year-old rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon harboring mixed infections of H. salmonis SUBORDER BODONINA and Chloromyxum truttae. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA 3 Eurokaryote systematics are presently CLASS SPOROZOA undergoing significant change based on incorporation of molecular and ultrastructural research. Readers are referred to the recent SUBCLASS COCCIDIA higher level classification of Adl et al. (2005), which proposes a hierarchical system without ORDER EIMERIIDA the use of formal rank designations. 8 FAMILY EIMERIIDAE Goussia subepithelialis (F) (Moroff and Fiebiger, 1905) Dykova and Lom, 1983 Eimeria sardinae (Thélohan, 1890) (B,M) Syn.: Eimeria subepithelialis Reichenow, 1921 Moroff and Fiebiger, 1905 Location: testes Location: subepithelial connective tissue Host: Clupea harengus membras of intestine Dist.: Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea Host: Cyprinus carpio carpio Records: Shulman 1949 (Gulf of Riga, Baltic Dist.: Latvia (ponds) Sea); Vismanis, Eglite & Volkova 1981 (Gulf Records: Vismanis 1972; Kirjusina & of Riga), 1982 (Gulf of Riga); Vismanis, Vismanis 2004 Volkova & Eglite1984 (Gulf of Riga); Remarks: Goussia subepithelialis is a common Vismanis 1987 (Gulf of Riga); Kirjusina & agent of nodular coccidiosis of the intestine Vismanis 2004 (Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea) of common carp in Europe (see Lom and Remarks: Heavy infections are reported to Dyková 1992). cause parasitic castration of male herring (see Lom and Dyková 1992). PHYLUM MICROSPORA Eimeria sp. (F) CLASS MICROSPOREA Location: not given Hosts: Carassius carassius ORDER MICROSPORIDIA Cyprinus carpio carpio Leucaspius delineatus SUBORDER PANSPOROBLASTINA Dist.: Latvia (ponds) Records: Grapmane 1957, 1962 FAMILY GLUGEIDAE Goussia carpelli (F) Glugea anomala (Moniez, 1887) (B,M) (Léger and Stankovich, 1921) Gurley, 1893 Dyková and Lom, 1983 Location: hypodermic and intermuscular Syn.: Eimeria carpelli connective tissue Léger and Stankovich, 1921 Host: Gasterosteus aculeatus E. cyprini Plehn, 1924. Dist.: Daugava River Location: intestinal wall Records: Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Hosts: Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3,4) Remarks: This parasite forms large xenomas in C. carpio haematopterus (2,4) the host’s connective tissue. Rarely, it Dist.: Latvia (ponds) causes deformities of the internal organs, Records: 1. Akhmerov & Grapmane 1954; 2. resulting in mechanical pressure on tissues Vismanis & Peslak 1963; 3. Vismanis 1964, and organs (see Bauer 1984). 1972; 4. Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Remarks: Goussia carpelli, an agent of coccidian enteritis, is a common pathogen in Glugea stephani (Hagenmüller, 1899) (M) the intestine of Cyprinus carpio carpio in Woodcock, 1904 Europe ( s e e Lom and Dyková 1992). Mass Location: intestinal wall infection causes an increase of mortality of Hosts: Platichthys flesus trachurus one-year-old carp at the end of wintering (see (1,2,3) Bauer 1984). Psetta maxima (1,3) Dist.: Baltic Sea Records: 1. Shulman; 2. Vismanis & Kondratovičs Goussia gadi (Fiebiger, 1913) (M) 1994; 3. Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Dyková and Lom, 1981 Remarks: Heavily infected intestines may Syn.: Eimeria gadi Fiebiger, 1913 become completely occluded, resulting in Location: swimbladder wall host death (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Host: Gadus morhua callarias Dist.: Baltic Sea Records: Shulman 1949; Kirjusina & Vismanis Loma branchialis (Nemeczek, 1911) (M) 2004 Morrison and Sprague, 1981 Syn.: Nosema branchialis 9 Nemeczek, 1911 Amphileptus sp. (F) Location: gills Syn.: Hemiophrys sp. Host: Gadus morhua callarias Location: gills Dist.: Baltic Sea Hosts: Aspius aspius Records: Shulman 1949; Kirjusina & Vismanis Blicca bjoerkna 2004 Leuciscus idus L. leuciscus Dist.: Kegums Water Reservoir; Daugava, Pleistophora acerinae (F) Rītupe Rivers Vaney and Conte, 1901 Records: Shulman 1949; Kirjusina & Vismanis Location: wall of intestine and stomach, 2004 mesenteries Host: Gymnocephalus cernuus Dist.: Lakes Kāla, Rāznas, Rušons SUBCLASS HYPOSTOMATA Records: Shulman 1949 (Lakes Rāznas, Rušons); Reinsone 1955a (Lake Kāla); Kirjusina & ORDER CYRTOPHORIDA Vismanis 2004 (Lakes Kāla, Rāznas, Rušons) FAMILY CHILODONELLIDAE Pleistophora mirandellae (F) Vaney and Conte, 1901 Chilodonella piscicola (F) Syn.: Pleistophora elegans (Zacharias, 1894) Jankovsky, 1980 Auerbach, 1910 Syn.: Chilodonella cyprini Location: ovary (Moroff, 1902) Host: Rutilus rutilus Location: gills, skin Dist.: Lake Vīragnas Hosts: Carassius auratus auratus Records: Kirjusina & Vismanis 2001; (2,4,8) Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 C. carassius (2,4,8) Remarks: Reduction of fecundity in infected Ctenopharyngodon idella (7) fish is likely (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2,3,4,5,6,8) C. carpio haematopterus (3,5) Microsporidia of Uncertain Position Gasterosteus aculeatus (2,9) Leucaspius delineatus (2,4,8) Microsporidium cotti (M) Oncorhynchus mykiss (8) (Chatton and Courrier, 1923) Perca fluviatilis (9) Canning and Lom, 1986 Pungitius pungitius (2,4,8) Syn.: Nosema cotti Dist.: Lake Juglas; Daugava River Chatton and Courrier, 1923 Records: 1. Akhmerov & Grapmane 1954 Location: liver, spleen (ponds); 2. Grapmane 1957 (ponds); 3. Host: Taurulus bubalis Reinsone 1958 (ponds); 4. Grapmane 1962 Dist.: Gulf of Riga (ponds); 5. Vismanis & Peslak. 1963 Records: Shulman 1949; Kirjusina & Vismanis (ponds); 6. Vismanis 1964, 1972 (ponds); 7. 2004 Vismanis & Musselius 1971 (ponds); 8. Remarks: Microsporidium is a collective group Lullu, Vismanis & Bakhtina 1989 (tanks); 9. for “identifiable” species of uncertain generic Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 (Lake Juglas, assignment (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Daugava River, ponds) Remarks: One of the most dangerous diseases, chlodonellosis may cause heavy losses in fish PHYLUM CILIOPHORA culture (see Lom and Dyková 1992). Grapmane (1962) recorded yearly CLASS KINETOPHRAGMINOPHOREA (1949–1954) mass mortality of one-year-old common carp. In some cases mortality in SUBCLASS GYMNOSTOMATA wintering ponds was 95–100 per cent. ORDER PLEUROSTOMATA SUBCLASS SUCTORIA FAMILY AMPHILEPTIDAE ORDER SUCTORIDA 10 FAMILY TRICHOPHRYIDAE 1958 (ponds), 6. 1959 (Lakes Lielauces, Sīvers); 7. Grapmane 1957 (ponds), 8. 1962 (ponds); 9. Vismanis 1961 (Lake Burtnieku), Capriniana piscium (Bütschli, 1889) (F) 10. 1964 (ponds), 11. 1972 (ponds); 12. Jankovsky, 1973 Vismanis & Peslak 1963 (ponds); 13. Syn.: Trichophrya piscium Vismanis and Musselius 1971 (ponds); 14. Bütschli, 1889 Vismanis, Volkova & Tarkach 1971 (tanks); Location: gills, skin 15. Vismanis, Ivanova & Soldatkina 1975 Host: Oncorhynchus mykiss (ponds); 16. Lullu, Vismanis & Bakhtina. Dist.: Lake Dzirnezers 1989 (tanks); 17. Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Record: Vismanis, Kuznetsova & Rakitsky (Lakes Burtnieku, Cirma, Juglas, Lielauces, 1983; Kirjusina & Vismanis 2004 Sīvers, Slokas; Daugava, Ogre Rivers, ponds) Remarks: Although generally considered an Remarks: This ciliate, a dangerous ectoparasite ectocommensal, mass infections can cause in fish culture, is the agent of disease (see Bauer 1984). ichthyophthiriosis or “white spot disease” (see Lom and Dyková 1992). The disease can cause high morbidity and mortality rates and CLASS OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA great economic losses in intensive aquaculture. Reinsone (1958) noted mass SUBCLASS HYMENOSTOMATA mortality of common carp spawners and yearlings in ponds, Vismanis (1972) noted ORDER HYMENOSTOMATIDA
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    SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
  • A Review of Potential Methods to Control and Eradicate the Invasive Gammarid, Dikerogammarus Villosus from UK Waters

    A Review of Potential Methods to Control and Eradicate the Invasive Gammarid, Dikerogammarus Villosus from UK Waters

    Cefas contract report C5525 A review of potential methods to control and eradicate the invasive gammarid, Dikerogammarus villosus from UK waters Paul Stebbing, Stephen Irving, Grant Stentiford and Nicola Mitchard For Defra, Protected Species and Non-native Species Policy Group Commercial in confidence Executive Summary The killer shrimp, Dikerogammarus villosus (Dv) is a large gammarid of Ponto-Caspian origin Dv has invaded and spread over much of mainland Europe where it has out-competed a number of native species. Dv was discovered at Grafham Water, Cambridgeshire, England, in September 2010 and subsequently in Wales in Cardiff Bay and Eglwys Nunydd near Port Talbot. In early 2012 it was found in the Norfolk Broads, the full extent of its distribution in the area is still being determined. The main objective of this work was to review the potential approaches for the control/eradication of invasive Dv populations in the UK. The approaches reviewed include physical removal (e.g. trapping), physical control (e.g. drainage, barriers), biological control (e.g. predation, disease), autocides (e.g. male sterilization and pheromone control) and biocides (the use of chemical pesticides). It should be noted that there have been no specific studies looking at the control and/or eradication of this particular species. The examples presented within this study are therefore primarily related to control of other invasive/pest species or are speculative. Recommendation made and potential applications of techniques are therefore based on expert opinion, but are limited by a relative lack of understanding of the basic life history of D. villosus within its invasive range.
  • Widespread Infection of Lake Whitefish Coregonus Clupeaformis with The

    Widespread Infection of Lake Whitefish Coregonus Clupeaformis with The

    Journal of Great Lakes Research 36 (2010) 18–28 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Great Lakes Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jglr Widespread infection of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis with the swimbladder nematode Cystidicola farionis in northern lakes Michigan and Huron Mohamed Faisal a,b,⁎, Walied Fayed a,c, Travis O. Brenden a,d, Abdelaziz Noor c, Mark P. Ebener e, Gregory M. Wright f, Michael L. Jones a,d a Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA b Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA c Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt d Quantitative Fisheries Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 153 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824–1101, USA e Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority, 179 East Three Mile Road, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA f Nunns Creek Fishery Enhancement Facility, HC 47, Box 8100, Hessel, MI 49745, USA article info abstract Article history: We estimated the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of swimbladder nematode infection in 1281 lake Received 3 August 2009 whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) collected from four sites in northern lakes Huron (Cheboygan and DeTour Accepted 11 January 2010 Village) and Michigan (Big Bay de Noc and Naubinway) from fall 2003 through summer 2006. Morphological examination of nematode egg, larval, and mature stages through light and scanning electron microscopy Communicated by Trent M. Sutton revealed characteristics consistent with that of Cystidicola farionis Fischer 1798. Total C. farionis prevalence was 26.94%, while the mean intensity and abundance of infection was 26.72 and 7.21 nematodes/fish, Index words: Lake whitefish respectively.