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Diseases of Cultured Warm-Water Marine Fish1

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Diseases of Cultured Warm-Water Marine Fish1 Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer, 182: 44^48. 1983 Review of diseases of cultured warm-water marine fish1 Han Paperna H. Steinitz Marine Biologv Laboratory of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem P.O.B. 469, Eilat 88103, Israel minant etiological agents are strains of the opportunistic Introduction species, Vibrio alginolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus, ac­ There is an increasing awareness of the importance of cording to some authors, Bergey’s Manual, 8th Edition, diseases in the developing mariculture of the warm- 1974; Colorni et al., 1981). Pathological changes water fishes gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), seabass observed in moribund fish with confirmed septicemia (Dicentrarchus labrax), and grey mullets (Mugil cepha- were of a non-specific type: edematous and hemor­ lus, Liza ramanda, and other Mugilidae). rhagic changes apparently resulting primarily from the The etiology, epizootology, and the process of mechanical injuries and stress reaction (Colorni et al., pathogenesis of diseases of fish in warm-water envi­ 1981). Vibrio spp. are also involved in chronic bacterial ronments may differ considerably from those experi­ infections. However, to date adequate diagnosis of the enced in fish cultured in cold-water environments, even bacterial strains taking part in such infections has not when the same fish species or same type of pathogen is been accomplished. Pathological changes observed in involved. Gilthead seabream, seabass, and mullets (and such chronic infections are either non-specific — re­ also warm-water freshwater fish such as Tilapia spp. and miniscent of the acute type (chronic vibriosis in mullets silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are very sus­ cultured in Spain, ACUIGROUP, 1979) - or are of a ceptible to handling injuries (Paperna et al., 1977, Be- more specific nature and confined to the particular jerano et al., 1979). In a warm-water environment the organ: ulcerative changes in the lateral line canals reproduction level and the invasiveness of microbial (“White head” disease of the seabass at Eilat), cutane­ organisms and the parasites are intense and hyperinfec­ ous hemorrhagic necrosis of the head (“Red head” dis­ tion occurs readily. The pathological changes which re­ ease of juvenile seabass at Brest, Barahona-Fernandes, sult from injuries, infections, and metabolic disorders, 1977), and necrosis of the caudal peduncle (in seabass develop at a faster rate than in a cold-water environ­ at Sète, Tesseyre, 1979). ment (Hoffman, 1976; Roberts, 1975; Paperna, 1979 a, Bacterial infections resulting in focal subcutaneous and unpublished data). Overcrowding and inadequate granuloma and visceral granulomata, particularly in the feeding with consequent growth suppression place a kidneys and liver were sporadically seen in gilthead more immediate stress on the fish and thus increase seabream and mullets at Eilat. Granulomas in viscera their vulnerability to infection (Paperna, 1963, 1975; associated with mycobacteria have been reported in Paperna et al., 1977; Sarig, 1971). Moreover, in the seabass in Italy (Ghittino, 1970). Acute gill necrosis warm-water habitat extreme changes in the tempera­ (“gill rot”) consequent to handling injuries commonly ture and the oxygen levels which adversely affect fish affects gilthead seabream at Eilat while a chronic con­ seem to have less impact on the reproductive activity of dition of gill necrosis is common among cultured sea­ the various microbial and parasitic infectious agents bass with natally deformed opercula in France and Is­ associated with these fish (Paperna and Lahav, 1974; rael. Gill necrosis in both conditions was associated with Paperna, 1975; Paperna and Overstreet, 1981). the proliferative growth of myxobacteria. The causative agent of epitheliocystis is an intracel­ lular chlamydia-like organism, infecting the cells of the gill epithelium (Paperna et al., 1978; Paperna and Sab- Bacterial diseases nai, 1981). Epitheliocystis occurs either as a benign in­ In acute bacterial septicemia in marine fish at Eilat, fection, inducing only limited focal changes in the gill resulting from handling injuries and stress, the predo- epithelium, irrespective of the level of infection or as a proliferative infection which induces extensive hyper­ plasia of the gill epithelium. The latter type of infection 1 Research on diseases of cultured marine fish at Eilat is sup­ leads to massive mortalities of the fish affected ported by grants from the GKSS Geesthacht-Tesperhude, Germany and the U.S.-Israel Agricultural Research and De­ (Paperna, 1977). In fish surviving the proliferative velopment Fund. stage, tissue changes eventually (within 2 -7 days) re- 44 gress, infection declines to a sporadic level or is elimi­ recognized thus far in cultured gilthead seabream, sea­ nated altogether. Epitheliocystis infections occur in bass, and mullets in the Mediterranean region and at gilthead seabream, seabass, and mullets (in Israel and Eilat on the Red Sea. Available data already suggest France, Paperna, 1977; Paperna and Baudin-Lauren- that all of these parasites are widely distributed in the cin, 1979). Epitheliocystis organisms in each of these Mediterranean region and, thus, follow the distribution hosts appear to form a distinct species. Epitheliocystis range of their respective hosts (Paperna and Baudin- infections occur in nature predominantly in wild fry and Laurencin, 1979; Paperna and Overstreet, 1981). are introduced into culture systems utilizing wild fry as Fish in sea cages are threatened with the highest risk culture seed. of infection, particularly if placed in the natural habitat of the fish species. Cage-cultured seabass on the Mediterranean coast of France were reported to be Parastic infection heavily infected by their specific species of monogenean The potential pathogenicity to fish has already been (Diplectanum aequans) and copepod (Caligus minimus) demonstrated in 14 of 25 parasitic species (Table 2) (Oliver, 1977; Paperna and Baudin-Laurencin, 1979). Table 2. List of parasites reported from cultured gilthead seabream (Spams aurata, SA), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, DL), and grey mullets (Mugilidae, MG). P, pathogenic, B, benign. Parasite Hosts Effect Site of infection References Protozoa Trichodina spp. MG P skin and gills 1, 4, 6 Tripartiella spp. SA DL MG P skin and gills 1, 3, 4, 8 Colponema sp. SA DL MG B gills 1,4, 6 Chloromyxum sp. SA P gut 8 Kudoa sp. SA ? kidneys, mesenteries 12 MG B gut wall 8 M yxobolus sp. MG P-B gills, gut wall other visceral organs 1, 4, 6, 8 M yxobolus sp. DL B liver, gall bladder wall and gut wall 4, 8 Ceratomyxa spp. DL MG B gall bladder 4, 8 Amyloodinium ocellatum SA DL MG P skin and gills 4, 8 Cryptocaryon irritons SA P skin and gills 8 Haemogregaria sp. SA B kidney, liver, gut wall 11 (cystozoites only) MG B muscles 13 Monogenea Ligophorus spp. MG B gills 6 Furnestia echeneis SA P gills, opercular folds 3 Diplectanum aequans DL P gills 4, 8 Benedenia monticelli MG (DL) P mouth, skin 1 ,4 , 8 Metamicrocotyle cephalus MG B? gills 8 Gyrodactylus sp. SA MG P skin 8 Copepoda Caligus pageti MG P skin 5, 9 Caligus mugilis MG P skin, mouth 8 Caligus minimus DL P mouth 4, 8 Pseudocaligus apodus MG P opercular region, gills, skin 5, 9 Ergasilus lizae MG P gills 1, 6, 10 Isopoda Nerocila orbignyi MG P skin, operculum, gills 6 (and other spp.) Gnathia elatica & Gnathia piscivora MG SA P skin 7 References. Paperna, 1975(1), 1979 a (2); Paperna et al., 1977(3); Paperna and Baudin-Laurencin, 1979(4); Paperna and Lahav, 1974(5); Paperna and Overstreet, 1981(6); Paperna and Por, 1977(7); Paperna et al., unpublished data (8); Russell, 1924(9); Sarig, 1971(10). Since the Symposium the following data have been published, Paperna, 1979 b (11); Paperna, 1982(12); Paperna and Sabnai, 1982(13). 45 However, since culture conditions in cages are usually may also be introduced with fry), and the copepod maintained at optimal levels morbid epizootics are on Caligus minimus in seabass (Paperna and Baudin- the whole, infrequent. Contamination of inshore Laurencin, 1979; A. Raibaut, personal communica­ mariculture systems by parasites occurs either when tion). Ergasilus lizae, an euryhaline copepod adaptable wild-caught fry of fingerlings are utilized as culture seed to fresh water, after being introduced into freshwater or when wild-caught mature fish are utilized as spaw- farms in Israel by mullets, expanded its distribution to ners. Once infection is established in the farm as was many inland freshwater farms throughout the country experienced at Eilat, Sète, and Brest (C.O.B.) the entire and extended its host range to cultured tilapia and carp system including the hatchery runs the risk of contami­ (Sarig, 1971). Microcotylid monogeneans were re­ nation. Though it is highly unlikely in most situations, ported to cause mortalities in cage-cultured fish in Ja­ pumped unfiltered seawater was suggested as a possible pan (Kubota and Takakua, 1963). Microcotylids intro­ route for the infiltration of parasites into the culture duced with rabbitfish (Siganus luridus and S. rivulatus) system (Wilkie and Gordin, 1969). to the culture system at Eilat caused severe mortalities In wild populations of seabream, seabass, and mul­ in these fish held in ponds and tanks. To date even at lets, most ectoparasitic metazoan elements of their relatively high infection levels microcotylids are tole­ parasitofauna - caspaloid and polyopistocotylid mono- rated by cultured mullets. Microcotylids were also re­ geneans and parasitic copepods - are absent in the fry ported in wild gilthead seabream and seabass, but so far arriving from the offshore spawning grounds in littoral are unknown in the cultured monogeneans. Epizootics waters. These parasites gradually become established in mullets cultured in seawater earth ponds by caligiid on the fish at a later stage, after the fourth month of life copepods have been reported from Egypt and Israel when they come in closer contact with fish older than a (Russell, 1924; Paperna and Lahav, 1974). Epizootics year (Paperna, 1964, 1975; Paperna et al., 1977; with mortalities were also reported from wild popula­ Paperna and Overstreet, 1981).
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