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Occurrence of Dactylogyrid and Gyrodactylid Monogenea on Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin T ⁎ ⁎ J

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Occurrence of Dactylogyrid and Gyrodactylid Monogenea on Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin T ⁎ ⁎ J Parasitology International 73 (2019) 101977 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Parasitology International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/parint Occurrence of dactylogyrid and gyrodactylid Monogenea on common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin T ⁎ ⁎ J. Daghigh Roohia, , A. Dalimi Aslb, M. Pourkazemic, S. Shamsid, a Inland Water Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran b Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran c Iranian fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar-e-Anzali, Iran d School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, NSW 2650, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this study, we genetically characterised Monogenea found on common carp in Iran. In total, 5603 parasites Aquaculture were recovered from 112 fish. The parasites were first identified morphologically as Dactylogyrus extensus, D. Parasite anchoratus, D. vastator, D. minutus, D. achmerowi and Gyrodactylus sprostonae. Representative samples were then Carp subjected to sequencing. This is one of the first studies which has provided both morphological and sequence Caspian Sea data for Dactylogyrus spp. and G. sprostonae. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into the genetic make-up of these economically significant parasites and the establishment of effective strategies for their control and prevention in aquaculture systems. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are widely cultured in most parts of identification which can be problematic and is often ambiguous for Europe and Asia, and on a smaller scale in Africa and Latin America. closely related species. Recently, molecular markers have provided a According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2016), the global useful alternative for the identification and the validation of mono- aquaculture production for common carp was estimated at > 4.5 mil- genean species [1]. Our knowledge of the genetic make-up of Iranian lion tonnes. This species is one of the most popular farmed cyprinids in Monogenea is poor, and little is known about molecular aspects of these Iran. Carp farming in pond systems began in the northern regions of parasites [10–13]. In the present study, the monogenean species found Iran during the 1960s and is today widely distributed across regional on the gills of cultured common carp from the Caspian Region were Iran. genetically characterised on the basis of the sequences of a large sub- Class Monogenea is a group of ectoparasites commonly found on the unit of rDNA for Dactylogyrus and 5.8S and ITS2 for the Gyrodactylus gills and the skin of fish where they feed on mucus, epithelial cells and specimens. sometimes, blood. Infection with Monogenea may lead to serious hy- The fish were collected from 10 fish farms located in Guilan perplasia of the gill epithelium, which has been shown to impair re- Province, North Iran, in September 2015–August 2016. These fish farms spiratory function, negatively affecting growth and leading to high are located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea Basin. The water mortality, particularly in juvenile carp [1]. Dactylogyrus and Gyro- supply is obtained from both local rivers and bore water. In all, 112 dactylus are among the dominant genera of Monogenea. These are common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected. One summer-old fish common ectoparasites which usually attach to the gills of freshwater were placed in plastic tanks filled with water obtained from the col- fish of the family Cyprinidae. The fish heavily infected with Dactylo- lection site and then transferred to the Parasitology Laboratory of gyrus spp. are susceptible to secondary infections. The pathogenicity of National Inland Water Aquaculture Research Centre in Bandar Anzali. both parasite and secondary infection is significant and may result in The fish were randomly distributed into several 100-L aquariums con- considerable economic losses [2–4]infish farming systems. In Iran, taining water from the fish farms and examined within 72 h to prevent/ common carp from both pond and lake culture systems are known to be minimise the possibility of horizontal transmission in the tank. The parasitised by at least five species of Dactylogyrus [5–8] and seven number of fish in each tank was 12–15. The fish had an average total species of Gyrodactylus [9]. Studies of Monogenea which infect Iranian length of 10.9 cm ± 2.1 cm and an average weight of 19.6 g ± 6.6 g. fish have commonly used the morphological method for parasite The specimens were examined for infection with parasites according to ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.D. Roohi), [email protected] (S. Shamsi). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2019.101977 Received 18 May 2019; Received in revised form 2 August 2019; Accepted 20 August 2019 Available online 22 August 2019 1383-5769/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. J.D. Roohi, et al. Parasitology International 73 (2019) 101977 Fig. 1. Line drawings (images labelled with capital letter) and light microscopy (images labelled with lower case letter) of the opisthohaptor and copulatory organs of Monogenea found in the present study, including D. extensus (A1, A2, a1 & a2), D. vastator (B1, B2, b1 & b2), D. anchoratus (C1, C2, c1 & c2), D. minutus (D1, D2, d1 & d2), D. achmerowi (E1, E2, e1 & e2) and G. sprostonae (F1, F2, f1 & f2). Scale bars represent 25 μm, except in image F2 and f2 which represent 5 μm. 2 J.D. Roohi, et al. Table 1 Comparative morphometric (μm) of Dactylogyrus spp. in the present study and those previously described by Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, 1962 (indicated as B-P 62). Species characteristic D. extensus (n = 13) D. anchoratus (n = 5) D. vastator (n = 10) D. minutus (n = 8) D. achmerowi (n = 4) G. sprostonae (n = 5) Present study B-P 62 Present study B-P 62 Present study B-P 62 Present study B-P 62 Present study B-P 62 Present study B-P 62 Body length 1692.04 ± 408.73 > 1500 334.3 ± 45.7 > 500 1070.79 ± 384.46 > 1100 266.33 ± 55.42 > 480 266.66 ± 144.92 > 350 277.43 ± 73.24 > 420 (697.5–2196) (294–384) (290–1601.28) (206–315) (177–430) (173.85–346.32) Body width 273.04 ± 67.20 > 310 88 ± 17.3 > 100 261.54 ± 119.26 > 400 62.08 ± 14.46 > 110 89.02 ± 11.78 > 110 85.11 ± 8.55 > 100 (150–395) (64–105) (108–413.01) (360–793) (79–109) (77.61–97.33) Length of marginal 32.85 ± 2.03 (31–36) 27–36 22.3 ± 2.8 14–35 33.31 ± 2.76 29–35 20.89 ± 1.83 13–23 23.61 ± 2.76 (20–27) 21–029 23.12 ± 1.65 20–25 hooks (18–27) (29.00–37.00) (19.00–23.60) (20.56–24.77) Length of median 65.14 ± 3.33 (60–69) 62–89 91.61 ± 4.39 92–130 35.22 ± 0.98 35–41 40.68 ± 1.87 39–49 43.73 ± 1.02 43–56 –– hooks (86–97) (34.21–37.10) (39.0–42.9) (42.6–44.6) Connecting bar length 41.23 ± 1.84 (39.5–44) 33–59 20.28 ± 1.44 18–29 35.85 ± 1.38 32–38 25.04 ± 0.71 25–32 30.31 ± 1.57 29–33 –– (18–22) (33.72–37.02) (23.70–25.80) (29.2–32.60) Connecting bar width 12.59 ± 0.97 (11–13.32) 8–16 6.88 ± 1.55 8 5.63 ± 1.07 (4.04–6.76) 6 3.84 ± 0.05 3–4 4.87 ± 0.84 4–6 –– (5–8.4) (3.80–3.90) (4.06–5.7) Total length of 77.3 ± 2.59 (74.9–81) 72–82 28.16 ± 2.92 20–32 52.13 ± 5.70 (46.3–0- 44 –58 35.4–2.89 28–45 56.16 ± 0.72 52–58 –– copulatory organ (26–31.5) 58.72) (33.3–038.7) (55.7–57.0) Total length of anchor ––––––––––51.01 ± 2.10 40–51 (48.47–54.23) 3 Length of anchor root ––––––––––16.56 ± 1.89 – (15.51–19.32) Length of anchor shaft ––––––––––39.77 ± 1.72 – (37.33–41.76) Length of anchor ––––––––––22.76 ± 0.90 – point (21.70–24.08) Length of sickle ––––––––––4.53 ± 0.29 – (4.11–4.88) Length of handle ––––––––––19.39 ± 0.92 – (18.12–20.67) Width (distal) of ––––––––––3.09 ± 0.46 – sickle (2.50–3.76) Width (proximal) of ––––––––––3.19 ± 0.26 – sickle (2.93–3.43) Length of ventral bar ––––––––––19.74 ± 1.26 13–20 (18.03–21.25) Width of ventral bar ––––––––––3.42 ± 0.38 3–4 Parasitology International73(2019)101977 (3.04–3.83) length of ventral bar ––––––––––13.32 ± 1.09 – membrane (12.26–14.81) Total length of dorsal ––––––––––18.23 ± 1.21 13–20 bar (17.35–19.96) Width of dorsal bar ––––––––––0.99 ± 0.13 >1 (0.833–1.17) J.D. Roohi, et al. Parasitology International 73 (2019) 101977 Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree constructed by maximum likelihood analysis based on 28S rDNA sequences for selected species of Dactylogyrus, with Tetraonchus monenteron used as the outgroup (left) and phylogenetic tree constructed by maximum likelihood analysis based on partial 5.8S rDNA and ITS-2 for selected speciesof Gyrodactylus, with Neobenedenia girellae used as the outgroup (right). Black circles indicate sequences obtained in the present study. standard protocols [14,15]. In brief, both sets of gills were removed, confirm as Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus in GenBank.
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