Zur Genealogie Des Modernen Subjekts Zwischen Ethik Und Ästhetik

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Zur Genealogie Des Modernen Subjekts Zwischen Ethik Und Ästhetik Jens Elberfeld, Marcus Otto (Hg.) Das schöne Selbst Literalität und Liminalität hrsg. v. Achim Geisenhanslüke und Georg Mein | Band 10 2009-11-02 12-56-43 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0323225063829910|(S. 1 ) T00_01 schmutztitel - 1177.p 225063829918 2009-11-02 12-56-43 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0323225063829910|(S. 2 ) T00_02 seite 2 - 1177.p 225063829926 Jens Elberfeld, Marcus Otto (Hg.) Das schöne Selbst. Zur Genealogie des modernen Subjekts zwischen Ethik und Ästhetik 2009-11-02 12-56-43 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0323225063829910|(S. 3 ) T00_03 titel - 1177.p 225063829934 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2009 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Umschlaggestaltung: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Umschlagabbildung: Bildtafel Nr. 8 »Discomedusae« aus Ernst Haeckel: Kunstformen der Natur, Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig, Wien 1904 Lektorat & Satz: Jens Elberfeld, Marcus Otto Druck: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-8376-1177-9 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] 2009-11-02 12-56-43 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0323225063829910|(S. 4 ) T00_04 impressum - 1177.p 225063829942 Inhalt Einleitung JENS ELBERFELD/MARCUS OTTO 7 Körper und Kommunikation: Das Publikum in der Berliner Hofoper 1820-1870 SVEN OLIVER MÜLLER 31 Mäßigung der Leidenschaften. Kinder und monetäre Lebensführung im 19. Jahrhundert SANDRA MASS 55 Der Wille zum Stil – Die ästhetische „Umwertung der Werte“ im Fin de Siècle MARCUS OTTO 83 Drogen, Rausch und Männlichkeit in Literatur und Ästhetik der Moderne. Marcel Schwob, Ernst Jünger, Malcolm Lowry TORSTEN VOSS 107 „Wahre Tugend mit Beefsteaks unvereinbar“. Diskurse um Ethik und Ästhetik im deutschen Vegetarismus, 1880-1940 DANIEL SIEMENS 133 „Laßt uns unsere Körper weihen zum Tempel jüdischer Schönheit!“ Normalisierung des Selbst im Diskurs der Jüdischen Turnerschaft (1898-1914) JENS ELBERFELD 169 Subjekt, Objekt, Abjekt. Körperbilder in der Kunst- und Biopolitik zwischen 1900 und 1945 ELKE FRIETSCH 207 Kino als heterotopischer Ort. Entsubjektivierungsbewegungen im neorealistischen Spielfilm MASSIMO PERINELLI 247 „In the Doing of Hair, One Does Race“. Afroamerikanische Hairstyles als Technologien des Selbst SILKE HACKENESCH 285 Schön, weiblich, fremd. Körperdiskurse im Blick der zeitgenössischen Kunst ALEXANDRA KARENTZOS 313 „Hungerstreik“. Eine politische Subjektivierungspraxis zwischen „Freitod“ und „Überlebenskunst“ (Westdeutschland, 1970-1990) MARCEL STRENG 333 Böse reden, fröhlich leiden: Ästhetische Strategien der punkaffinen Intelligenz um 1980 ALEXA GEISTHÖVEL 367 „Stellen Sie sich ihr persönliches Wohlfühlprogramm zusammen!“ Wellness zwischen Ethik und Ästhetik STEFANIE DUTTWEILER 401 Autorinnen und Autoren 421 Einleitung JENS ELBERFELD/MARCUS OTTO Es geht nicht um Weltverbesserung, es geht um Selbstverbesserung. Unter einem solchen Diktum hat der populäre Philosoph Peter Slo- terdijk in seinem Buch, das unter dem ebenso suggestiven Titel „Du mußt Dein Leben ändern“ erschienen ist, dem allgegenwärtigen Diskurs der individuellen und kollektiven Selbstoptimierung gleich- sam philosophische Dignität verliehen.1 Zugleich wird anlässlich des Darwin-Jahres im Rahmen einer Aktualisierung evolutionstheo- retischen Denkens in vielfältiger Weise nach den Möglichkeits- und Erfolgsbedingungen individueller und kollektiver Selbstbehauptung gefragt. Damit geraten programmatisch ethische und ästhetische Aspekte der modernen Subjektkonstitution in den Vordergrund und zwar unter expliziter Einbeziehung des Körpers. Im Zeichen der Biopolitik geht es nicht mehr nur um Fragen gesunder Lebensfüh- rung, sondern ebenfalls um genuin ästhetische Praktiken. Dabei genügt Schönheit allerdings nicht mehr sich selbst, bleibt gleichsam gerade nicht oberflächlich, sondern verweist als Attraktivität zum einen auf andere im weiteren Sinne ethische Werte wie zum Beispiel Gesundheit oder auch Natürlichkeit, während sie sich zum anderen wiederum aus anderen gesellschaftlichen Attributen wie vor allem Erfolg speist. Dies lässt sich keineswegs als triviales rein massen- mediales Phänomen (dis)qualifizieren. Denn ein inhärenter Zusam- menhang zwischen Schönheit und Attraktivität einerseits und Er- folg in den unterschiedlichsten gesellschaftlichen Bereichen ande- rerseits wird gegenwärtig insbesondere auch in Neurowissenschaf- ten, Evolutionsbiologie und Gentechnik erforscht, behauptet, erwie- sen und zuweilen auch einfach postuliert.2 Der ausgerufene darwi- 1 Peter Sloterdijk: Du mußt Dein Leben ändern. Über Anthropotechnik, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp 2009. 2 So dient das Darwin-Jahr auch zu einer auf ein breites Publikum zielenden Verbindung von Evolutionstheorie und Kunst. Jordan Mejias: „Als Degas bei Darwin in die Lehre ging. ‚Endless Forms‘: Im Yale Center for British Art werden Evolution und bildende Künste zusammengeführt“, in: FAZ vom 13.2.2009, S. 33. Als aktuelles Beispiel für eine dezidiert darwinistische Ästhetik vgl. Denis Dutton: The Art Instinct. Beauty, Pleasure and Human 7 Jens Elberfeld/Marcus Otto nistische Kampf ums Überleben, the survival of the fittest, so lässt sich zuspitzen, wird reformuliert als ästhetisch-ethische Selektion der most beauty oder most attractive innerhalb einer evolutionären Logik gesellschaftlichen Fortschritts. In der modernen Kunst wird ein solcher Zusammenhang zwischen bio-ethischen oder bio- politischen und ästhetischen Werten ebenfalls diskutiert und künstlerisch aufgearbeitet, etwa jüngst in der Ausstellung mit dem Titel „beauty politics“ in Berlin.3 Darüber hinaus wird das Subjekt als Figur ästhetischen Selbst- managements angesichts vielfältiger technologischer Möglichkeiten der Verschönerung, der Artifizialisierung und der Naturalisierung zunehmend als verantwortlich für seine äußere Erscheinung, sowie eng damit verknüpft, für sein äußeres Fortkommen wahrgenom- men. Das ebenso viel beschworene wie verteufelte neoliberale Para- digma scheint mithin auch und gerade auf dem Gebiet der Schön- heit und Ästhetik des Alltags effektiv zu sein. Insgesamt handelt es sich in der hier skizzierten Semantik der Schönheit um eine eigen- tümliche Koinzidenz von biologistischem Determinismus einerseits und technologischer Machbarkeit andererseits. Damit ist allerdings zunächst lediglich die grobe Matrix benannt, die Schönheit als Problemzusammenhang des modernen Subjekts konstituiert. Im Folgenden werden wir in spezifischen historischen Kontexten unter- suchen, wie das moderne Subjekt als ethisch-ästhetisches Selbst konstituiert wurde und wird. Die Selbstbeschreibung der Moderne ist in vielfältiger Weise zu- tiefst mit der Figur des Subjekts verknüpft. So gilt nicht zufällig Kants Diktum vom „Auszug des Menschen aus seiner selbst ver- schuldeten Unmündigkeit“, das ja gerade die Subjektwerdung des Menschen postuliert, als epochales Selbstverständnis des „moder- nen Projekts der Aufklärung“ (Habermas). Darüber hinaus formu- liert Kants kategorischer Imperativ mindestens ebenso monumental die (Selbst-)Bindung des Subjekts an eine ethische Rationalität der Evolution, New York: Bloomsbury Press 2009. Zur Neuroästhetik vgl. Semir Zeki: Inner Vision. An exploration of art and the brain, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999. An der Charité gründete sich zudem eine diesbe- zügliche Vereinigung. Vgl. http://www.association-of-neuro-esthetics.org/ vom 17. Juni 2009. 3 Vgl. http://www.hkw.de/de/ressourcen/archiv2005/ueberschoenheit/_ ueber-schoenheit/index.php vom 17. Juni 2009. http://www.ueber- beauty.com/index_fixed.html vom 17. Juni 2009. Reflektiert wird diese Entwicklung in der Karlsruher Ausstellung „bildschön. Schönheitskult in der aktuellen Kunst“. Vgl. http://www.karlsruhe.de/kultur/ausstellungen/ staedtische_galerie/bildschoen/ vom 17. Juni 2009. Siehe auch Winfried Menninghaus: Das Versprechen der Schönheit, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp 2003. 8 Einleitung Beobachtung des eigenen Handelns. In dieser historisch zweifellos wirkmächtigen semantischen Tradition der Moderne, wie sie Ha- bermas im „philosophischen Diskurs der Moderne“ als Subjektphi- losophie rekonstruiert und zugleich unter dem Titel der „Theorie kommunikativen Handelns“ fortsetzt, versteht sich die Verbindung zwischen Subjekt, Moderne und (rationaler) Ethik offensichtlich ganz von selbst. Neben dieser ethischen zeigt sich allerdings auch eine ästheti- sche Dimension des Konstitutionszusammenhangs zwischen Sub- jekt und Moderne, die weit mehr darstellt als bloßes Dekor und sich auch keineswegs in Rhetoriken erschöpft, wie Schillers Postulat ei- ner „ästhetischen Erziehung des Menschen“. Denn spätestens mit der Romantik und ihrem emphatischen Rekurs auf „Subjektivität“, die eben nicht auf (ethische) Rationalität reduzierbar ist, sowie mit der elaborierten Figur des künstlerischen Genies erfährt das Sub- jekt eine genuin ästhetische Modellierung. Vereinfacht formuliert wird dem Individuum damit nicht nur abverlangt, in ethischer Hin- sicht Subjekt seiner eigenen Handlungen und damit verantwortlich für diese zu sein bzw. zu werden,
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