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Abrasion of Particles 466 Acetamide 185 Acetic Acid

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Abrasion of Particles 466 Acetamide 185 Acetic Acid j591 Index a – production, by fermentation (See also abrasion of particles 466 fermentation) acetamide 185 – secondary alcohols resolved using acetic acid 375 lipases 169 Acetobacter 359, 375 – as solvent 83 acetogenic bacteria 384 – synthesis of 144, 145 acetone cyanohydrin 193 – tertiary alcohols 169, 170 N-acetyl L-tyrosine 199 alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 19, 39, 71, N-acetyl L-valine 199 143–146, 154, 171, 300, 486 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 154 alcoholic fermentation. See fermentation acrylamide 142, 314, 347 alcohol oxidase (AOX) 221 – commercial production 184 aldolases 39, 193–197 activation energy 53, 54, 66, 71, 284 – biocatalytic route 541 activator 34, 37, 68, 73, 74, 259 – classes 193, 194 active site of enzyme 42 – retro-aldol reaction 131, 197 activity-based approach, limitations 113 – type I and type II, mechanism of 194 N-acylamino acid racemases 198, 199 – in vivo aldol reaction catalyzed by NeuAc N-acylamino acids 199 aldolase 197 acylases 13, 146, 176, 177, 277, 314, 347 alginate 369, 370, 372 acylation 42, 48, 49, 53, 54, 166, 167, alginic acid 370 170 3-alkyl-substituted 2-cyclohexenones 159 adherent mammalian cells, for amidases 40, 58, 146, 176, 177, 238, 240, biopharmaceuticals production 383, 384 258, 287, 529, 530 adhesion 361, 362, 376, 377, 378, 393, 466 amide bonds 176 adipoyl-7-ADCA 528 – synthesis using proteases and adipoyl-6-APA 527 amidases 176 adsorption, 378. See also enzyme adsorption amino acid dehydrogenases (AADHs) – microorganisms 376 146, 147 aerosols 21, 22 – catalytic mechanism 146 agarose 322, 323, 326, 363, 364, 368 – synthesis of optically active L-amino acids agglomeration 280, 331 using 147 aggregates 366 amino acids 51, 52 – microbial 382, 388 – average content, as activesite residues aggregation 367 in enzymes 41 agricultural residues 509, 511 – condensation 50 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 344 – C-terminal, hydrolysis of 45 alanine racemase 198 – racemic 177 alcohol – sequence alignment 336 – polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 368, 374 – substitutions 122, 125, 126, 129, 191 Biocatalysts and Enzyme Technology, Second Edition. Klaus Buchholz, Volker Kasche, and Uwe T. Bornscheuer Ó 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2012 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 592j Index – synthesis of 145, 346 aspartame 57, 347, 348 amino acylases 315, 347 – thermolysin-catalyzed synthesis of 177, 348 (R)-amino-adipic acid 539 Aspergillus niger 43 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) 16, asymmetric synthesis 20, 65, 67, 77, 114, 143, 177, 346, 433, 451, 525, 526, 532 161–164 – chemical and enzyme technological 532 atorvastatin 541, 542 – flowsheet for production 531 – calcium salt, structure 540 – hydrolysis cycle 535 attachment 334 – immobilized enzyme and minimal abrasion 538 b – pH and temperature dependence 535 Bacillus erodiens 12 – process for production 531–533 Bacillus licheniformis 284 – production 25, 327 Bacillus subtilis 126, 159 – product isolation 539 bacterial hyperthermophilic amylases 494 – space–time yield 539 Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases – suitable reactors and 537, 538 (BVMO) 114, 153–155 7-amino-deacetoxy-cephalosporinic acid – acetophenone-converting 155 (7-ADCA) 16, 346, 436, 522, 525, 526, 527, – conversion of mono- and bicyclic 528, 530 ketones 156 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) 177, 346, – converting b-hydroxyketones into 525, 528 monoacetate 156 ammonia 102, 304, 322, 346, 391, 392, 463, – proposed mechanism 155 487, 511 b-amylase 42, 127, 293 ammonium chloride 12 baking process 289 amorphous cellulose 514 beer, maturation 375 amylases, thermostable 279 bentonite 321 a-amylase 3, 9, 40, 46, 50, 226, 279, 284, 285, benzylic hydroxylations 157 286, 287, 289, 292–294, 462, 493, 494, 496, binding, glutaraldehyde 331 504, 505 biocatalysts 2 b-amylase 42, 127, 293 – market for enzymes used as 15 amyloglucosidases 9, 45, 279 – productivities 500 – thermostable, stabilization 306 –– lifetimes 314 amylopectin 291, 292 biocatalytic processes amylose 291, 292 – classification 18 – crystalline structure 493 – economics 23 anaerobic 385, 390 – environmental sustainability goals 23 anaerobic bacteria growth kinetics 387 – steps to be considered in designing 26 anaerobic cultures 361 – vs. chemical catalysts 21 anaerobic fluidized bed reactors 390 biochemical engineering 450 anaerobic mixed cultures 380–384, 387, 465 biodiesel 166, 215, 314, 348, 349 anaerobic systems, kinetics 384, 387 – enzymatic transesterification 349, 521 anaerobic wastewater treatment 384–390 – synthesis of 215 antibiotic resistance 122, 527 bioenergy 361 antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains 527, 528 bioethanol 501, 503, 504, 506, 509, 521 applied biocatalysis 8 – manufacture, whole dry grind process 504 – basic principles 8 biofilms 361–365, 378, 379, 381, – early developments 8–10 393–395 Arabidopsis thaliana 149 – catalysis 393–396 arabinoxylanases 504, 505 – electrotransfer 398 L-arginine 146 – formation 381, 396 2-arylpropionic acids 172 – growth 378 L-ascorbic acid synthesis 219 biofilter 392, 393 asparagine 132, 146, 279, 485, 513 bioflocs 365 L-asparagine 146, 485 biofuels 28, 215, 276, 451 Index j593 – alternativebiocatalyst-basedbiofuels 520,521 carbamoylase 107, 126, 187, 188, 210, 288 – from biomass 501 Carbohydrate Active Enzyme database 36 – enzymes 512–517 carbohydrate binding module (CBM) 513 – general 507, 508 carbon dioxide 11, 147, 162, 218, 504, 521 – lignocellulose-based biofuels 507 carbon–oxygen demand (COD) 519 – pilot studies 519, 520 carboxyl esterases 165, 172, 175 – pretreatment 509, 512 carboxylic acid 81, 145, 152, 153, 158, 168, – processing 503, 517 174, 182, 197, 391 ––and reaction engineering 517–519 carboxypeptidase A 39, 43, 46, 50, 53, 64, 437 – raw materials 508, 509 carrageenan 369, 371 – starch-based ethanol production 502–507 carriers 314, 317, 319, 321–323, 324, 325, biofuel cells, performance 397 327, 331, 346, 376, 381, 388 biogas 384 – cell immobilization 376 bioinformatics 213 – epoxide function 327 biological trickling filter, with water – fluidized bed reactors 388 reservoir 393 – functional groups, 324 biomass 4, 5, 392, 501, 508, 509 – macroporous structure 327 – biotechnological production process 5 – synthetic 326 – consumption of 5 – types 321 biomass-based diesel 501 catalyst productivity 281 biomass support particles (BSPs) 349 celite 321 biopharmaceuticals 362 cells bioreactors 213, 369, 449, 451, 454 – adherent 197, 383 bioscrubber 392 – biomass 533 biotechnological processes 5, 15, 17 – human animal 383 biotransformations 154, 210, 218, 220, 335, cell–cell interactions 197 361, 369, 394, 449, 485 cell–cell transfer 398 b-lactam antibiotics 122, 177, 451 cellobiohydrolases (CBH) 512, 515, 516 – 7-ACA production 531–533 cellobiose 329, 512–514, 517 – cephalosporin acylase (CA) 535, 536 cell surfaces composition 377 – cerphalosporin C, hydrolysis 533–535 cellular redox metabolism 216 – enzyme processes 521–531 cellulase components, synergism 515 – process options evaluation cellulases 45, 113, 276–278, 287, 289, 291, ––minimum space-time yield 539 294–296, 512, 513, 515, 516 ––pH-controlling buffers 537, 538 – kinetics 514 ––process window 536, 537 – synergism 515 ––product isolation 539, 540 cellulose ––reaction end point 539 – based ethanols 501 b-lactamase 39, 129 – crystallinity 510 BLAST 112, 114, 118, 119 – derivatives 321 b-methyl-D-glucoside 10 – elementary fibrils 510 bovine serum albumin (BSA) 123 – ethanol 501 bread manufacture 289 cephalosporin BRENDA database 39, 46, 284 – hydrolysis 345 Browning products 500 – short history of 523–525 Burkholderia cepacia 168 cephalosporin acylase 535, 536 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) 215, 222 cephalosporin C 23, 25, 57, 78, 122, 177, 522, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 524, 526, 527, 529, 532, 537 – (BMIM-BF4)87 to 7-ACA, conversion 533 butyrate ester 165 – amidase 16, 327, 333, 529 ––immobilization 327 c – biosynthesis 522, 525, 527, 530, 531 Candida antarctica 168, 333 – hydrolysis 533–535 Candida boidinii 147, 302 – synthesis 345 594j Index chemical oxygen demand (COD) 366, 380, –– required 459 384, 386, 387, 389, 401, 519 –– using mass balance 458 chemocatalysts 2, 3 – for starch hydrolysis 462 chemoenzymatic syntheses 142 – substrate concentration 456, 457 – of (þ)-crispine 161 continuous tubular reactor 455, 457, 458 chiral cyanohydrins conversion rates 282 – chemical synthesis from 190 – calculation of 282, 283 – hydroxynitrile lyase-catalyzed synthesis Corynebacterium ammoniagenes 221 of 192 Corynebacterium glutamicum 146 N-chloroacetyl L-valine 199 covalent binding 331–335 p-chloroethyl acetate 171 cross-linking 319, 334 chitosan 369, 370 cross-linking enzyme aggregates chloroperoxidase (CPO) 157 (CLEAs) 319, 334 2-chloropropionate 171 crotonamide 185 chromatographic protein purification 249 crystallization 484, 485 – chromatographic adsorbents, properties CSTR. See continuous stirred tank reactor of 249 (CSTR) –– dynamic properties 252–254 cyanohydrins 171, 189, 191–194 –– mechanical stability 251, 252 (S)-cyanohydrins 193 –– static properties 249–251 (R)-4-cyano-3-hydroxy-butyric acid – and conditioning of technical and therapeutic – route 540 enzymes 257 3-cyanopyridine 185 ––enzymes for therapy and diagnostics 259, cyclodextrins 285, 293, 340, 343 260 cyclomaltodextrin 293 –– technical enzymes 257–259 CYP4A1 gene 149 – problems 255 cysteine hydrolases 177, 183 – procedures 255–257 chromatographic separation procedure 532 d cisD9 fatty acids 166 D-alanine 198 cis–trans isomerases 197 D-amino acid oxidase 327 ClustalW 112, 119 deacetoxy-cephalosporin C (d-CephC) 531 COD. See chemical
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