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Spatial Distribution of Thiacidas Postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Ziziphus Spina-Christi Using Taylor´S Power Law and Iwao´S Patchiness Regression

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Spatial Distribution of Thiacidas Postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Ziziphus Spina-Christi Using Taylor´S Power Law and Iwao´S Patchiness Regression ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2/ ﺷﻤﺎره 1/ ﺳﺎل 1391 اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) روي درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎرZiziphus spina-christi در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮار١* و ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ2 1، ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ 2، اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻳﺎﺳﻮج، ﻳﺎﺳﻮج (ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 29/5/90 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 90/8/30) ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ آﻓﺎت اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگ- ﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر (Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae از آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ، ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن و ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎغﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮدرو و ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر T. postica روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر Ziziphus spina-christi در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1385 ﺗﺎ 1387 در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺷﺎﺧﻪ 50 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮي از درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 40 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ (روش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﻣﮕﺲ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ (Pales murina Mes (Diptera: Tachinidae ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن از رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آﻓﺖ و ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻروﻫﺎي روي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن در ﻃﻮل دوره ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداريSID ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ofروش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر (R2=0.98) و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ (R2=0.86) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر Archiveﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻴﺐ ﺧﻂ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن b ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪل ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 99/1 و 45/3 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮع ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آﻓﺖ، واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر، درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ، Iwao´s patchiness Regression. ،Taylor´s Power Law، Tachinidae * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] www.SID.ir 22 ﻓﺮار و ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ (Farrar et al., 2001b). 1 درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ زﻳﺰﻳﻔﻮس ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑـ ﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺑـﺎغ ﻫـﺎي ﺑ ــﻪ ﻃــﻮر ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده و ﺧــﻮدرو در اﺳــﺘﺎنﻫــﺎي ﺟﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸــﻮر وﺳﻴﻊ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﺣﺸـﺮه در ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ دارﻧﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ ﻣﺤـﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ و در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺷـﻮ د. اﻳـﻦ آب و ﺧــﺎك و ﭼﻨــﺪ ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﻮدن ﺗﺒﺨﻴــﺮ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺑــﺎرش، ﺣﺸــﺮه داراي 5 ﺳــﻦ ﻻروي اﺳــﺖ و ﺳــﻦ اول ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﻦ ﺳــﻮم درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫـﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺑـ ﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻻروي ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت دﺳـﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻌـﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و در ﺳـﻦ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرم و ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻻروﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر اﻧﻔﺮادي از ﺑـﺮگ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي و ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺴـﻴﺮي ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ . (Farrar et al., 2001 a). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ارزش اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن از ﻓـﺮار و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران (Farrar et al., 2001 a) ﻧﺸـﺎن داده ﻛـﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃـﺮف و ﺧـﻮاص ﺧـﻮراﻛﻲ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر زﻳـﺎد ﻣﻴـﻮه، اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸـﺮه از ﻓـﺮو ردﻳﻦ ﺗـﺎ اردﻳﺒﻬﺸـﺖ ﻣـﺎه در ﻧﺴـﻞ اول و از ﺧﻮاص داروﻳﻲ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴـﺎه، ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ آﺑﺎن ﺗﺎ اواﻳﻞ دي ﻣﺎه ﻧﺴﻞ دوم و در ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻮدن دﻣـﺎ ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت آن، ﭘﺮورش زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴـﻞ از دي ﺗﺎ اواﻳﻞ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ در ﻧﺴﻞ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ در ﺑــﺎغﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨــﺎر و ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻋﺴــﻞ ﺑــﺎ ارزش ﺑــﺎ ﻃﻌــﻢ ﻛﻨــﺎر و ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ داراي دو ﻧﺴﻞ ﺧﺎﺻــﻴﺖ داروﻳــﻲ آن از ﻃــﺮف دﻳﮕــﺮ، آن را ﺑــﻪ ﻳــﻚ ﮔﻴــﺎه در ﺳﺎل در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮده ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎري از وﻳﮋﮔــﻲﻫــﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘــﻲ ﺣﺸــﺮات در اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺎدي از زﻣـﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﻳـﻚ زﻳــﺮ ﻛﺸــﺖ درﺧﺘــﺎن ﻛﻨــﺎر در ﺳــﻄﺢ اﺳــﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷــﻬﺮ ﻣــﻲرود ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب زﻣﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي (Farrar and Karampour, 2008). ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﺑــﺮداري، اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب واﺣــﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﺑــﺮداري، ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﻌــﺪاد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روزاﻓﺰون اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎ ارزش در اﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﻛــﻪ داراي ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺸــﻚ و ﺳــﺨﺖ آب و ﻫــﻮاﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ و ﺳـﺎزﮔﺎر ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎوم، ﻗـﺎﻧﻊ و ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮره ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﻟﺰوم ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آﻓـﺎت و آﻓﺎت2 اﺳﺖ (Boeve and Weiss, 1998). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎ را آﺷﻜﺎر ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد. درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﻲ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ از 250 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـ ﺪ ﻛـﻪ در و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮي در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻨﺎر، ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر آﻓﺎت ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد (Dent, 2000). اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪﺳﺰاﻳﻲ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻊ SIDﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ of ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﺗﺮﻳــﻚ و ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران (Patrick et al., Archive2003) از آن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ (Farrar et al., 2001a). ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداريﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آﻓﺎت اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر Thiacidas postica Walker ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و ﻫﺪف آنﻫﺎ از اﻳـﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮداري، ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ از ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ي Noctuidae و راﺳـﺘﻪ Lepidoptera ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت آﻣــﺎري و اﺗﺨــﺎذ ﺗﺼــﻤﻴﻢﻫــﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳـﺖ ( ,.Farrar et al ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت ﺑﻮد، ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ b 2001). ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﺑـﺮگ ﻫـﺎي درﺧﺘـﺎن ﻛﻨـﺎر اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از روش ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺿﻤﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ درﺧﺖ، ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻴﻮه را ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻴﻠﻮر3 اﺑﺘﺪا در ﺳﺎل 1961 ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ. در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﺎلﻫـﺎ و در ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪ (Taylor, 1961). 2- IPM 3- Taylor´s Power Law 1- Ziziphus www.SID.ir ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ، ﺟﻠﺪ2، ﺷﻤﺎره 1، ﺳﺎل 1391 23 ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ذاﺗﻲ آن اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ رﻓﺘﺎري ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻧﻮع اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ، ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ و ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ (Pedigo and Ziess, 1996). ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺸﺮه اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺻﻔﺎت رﻓﺘﺎري آن و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و زﻣﺎن آن اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ (Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ 50 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮي درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان واﺣـﺪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﺳـﻪ ﻧـﻮع ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺼــﺎدﻓﻲ1، ﺗﺠﻤﻌــﻲ2 ﻳــﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧــﺖ3 داﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. در ﺗﻮزﻳــﻊ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ روي واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷـﻤﺎرش ﺷـﺪ . ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮد در ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از وﺟﻮد دﻳﮕـﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻔﺘﻪاي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر از ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 7 ﺗﺎ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ، ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻚ ﻓـﺮد ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮي ﺑـﺮ 11 ﺻﺒﺢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻓﺮاد ﻧـﺪارد ( Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻛﻠـﻲ ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ و اﻧﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و اﻧﺪازه ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧـﻮع ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ 4 ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗـﺮار ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺮد . اﻃـﻼع از ﻧـﻮع اﻟﮕـﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺎر T. postica ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي اوﻟﻴﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ 5 اﺟﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل اﻳـﻦ آﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻮﺛﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ واﻗـﻊ ﺷـﻮد . اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دادهﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي اوﻟﻴﻪ، ﺧﻄﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﻲ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ Naseri et al., 2010; Rahmani et al., 2010 ﻫــﺪف از اﻧﺠــﺎم اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣــﻪ دﻗﻴــﻖ و ﻋﻠﻤــﻲ ﻛﺮد ( ). 6 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑـﺮداري و اﻟﮕـﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ي T. postica اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ ( Pedigo and روي درﺧــﺖ ﻛﻨــﺎر (Ziziphus spina-christi) در ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ Ziess, 1996; Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آوردن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ (Dent, 2000; Haghani et al., 2004). ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (1): ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ⎞ SE ⎛ RV = ⎜ ⎟ ×100 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1385 ﺗﺎ 1387 در ⎠ x ⎝ x ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎ و SE ،ﺧﻄﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﺷﺘﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ SD از درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (SE = :(2 n اوﻟﻴﻪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Ziziphus spina-christi ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ of SID ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (S 2 = S = SD Archive :(3 ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻃﻲ 2 ﻧﺴﻞ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺎهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و SD اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر دادهﻫﺎ، S2 وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و n ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ در ﻧﺴﻞ اول و اواﺧﺮ آﺑﺎن ﺗﺎ دي ﻣﺎه در ﻧﺴﻞ دوم ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ و اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴـﺎر و در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﻞ ﺳﻮم در ﺑﻬﻤﻦ و اواﻳﻞ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ در داده ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه RV (ﻣﻴـﺰان دوره ﻫﻔﺖ روزه و ﺑﺎ 40 ﺗﻜﺮار اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل) و t (اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه از ﺟﺪول t-student) در ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آنﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﻣــﻮل اﻧــﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﻲﮔﻴــﺮد ( Southwood and ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻳﺎد ﺷﺪه دادهﻫﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ و .(Henderson, 2000; Pedigo and Buntin, 1994 4- Sample Size 1- Random 5- Relative Variation 2- Aggregated/Clumped 6- Sampling Precision 3- Regular www.SID.ir 24 ﻓﺮار و ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر 1 ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ: ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ 2 b=1 ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ⎡ t.sd ⎤ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (N = (4 ⎢ D.x ⎥ ⎦ ⎣ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ: N: ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، t :t- اﺳﺘﻴﻮدﻧﺖ * ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (m = α + βx (8 ﺟﺪول ﺑﺎ .df ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، sd: اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر دادهﻫﺎي 2 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، x : ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، s * ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (m = x + ( −1) (9 D: ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻋﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان x در اﻳﻦ روش x ، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺳﺖ.
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