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Prospects for the Biological Control of Prickly Acacia, Acacia Nilotica (L

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Prospects for the Biological Control of Prickly Acacia, Acacia Nilotica (L 24 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.10(1) 1995 History of exploration effort on prickly Prospects for the biological control of prickly acacia, acacia Prickly acacia has a broad native geo- Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae) in graphic range including much of Africa and central Asia (Figure 1). There are nine Australia recognized subspecies with more or less distinct geographic ranges (Brenan 1983). Jennifer Marohasy, Queensland Department of Lands, Alan Fletcher The weed in Queensland is thought to be Research Station, PO Box 36, Sherwood, Queensland 4075, Australia. A. nilotica indica (Bentham) Brenan which is considered native to India and Pakistan. However, variation in pod form within Summary (Ehretiaceae) was controlled in Mauritius Queensland, hearsay reports of introduc- Prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. with a leaf-feeding beetle, Metrogaleruca tions from Africa and at least one re- ex Del. (Mimosaceae), a major weed of obscura (Degeer) in combination with a ported case of possible hybrid sterility grasslands in north west Queensland, is wasp which attacks developing seeds, suggest introductions may have been native to Africa and the Indian subcon- Eurytoma attiva Burks (Julien 1992). A made from other regions. According to tinent. A large and diverse list of insect combination of introduced insects includ- Brenan (1983), subspecies indica may also species known to attack prickly acacia ing flower-feeding, seed-feeding and be native to north eastern Africa, further over this extensive region has been com- wood boring insects have greatly reduced confusing the situation. piled. The host specificity and the the spread of the tree Sesbania punicea A search for biological control agents potential of particular species as bio- (Cavanille) Bentham (Fabaceae) in South for prickly acacia commenced in 1980 logical control agents is discussed. Africa (Hoffman 1990). A spectacular re- when the Queensland Department of cent success was the control of the Aus- Lands subcontracted the International In- Introduction tralian acacia, A. longifolia (Andrews) stitute of Biological Control’s Pakistan Willdenow (Mimosaceae), in South Af- Station. This five year project resulted in The weed problem rica through damage from the gall wasp, the field release of two insects, a seed- Prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt). feeding bruchid, Bruchidius sahlbergi Del., is one of Queensland’s worst weeds. Dennill (1988) and Dennill and Gordon Schilsky, and a shoot-boring moth, It currently infests seven million hectares (1991) have shown that the effects of the Cuphodes profluens Meyrick (Julien 1992). of the once open Mitchell grassland. gall wasp on A. longifolia are particularly Only the bruchid has become established. Given a series of wet years it has been pre- severe because gall production uses far It is now widespread and destroying up dicted the entire grassland ecosystem more energy than normal growth and re- to 80% of mature seeds, however, it ap- could be lost to prickly acacia thorn for- production. There have been several less pears to be having minimal impact on the est. Thorny thickets interfere with muster- dramatic successes including the recent spread of prickly acacia (M. Ablin per- ing and a canopy cover of 20% reduces control of giant sensitive plant, Mimosa sonal communication). In 1989, a three herbage production by 50% resulting in invisa Martius (Mimosaceae), with the year project began in Kenya. The first in- increased soil erosion and reduced sap-sucking bug Heteropsylla spinulosa sect from this work, a leaf-feeding beetle biodiversity (J. Carter personal communi- Muddiman, Hodkinson and Hollis in Weiseana barkeri Jacoby, has been ap- cation). A variety of management strate- coastal Queensland (White and Donnelly proved for release (Marohasy in press) gies have been developed. In particular, 1993). mechanical control through double chain pulling has been successfully used to re- move dense infestations in some situa- tions (P. Jeffery personal communica- tion). Prickly acacia is not native to Aus- tralia and hence biological control through the introduction of insects from its native range is a possible control op- tion. Successful attempts at biological control of woody weeds There is a tendency for the impact of in- sects on a plant species’ abundance to be underestimated. Wilson (1964) stated “it is highly doubtful if plant ecologists, ex- amining without knowledge of past events the present situation of any weed that has been controlled biologically in any coun- try, would attribute any importance to the effects of insects on the weed’s abun- dance”. Perhaps as a consequence, the likelihood of achieving successful biologi- cal control of present weeds tends to be underestimated. There are several examples of the suc- Figure 1. The native distribution of prickly acacia showing regions cessful control of woody weeds using bio- climatically similar to north west Queensland using the computer program logical control agents. The tree Cordia Climex, Version 4.2, and target location Hughenden, Queensland. The curassavica (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes larger the dot the better the climate match. Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.10(1) 1995 25 and field releases will begin in 1995 sub- Table 1. Insects recorded feeding on prickly acacia in its native range. ject to supply of beetles from Kenya. The projects in Pakistan (Mohyuddin LEAF-FEEDING INSECTS 1980) and in Kenya (Marohasy 1993) and work in other regions, in particular by India British colonial entomologists (Bhasin Achaea janata (Lep.: Noctuidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) and Roonwall 1954, Peake 1954, Beeson Archips micaceanus (Lep.: Tonricidae), (Browne 1968) 1961), indicates that there exists a large Archips pomivoros (Lep.: Tortricidae), (Browne 1968) and diverse complex of insects attacking Ascotis infixaria (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) prickly acacia in its native range and that Cacoecia pomivora (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) some species are very damaging. This pa- Cacoecia isocyrta (Lep.: Tortricidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) per lists all the insects recorded attacking Cacoecia micacaeana (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) prickly acacia and discusses the potential Capua detractana (Lep.: Tortricidae), (Browne 1968) of some species for the control of prickly Chilena similis (Lep.: Lasiocampidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) acacia in Queensland. Clania crameri (Lep.: Psychidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) Cryptothelea crameri (Lep.: Psychidae), (Browne 1968) Insects known to attack prickly Cusiab raptaria (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) acacia in Africa and Asia Dasychira grotei (Lep.: Lymantriidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) Insects known to feed on prickly acacia in Dereodus mastos (Col.: Curculionidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) its native range are listed in Table 1 ac- Diapromorpha balteata (Col.: Chrysomelidae), (Browne 1968) cording to their mode of feeding and Epagoge retractana (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) country in which they were found. The Euproctis lunata (Lep.: Lymantriidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) list includes over 260 species but is incom- Euproctis scintillans (Lep.: Lymantriidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) plete since many areas of the extensive Hyposidra successaria (Lep.: Geometridae), (Beeson 1961, Browne 1968) native range have not yet been explored. Lymantria incerta (Lep.: Lymantriidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) Most species listed in Table 1 are either Metanastria hyrtaca (Lep.: Lasiocampidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) from Kenya, Pakistan or India. There was Ophiusa janata (Lep.: Noctuidae), (Browne 1968) a very limited amount of information on Schistocerca gregaria (Lep.: Orthoptera), (Browne 1968) insect species from Kenya and Pakistan Semiothisa streniataria (Lep.: Geometridae), (Beeson 1961, Browne 1968) before the respective biocontrol projects. Spatularia mimosae (Lep.: Lyonetiidae), (Browne 1968) The large number of insects recorded in Stemocera diardi (Col.: Buprestidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) India (Table 1) probably reflects the zeal Stemocera laevigata (Col.: Buprestidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) of the British colonial entomologists and Stemocera orientalis (Col.: Buprestidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) the importance of prickly acacia as a tim- Sternocera chrysis (Col.: Buprestidae), (Browne 1963) ber tree in that country. Streblote siva (Lep.: Lasiocampidae), (Browne 1968) With the exception of Kenya, relatively Taragama siva (Lep.: Lasiocampidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954) little is known about the insect fauna of Tephrina disputaria (Lep.: Geometridae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) prickly acacia in Africa. It is a dominant Thiacidas postica (Lep.: Noctuidae), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) tree species through much of the Nile Val- Traminda mundissima (Lep.: Geomet.), (Bhasin and Roonwall 1954, Browne 1968) ley in Egypt (Bytinski-Salz 1954, Halperin and Sauter 1991). It is an important tim- Kenya (from Marohasy unpublished data) ber tree further upstream with planta- Acaciothrips ebneri (Thy.: Phaleothripidae) tions being actively managed on the flood Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Thy.: Thripidae) polyphagous plains of the Blue Nile in the Sudan Leipoxais sp. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) (Peake 1954, El Atta 1988) and is also com- Lophotheridae
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