CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by e-Prints Soton Fruits for the Future 2 (Revised edition) Ber and other jujubes Authors S. Azam-Ali E. Bonkoungou C. Bowe C. deKock A. Godara J.T. Williams Editors J.T. Williams (chief editor) R.W. Smith N. Haq Z. Dunsiger First published in 2001 by International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK ¤ 2006 Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops The text in this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or media without requiring specific permission. This is subject to the material not being used in a derogatory manner or in a misleading context. The source of the material must be acknowledged as [SCUC] copyright and the title of the document must be included when being reproduced as part of another document or service. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ber 1. tropical fruit trees i Williams ii Smith iii Haq iv Dunsiger ISBN 085432 8580 Citation: Azam-Ali, Bonkoungou, Bowe, deKock, Godara, Williams. (2006) Ber. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Southampton, UK. DFID/FRP and DISCLAIMERS This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID [R7187 Forestry Research Programme]. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone and do not imply an acceptance or obligation whatsoever on the part of ICUC, SCUC, ICRAF or IPGRI. ICUC The International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC) is an autonomous, non- profit, scientific research and training centre. It was established in 1992, based at the University of Southampton in the UK, but has since moved to the headquarters of the International Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka. The Centre was established to address ways to increase the use of underutilised crops for food, nutrition, medicinal and industrial products. The enhancement of currently underutilised crops is a key to food security, to the conservation of biological diversity and to the preservation and restoration of fragile and degraded environments throughout the world. World Agroforestry Centre The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), established in Nairobi in 1977, is an autonomous, non-profit research body supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). ICRAF aims to improve human welfare by alleviating poverty, improving food and nutrition security and enhancing environmental resistance in the tropics. IPGRI The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an international research institute with a mandate to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. It is also a centre of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Also available in this series of monographs: Safou – Dacryodes edulis by J. Kengue (ISBN 0854327649) Baobab – Adansonia digitata by M. Sidibe and J. T. Williams (ISBN 0854327762) Annona spp. by A. C. de Q. Pinto, M. C. R. Cordeiro, S. R. M. de Andrade, F. R. Ferreira, H. A. de C. Filgueiras, R. E. Alves and D. I. Kinpara (ISBN 0854327851) Mangosteen – Garcinia mangostana by M. bin Osman and Abd. Rahman Milan (ISBN 0854328173) Monkey orange – Strychnos cocculoides by C. K. Mwamba (ISBN 0854328416) Ndjanssang – Ricinodendron heudelotii by Z. Tchoundjeu (ISBN 0854328424) Sapote species – Pouteria sapota, P. campechiana, P. viridis by C. Azurdia (ISBN 0854327651) Forthcoming in this series: Jackfruit – Artocarpus heterophyllus by N. Haq (ISBN 0854328394) Tamarind – Tamarindus indica – Revised edition (ISBN 085432 8599) Contents Abbreviations..................................................................................................... ii Preface .............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1. Introduction, Taxonomy and History ................................................1 1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................1 1.2 The genus Ziziphus ..........................................................................2 1.3 The species of Ziziphus....................................................................3 1.4 The major cultivated species ...........................................................4 1.4.1 Indian jujube...........................................................................4 1.4.2 Chinese jujube........................................................................5 1.5 The minor cultivated species ...........................................................9 1.5.1 Z. spina-christi (L.) Desf. .......................................................9 1.5.2 Z. lotus (L.) Lam..................................................................10 1.6 Wild species...................................................................................11 1.6.1 Asia.......................................................................................11 1.6.2 Africa....................................................................................12 1.6.3 New World..........................................................................12 1.7 Vernacular names for jujubes ........................................................12 1.8 Historical evidence ........................................................................14 1.8.1 Indian jujube.........................................................................14 1.8.2 Chinese jujube......................................................................15 Chapter 2. Composition....................................................................................18 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................18 2.2 Fruit composition...........................................................................18 2.2.1 Ber ........................................................................................18 2.2.2 Chinese jujube......................................................................20 2.3 Ethnopharmaceutical compounds..................................................20 2.3.1 Ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and bioflavonoids.........20 2.3.2 Pectin A................................................................................21 2.3.3 Alkaloids ..............................................................................21 2.3.4 Glycosides ............................................................................21 2.3.5 Triterpenoic acids .................................................................22 2.3.6 Lipids....................................................................................23 2.4 Nutritional and pharmaceutical studies..........................................23 2.4.1 Sweetness inhibitors .............................................................23 2.4.2 Permeability enhancement activity.......................................24 2.4.3 Cytotoxic effect (chemotherapy) ..........................................24 2.4.4 Neurological properties........................................................25 2.4.5 Antifertility/contraception ....................................................26 2.4.6 Hypotensive and antinephritic effect....................................26 2.4.7 Cardiovascular activity.........................................................26 2.4.8 Immunostimulant effects ......................................................26 2.4.9 Antifungal activity................................................................26 2.4.10 Antidiabetic ..........................................................................27 2.4.11 Antiallergic...........................................................................27 2.4.12 Antiulcer activity..................................................................27 2.4.13 Antiinflammatory effect .......................................................27 2.4.14 Antispastic effect..................................................................27 2.4.15 Antibacterial .........................................................................27 2.4.16 Antioxidant effects ...............................................................27 2.5 Summary........................................................................................28 Chapter 3. Uses.................................................................................................29 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................29 3.2 Local uses of fruits ........................................................................29 3.2.1 South, Southeast and East Asia. ...........................................29 3.2.2 Africa....................................................................................29 3.2.3 Southwest Asia.....................................................................30 3.2.4 South America......................................................................30 3.3 Fodder............................................................................................30 3.4 Environmental ...............................................................................31 3.5 Fuelwood .......................................................................................31 3.6 Lac culture.....................................................................................32