(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Ziziphus Spina-Christi Using Taylor´S Power Law and Iwao´S Patchiness Regression

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Ziziphus Spina-Christi Using Taylor´S Power Law and Iwao´S Patchiness Regression ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2/ ﺷﻤﺎره 1/ ﺳﺎل 1391 اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) روي درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎرZiziphus spina-christi در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮار١* و ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ2 1، ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ 2، اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻳﺎﺳﻮج، ﻳﺎﺳﻮج (ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 29/5/90 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 90/8/30) ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ آﻓﺎت اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگ- ﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر (Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae از آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ، ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن و ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎغﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮدرو و ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر T. postica روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر Ziziphus spina-christi در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1385 ﺗﺎ 1387 در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺷﺎﺧﻪ 50 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮي از درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 40 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ (روش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﻣﮕﺲ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ (Pales murina Mes (Diptera: Tachinidae ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن از رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آﻓﺖ و ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻروﻫﺎي روي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن در ﻃﻮل دوره ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر (R2=0.98) و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ (R2=0.86) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﺷﻴﺐ ﺧﻂ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن b ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪل ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 99/1 و 45/3 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮع ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آﻓﺖ، واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر، درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ، Iwao´s patchiness Regression. ،Taylor´s Power Law، Tachinidae * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] 22 ﻓﺮار و ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ (Farrar et al., 2001b). 1 درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ زﻳﺰﻳﻔﻮس ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑـ ﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺑـﺎغ ﻫـﺎي ﺑ ــﻪ ﻃــﻮر ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده و ﺧــﻮدرو در اﺳــﺘﺎنﻫــﺎي ﺟﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸــﻮر وﺳﻴﻊ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﺣﺸـﺮه در ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ دارﻧﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ ﻣﺤـﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ و در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺷـﻮ د. اﻳـﻦ آب و ﺧــﺎك و ﭼﻨــﺪ ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺑــﻮدن ﺗﺒﺨﻴــﺮ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺑــﺎرش، ﺣﺸــﺮه داراي 5 ﺳــﻦ ﻻروي اﺳــﺖ و ﺳــﻦ اول ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﻦ ﺳــﻮم درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫـﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺑـ ﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻻروي ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت دﺳـﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻌـﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و در ﺳـﻦ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎك، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرم و ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻻروﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر اﻧﻔﺮادي از ﺑـﺮگ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي و ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﮔﺮﻣﺴـﻴﺮي ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ . (Farrar et al., 2001 a). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ارزش اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن از ﻓـﺮار و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران (Farrar et al., 2001 a) ﻧﺸـﺎن داده ﻛـﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃـﺮف و ﺧـﻮاص ﺧـﻮراﻛﻲ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر زﻳـﺎد ﻣﻴـﻮه، اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸـﺮه از ﻓـﺮو ردﻳﻦ ﺗـﺎ اردﻳﺒﻬﺸـﺖ ﻣـﺎه در ﻧﺴـﻞ اول و از ﺧﻮاص داروﻳﻲ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴـﺎه، ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ آﺑﺎن ﺗﺎ اواﻳﻞ دي ﻣﺎه ﻧﺴﻞ دوم و در ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻮدن دﻣـﺎ ﻓﺮآوردهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت آن، ﭘﺮورش زﻧﺒﻮرﻋﺴـﻞ از دي ﺗﺎ اواﻳﻞ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ در ﻧﺴﻞ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ در ﺑــﺎغﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨــﺎر و ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻋﺴــﻞ ﺑــﺎ ارزش ﺑــﺎ ﻃﻌــﻢ ﻛﻨــﺎر و ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺨﻢ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ داراي دو ﻧﺴﻞ ﺧﺎﺻــﻴﺖ داروﻳــﻲ آن از ﻃــﺮف دﻳﮕــﺮ، آن را ﺑــﻪ ﻳــﻚ ﮔﻴــﺎه در ﺳﺎل در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮده ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎري از وﻳﮋﮔــﻲﻫــﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘــﻲ ﺣﺸــﺮات در اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺎدي از زﻣـﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ. ﻳـﻚ زﻳــﺮ ﻛﺸــﺖ درﺧﺘــﺎن ﻛﻨــﺎر در ﺳــﻄﺢ اﺳــﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷــﻬﺮ ﻣــﻲرود ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب زﻣﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي (Farrar and Karampour, 2008). ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﺑــﺮداري، اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب واﺣــﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪﺑــﺮداري، ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﻌــﺪاد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روزاﻓﺰون اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎ ارزش در اﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻨــﻮﺑﻲ ﻛــﻪ داراي ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺸــﻚ و ﺳــﺨﺖ آب و ﻫــﻮاﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ و ﺳـﺎزﮔﺎر ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺎوم، ﻗـﺎﻧﻊ و ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮره ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﻟﺰوم ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آﻓـﺎت و آﻓﺎت2 اﺳﺖ (Boeve and Weiss, 1998). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎ را آﺷﻜﺎر ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد. درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﻲ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ از 250 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـ ﺪ ﻛـﻪ در و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮي در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻛﻨﺎر، ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر آﻓﺎت ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد (Dent, 2000). اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪﺳﺰاﻳﻲ دارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﺗﺮﻳــﻚ و ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران (Patrick et al., 2003) از آن ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ (Farrar et al., 2001a). ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداريﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آﻓﺎت اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر Thiacidas postica Walker ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و ﻫﺪف آنﻫﺎ از اﻳـﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮداري، ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ از ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ي Noctuidae و راﺳـﺘﻪ Lepidoptera ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت آﻣــﺎري و اﺗﺨــﺎذ ﺗﺼــﻤﻴﻢﻫــﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳـﺖ ( ,.Farrar et al ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ آﻓﺎت ﺑﻮد، ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ b 2001). ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﺑـﺮگ ﻫـﺎي درﺧﺘـﺎن ﻛﻨـﺎر اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از روش ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺿﻤﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ درﺧﺖ، ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻴﻮه را ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻴﻠﻮر3 اﺑﺘﺪا در ﺳﺎل 1961 ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ. در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﺎلﻫـﺎ و در ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪ (Taylor, 1961). 2- IPM 3- Taylor´s Power Law 1- Ziziphus ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ، ﺟﻠﺪ2، ﺷﻤﺎره 1، ﺳﺎل 1391 23 ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺸﺮه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ذاﺗﻲ آن اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ رﻓﺘﺎري ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﻧﻮع اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ، ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ و ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ (Pedigo and Ziess, 1996). ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺸﺮه اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ در ﻣﻮرد ﺻﻔﺎت رﻓﺘﺎري آن و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و زﻣﺎن آن اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ (Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ 50 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮي درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان واﺣـﺪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﺳـﻪ ﻧـﻮع ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺼــﺎدﻓﻲ1، ﺗﺠﻤﻌــﻲ2 ﻳــﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧــﺖ3 داﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ. در ﺗﻮزﻳــﻊ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ روي واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷـﻤﺎرش ﺷـﺪ . ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮد در ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از وﺟﻮد دﻳﮕـﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻔﺘﻪاي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر از ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 7 ﺗﺎ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ، ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻚ ﻓـﺮد ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮي ﺑـﺮ 11 ﺻﺒﺢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻓﺮاد ﻧـﺪارد ( Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﺑﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻛﻠـﻲ ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ و اﻧﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و اﻧﺪازه ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧـﻮع ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ 4 ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ آن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗـﺮار ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺮد . اﻃـﻼع از ﻧـﻮع اﻟﮕـﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺎر T. postica ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي اوﻟﻴﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و ﺑﺎ 5 اﺟﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل اﻳـﻦ آﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻮﺛﺮ و ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ واﻗـﻊ ﺷـﻮد . اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دادهﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي اوﻟﻴﻪ، ﺧﻄﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﻲ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ Naseri et al., 2010; Rahmani et al., 2010 ﻫــﺪف از اﻧﺠــﺎم اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣــﻪ دﻗﻴــﻖ و ﻋﻠﻤــﻲ ﻛﺮد ( ). 6 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑـﺮداري و اﻟﮕـﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳـﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ي T. postica اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﺳﺖ ( Pedigo and روي درﺧــﺖ ﻛﻨــﺎر (Ziziphus spina-christi) در ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ Ziess, 1996; Southwood and Henderson, 2000). ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آوردن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ (Dent, 2000; Haghani et al., 2004). ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (1): ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ⎞ SE ⎛ RV = ⎜ ⎟ ×100 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1385 ﺗﺎ 1387 در ⎠ x ⎝ x ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎ و SE ،ﺧﻄﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﺷﺘﺴﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ SD از درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (SE = :(2 n اوﻟﻴﻪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Ziziphus spina-christi ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (S 2 = S = SD :(3 ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻃﻲ 2 ﻧﺴﻞ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺎهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و SD اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر دادهﻫﺎ، S2 وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و n ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ در ﻧﺴﻞ اول و اواﺧﺮ آﺑﺎن ﺗﺎ دي ﻣﺎه در ﻧﺴﻞ دوم ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ و اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴـﺎر و در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﻞ ﺳﻮم در ﺑﻬﻤﻦ و اواﻳﻞ اﺳﻔﻨﺪ در داده ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه RV (ﻣﻴـﺰان دوره ﻫﻔﺖ روزه و ﺑﺎ 40 ﺗﻜﺮار اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل) و t (اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه از ﺟﺪول t-student) در ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آنﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﻣــﻮل اﻧــﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﻲﮔﻴــﺮد ( Southwood and ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﻳﺎد ﺷﺪه دادهﻫﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ و .(Henderson, 2000; Pedigo and Buntin, 1994 4- Sample Size 1- Random 5- Relative Variation 2- Aggregated/Clumped 6- Sampling Precision 3- Regular 24 ﻓﺮار و ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ: اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر 1 ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ: ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ 2 b=1 ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ⎡ t.sd ⎤ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (N = (4 ⎢ D.x ⎥ ⎦ ⎣ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ در اﻳﻦ راﺑﻄﻪ: N: ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، t :t- اﺳﺘﻴﻮدﻧﺖ * ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (m = α + βx (8 ﺟﺪول ﺑﺎ .df ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، sd: اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر دادهﻫﺎي 2 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، x : ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دادهﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، s * ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (m = x + ( −1) (9 D: ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻄﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻋﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان x در اﻳﻦ روش x ، ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺳﺖ.
Recommended publications
  • View the PDF File of the Tachinid Times, Issue 14
    The Tachinid Times ISSUE 14 February 2001 Jim O'Hara, editor Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Systematic Entomology Section Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Correspondence: [email protected] A couple of significant changes to The Tachinid the newsletter before the end of next January. This Times have taken place this year. Firstly, the newsletter newsletter appears first in hardcopy and then on the Web has moved to a new location: http://res2.agr.ca/ecorc/ some weeks later. isbi/tachinid/times/index.htm. Secondly, it is being produced as an Acrobat® PDF (Portable Document Format) Study on the phylogeny and diversity of Higher file for the first time. Though this format may be Diptera in the Northern Hemisphere (by H. Shima) inconvenient for some readers, it has a number of In 1999 I applied to the Japanese Government compelling advantages. It allows me to produce the (Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports) for newsletter faster because there is a one-step conversion a 3-year research grant to fund an international project from a WordPerfect® file with embedded colour images under the general title, "Study on the Phylogeny and to a PDF file. Also, the result is a product that can be Diversity of Higher Diptera in the Northern Hemi- viewed on the Web (using the free Acrobat® Reader that sphere." Funding was approved in 2000 and the first is readily available online), downloaded from the Web, or meeting of the project team was held in Fukuoka at the distributed in hardcopy – each with exactly the same Biosystematics Laboratory of Kyushu University in late pagination and appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Old World Genera Panthea Hübner
    Zootaxa 3746 (3): 422–438 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3746.3.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6574FEDD-34A6-48ED-99D7-7D212BA85F61 Revision of the Old World genera Panthea Hübner, [1820] 1816 and Pantheana Hreblay, 1998 with description two new species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Pantheinae). Revision of Pantheinae, contribution IX G. BEHOUNEK,1 H.L. HAN2 & V.S. KONONENKO3,4 1D-85567 Grafing/Munich, Sudetenstrasse 6, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, CH-150014 China. E-mail: [email protected] 3Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Biology and Soil Science Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, RF-690022 Vladivostok, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 4Corresponding author Abstract The Old World species of the genus Panthea Hübner [1820] 1816 are revised. The article contains the description of two new species Panthea fuscogrisea sp. n. and Panthea florianii sp. n. from continental China and re-description of two spe- cies P. ro be r t i Joannis 1928 and P. grisea Wileman, 1919 with illustration of male and female genitalia. Diphthera hoenei Draudt, 1950 (syn. n.) is synonymised with P. rober ti Joannis 1928. The species Panthea ronnyi Thony, 1996 is excluded from the genus Panthea. Lectotypes for Diphthera hoenei and Panthea roberti are designated. The genus includes five species in the Old World, distributed mainly in Sino-Himalayan subregion of the Palaearctic.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Noctuidae of Cape Verde Islands (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H
    Contents Noctuidae of Cape Verde Islands (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. HACKER, Hans-Peter SCHREIER and Eyjolf AISTLEITNER) 7 Noctuidae collected by Karlheinz POLITZAR in Bogué, Mauritania (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. HACKER and Axel HAUSMANN) 97 Obituary to Dr. Karlheinz POLITZAR. 5th October 1938 - 20th October 2007 (Hermann H. HACKER and Axel HAUSMANN) 169 Noctuidae of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) with notes on the fauna of the southern Arabian Peninsula (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. HACKER and Aidas SALDAITIS) 172 Revision of the genus Oraesia GUENÉE, 1852 (Old World) and related genera (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Noctuidae, Calpinae) (Gottfried BEHOUNEK, Hermann H. HACKER and Wolfgang SPEIDEL) 243 A new genus of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the Afrotropical Region with the description of seven new species (Ingo LEHMANN) 294 New Dasypolia GUENÉE, 1852 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) taxa from Central Asia (POVILAS IVINSKIS and AIDAS SALDAITIS) 323 Ulotrichopus eugeniae spec. nov. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae) from East-Africa (AIDAS SALDAITIS and POVILAS IVINSKIS) 329 Aethalopteryx diksami, a new species (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from Yemen, Sokotra Island (Roman YAKOVLEV and Aidas SALDAITIS) 333 Two new species of Tischeriidae from East Africa (Lepidoptera, Tischerioidea) (Wolfram MEY) 337 A taxonomic review of the genera Parapsectris MEYRICK, 1911 and Athrips BILLBERG, 1820inAfrica (Oleksiy V. BIDZILYA) 341 Records of interesting eremic Noctuidae species new to several southern Mediterranean
    [Show full text]
  • Hüter Der Ordnung ‚Nur Noch Wenige Biologen Können Arten Zuverlässig Be- Stimmen
    Hüter der Ordnung ‚Nur noch wenige Biologen können Arten zuverlässig be- stimmen. Portrait einer vom Aussterben bedrohten Spezies‘ Jörg MÜLLER . Unter der Überschrift wurde am 20. Mai 1998 in DIE ZEIT Nr. 22 WISSEN ein Artikel von Martina KELLER veröffentlicht, der auch für Bad Staffelstein von Bedeutung ist, denn - von der Öffentlichkeit weitgehend unbemerkt - beschäf- tigt sich Hermann H. HACKER, von Beruf Förster, nebenbei auch Künstler und Vorsitzender der Kultur-Initiative Staffelstein e. V. (KIS) auf wissenschaftlicher Basis mit Taxonomie und Systematik der Insekten und Nachtfalter. Unter dem gleichen Titel berichtete der Vorsitzende der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bayerischer Entomolo- gen (ABE) u. a. in der 12-teiligen Reihe der KIS „ZEITZEUGEN“ am 12. April 2000 über seine Arbeiten; dieser Bericht bezieht sich auch auf diesen Vortrag. „Die gefährdete Artenvielfalt überblicken nur Kenner. Doch Molekularbiologen verdrängen die Systematiker. Wertvolles Wissen droht ver- loren zu gehen“, so konstatierte Martina KELLER seinerzeit. Seit dem Artikel in DIE ZEIT und dem interessanten Vortrag in der KIS-Zeitzeugenrei- he sind gerade einmal zwölf Jahre vergangen. Die düstere Prognose hat sich nicht bewahr- heitet: 2010 wurde von den Vereinten Nationen zum ‚Jahr der weltweiten Artendiversität und –vielfalt‘ erklärt und plötzlich war das Interesse an der Erfassung der faszinierenden weltweiten Artenvielfalt wieder erwacht. Atemberaubende Berichte über wissenschaftliche Expeditionen in die letzten unerforschten Gebiete unserer Erde und faszinierende Naturfilme über unbekannte Tiefen der Ozeane oder die letzten Vertreter Blick in eines der zahllosen Magazine der Zoologischen aussterbender Arten lassen die wissenschaftli- Staatsammlung München (ZSM). Diese Abteilungen che Faszination, die noch vor einem Jahrhun- sind nur für die wissenschaftliche Forschung zugäng- dert im Kolonialzeitalter allgemein verbreitet lich.
    [Show full text]
  • Esperiana Memoir 5
    Esperiana Memoir 5 548 S. Schwanfeld, 6. Juni 2010 ISBN 978-3-938249-11-6 Contents Noctuidae of Cape Verde Islands (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. Hacker, Hans-Peter Schreier and Eyjolf Aistleitner) 7 Noctuidae collected by Karlheinz Politzar in Bogué, Mauritania (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. Hacker and Axel Hausmann) 97 Obituary to Dr. Karlheinz Politzar. 5th October 1938 – 20th October 2007 (Hermann H. Hacker and Axel Hausmann) 169 Noctuidae of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) with notes on the fauna of the southern Arabian Peninsula (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) (Hermann H. Hacker and Aidas Saldaitis) 172 Revision of the genus Oraesia Guenée, 1852 (Old World) and related genera (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Noctuidae, Calpinae) (Gottfried Behounek, Hermann H. Hacker and Wolfgang Speidel) 243 A new genus of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the Afrotropical Region with the description of seven new species (Ingo Lehmann) 294 New Dasypolia Guenée, 1852 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) taxa from Central Asia (Povilas Ivinskis and Aidas Saldaitis) 323 Ulotrichopus eugeniae spec. nov. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Catocalinae) from East-Africa (Aidas Saldaitis and Povilas Ivinskis) 329 Aethalopteryx diksami, a new species (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) from Yemen, Sokotra Island (Roman Yakovlev and Aidas Saldaitis) 333 Two new species of Tischeriidae from East Africa (Lepidoptera, Tischerioidea) (Wolfram Mey) 337 A taxonomic review of the genera Parapsectris Meyrick, 1911 and Athrips Billberg, 1820 in Africa (Oleksiy V. Bidzilya) 341 Records of interesting eremic Noctuidae species new to several southern Mediterranean countries (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Lutz Lehmann) 409 Revisional notes on the Genus Thiacidas Walker, 1855 (= Trisula Moore, 1858, syn. nov.), new additional data on the Thiacidinae with descriptions of seven new species and two subspecies (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Hermann H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tachinid Times
    The Tachinid Times ISSUE 24 February 2011 Jim O’Hara, editor Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada ISSN 1925-3435 (Print) C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 ISSN 1925-3443 (Online) Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] My thanks to all who have contributed to this year’s announcement before the end of January 2012. This news- issue of The Tachinid Times. This is the largest issue of the letter accepts submissions on all aspects of tachinid biology newsletter since it began in 1988, so there still seems to be and systematics, but please keep in mind that this is not a a place between peer-reviewed journals and Internet blogs peer-reviewed journal and is mainly intended for shorter for a medium of this sort. This year’s issue has a diverse news items that are of special interest to persons involved assortment of articles, a few announcements, a listing of in tachinid research. Student submissions are particularly recent literature, and a mailing list of subscribers. The welcome, especially abstracts of theses and accounts of Announcements section is more sizable this year than usual studies in progress or about to begin. I encourage authors and I would like to encourage readers to contribute to this to illustrate their articles with colour images, since these section in the future. This year it reproduces the abstracts add to the visual appeal of the newsletter and are easily of two recent theses (one a Ph.D. and the other a M.Sc.), incorporated into the final PDF document.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution of Thiacidas Postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae on Ziziphus Spina-Christi Using Taylor´S Power Law and Iwao´S Patchiness Regression
    ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 2/ ﺷﻤﺎره 1/ ﺳﺎل 1391 اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) روي درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎرZiziphus spina-christi در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮار١* و ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﺣﻘﺎﻧﻲ2 1، ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ 2، اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻳﺎﺳﻮج، ﻳﺎﺳﻮج (ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 29/5/90 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 90/8/30) ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ آﻓﺎت اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگ- ﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر (Thiacidas postica Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae از آﻓﺎت درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ، ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن و ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه از ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎغﻫﺎي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺎر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ آﻓﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮدرو و ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر T. postica روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر Ziziphus spina-christi در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1385 ﺗﺎ 1387 در اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺷﺎﺧﻪ 50 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮي از درﺧﺖ ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان واﺣﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري اوﻟﻴﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 40 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ. اﻟﮕﻮي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگﺧﻮار ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ (روش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ) ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﻣﮕﺲ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ (Pales murina Mes (Diptera: Tachinidae ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن از رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ آﻓﺖ و ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از روش رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻروﻫﺎي روي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن در ﻃﻮل دوره ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداريSID ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ofروش ﺗﻴﻠﻮر (R2=0.98) و آﻳﻮاﺋﻮ (R2=0.86) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر Archiveﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera)
    TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SARJA - SER. AII OSA - TOM. 268 BIOLOGICA - GEOGRAPHICA - GEOLOGICA MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF NOCTUOIDEA (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA) REZA ZAHIRI TURUN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Turku 2012 From the Laboratory of Genetics, Division of Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20012, Finland Supervised by: Docent Niklas Wahlberg University of Turku Finland Co-advised by: Ph.D. J. Donald Lafontaine Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes Canada Ph.D. Ian J. Kitching Natural History Museum U.K. Ph.D. Jeremy D. Holloway Natural History Museum U.K. Reviewed by: Professor Charles Mitter University of Maryland U.S.A. Dr. Tommi Nyman University of Eastern Finland Finland Examined by: Dr. Erik J. van Nieukerken Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden The Netherlands Cover image: phylogenetic tree of Noctuoidea ISBN 978-951-29-5014-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-29-5015-7 (PDF) ISSN 0082-6979 Painosalama Oy – Turku, Finland 2012 To Maryam, my mother and father MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF NOCTUOIDEA (INSECTA, LEPIDOPTERA) Reza Zahiri This thesis is based on the following original research contributions, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals: I Zahiri, R, Kitching, IJ, Lafontaine, JD, Mutanen, M, Kaila, L, Holloway, JD & Wahlberg, N (2011) A new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family-level classification of the Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologica Scripta, 40, 158–173 II Zahiri, R, Holloway, JD, Kitching, IJ, Lafontaine, JD, Mutanen, M & Wahlberg, N (2012) Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea). Systematic Entomology, 37,102–124 III Zaspel, JM, Zahiri, R, Hoy, MA, Janzen, D, Weller, SJ & Wahlberg, N (2012) A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the vampire moths and their fruit-piercing relatives (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Calpinae).
    [Show full text]
  • Esperiana Memoir 3
    Esperiana Memoir 3 Esperiana Memoir 3: 1-495, 45 Taf. Schwanfeld, 20. Dezember 2007 ISBN 3-938249-05-6 Lepidoptera Africana Part 3 Review of the genus Zamarada Moore, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Tanzania, with description of new species (Leif Aarvik & Anders Bjørnstad) Revision of the African species of the genus Feliniopsis Roepke, 1938 (=Eutamsia Fletcher, 1961) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Hermann H. Hacker and Michael Fibiger) Revisional notes on the Genus Thiacidas WALKER, 1855, with descriptions of Thiacidinae subfam. nov. and eleven new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Hermann H. Hacker and Alberto Zilli) Revision of the African species of the genus Brevipecten Hampson, 1894, with description of the genus Honeyia gen. nov. (Lepidopera, Noctuidae) (Hermann H. Hacker and Michael Fibiger) The family Galacticidae in Yemen (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Ditrysia incertae sedis) with description of four new species (Wolfram Mey) Macrosenta purpurascensspec. nov., eine neue Notodontidae-Art aus dem Yemen (Lepidoptera) (Hermann H. Hacker, Michael Fibiger & Hans-Peter Schreier) Neue Eupterotidae - Arten aus Afrika (Bombycoidea, Eupterotidae) (Lars Kühne) A new Snouted Tiger species from Eastern Africa (Lepidoptera, Aganaidae) (Lars Kühne) Beschreibung neuer Flechtenbärenarten aus Afrika nebst taxonomischen Anmerkungen (Arctiidae: Lithosiinae) (plates 43-44) (Lars Kühne) Plates Index Abstracts Review of the genus Zamarada MOORE, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Tanzania, with description of new species (Plates 1-9) by Leif AARVIK & Anders BJØRNSTAD Abstract. The 86 species of Zamarada known to occur in Tanzania are reviewed. Five additional species that are likely to be present in the country, are also treated. Imagines of all species are figured in colour, and the genitalia of Tanzanian species not depicted by FLETCHER (1974, 1978) are figured.
    [Show full text]
  • View the PDF File of the Tachinid Times, Issue 18
    The Tachinid Times ISSUE 18 February 2005 Jim O’Hara, editor Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Correspondence: [email protected] The Tachinid Times continues to be offered in submissions, and the newsletter as a whole is reviewed hardcopy and online, with both versions having identical internally within my organization before it is posted on the pagination and appearance except that the figures in the Internet and distributed in hardcopy. Articles in The online version are produced in colour and the figures in the Tachinid Times are cited in Zoological Record. printed version are in black and white. The online version is available as a PDF file (ca. 1.5 MB in size) at the North Benno Herting, 1923–2004 (by H.-P. Tschorsnig) American Dipterists Society (NADS) website at: http:// At the age of 80 years, one of the most outstanding www.nadsdiptera.org/Tach/TTimes/TThome.htm. experts on tachinids, Dr. Benno Herting, died in Freiberg I would like to dedicate this issue of The Tachinid am Neckar (south-western Germany) on 19 July 2004. Times to a leader in tachinid systematics who passed away Benno Wilhelm Herting was born on 30 December in 2004, Dr. Benno Herting. His high standards of research 1923 in Bochum (north-western Germany) as a single earned him a respected position among modern tachinid child of a Catholic schoolteacher. After he finished school, systematists. Through his papers, advice and identifications, he was forced to join the military. To his great fortune – he aided many researchers and students in systematics, according to his own words – he was released from the biological control, faunistics and ecology.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers
    Appendix 1—Reviewers and Contributers The following individuals provided assistance, information, and review of this report. It could not have been completed without their cooperation. USDA APHIS-PPQ: D. Alontaga*, T. Culliney*, H. Meissner*, L. Newton* Hawai’i Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division: B. Kumashiro, C. Okada, N. Reimer University of Hawai’i: F. Brooks*, H. Spafford* USDA Forest Service: K. Britton*, S. Frankel* USDI Fish and Wildlife Service: D. Cravahlo Forest Research Institute Malaysia: S. Lee* 1 U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey: L. Loope* Hawai’i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife: R. Hauff New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries: S. Clark* Hawai’i Coordinating Group on Alien Pest Species: C. Martin* *Provided review comments on the draft report. 2 Appendix 2—Scientific Authorities for Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 5 Hypothenemus obscurus (F.) Kallitaxila granulatae (Stål) Insects Klambothrips myopori Mound & Morris Charaxes khasianus Butler Monema flavescens Walker Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) Neopithecops zalmora Butler Actias luna L. Nesopedronia dura Beardsley Adoretus sinicus (Burmeister) Nesopedronia hawaiiensis Beardsley Callosamia promethea Drury Odontata dorsalis (Thunberg) Ceresium unicolor White Plagithmysus bilineatus Sharp Chlorophorus annularis (F.) Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Citheronia regalis Fabricus Scotorythra paludicola Butler Clastoptera xanthocephala Germ. Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh & Kuoh Cnephasia jactatana Walker Specularis
    [Show full text]
  • Additions to the Known Larval Host Plants of Indian Lepidoptera
    JoTT NOTE 3(12): 2272–2276 Additions to the known larval host larvae in various instars from plants of Indian Lepidoptera forests in Nainital District between 1200m and 2400m elevation. The Peter Smetacek 1 & Rajni Smetacek 2 places visited were mainly in the Bhimtal and Sattal valleys (1200–1500 m), the 1,2 The Butterfly Research Centre, The Retreat, Jones Estate, P.O.Bhimtal, District Nainital, Uttarakhand 263136 India Bhowali Valley (1600m), the Gagar pass (2400m), Email: 1 [email protected] (corresponding author); Maheshkhan forest (2200m) and Rata forest (2200m) 2 [email protected] at all seasons, opportunistically over a period of 20 years but focussed on Maheshkhan, Gagar and Rata The larval host plants of some families of Indian forests during 2008 to 2009. All the above mentioned Lepidoptera such as the Papilionidae, Saturniidae and locations are within a 50-km radius of Bhimtal. Since Sphingidae are relatively well known (Bell & Scott the same species was often encountered in different 1937; Robinson et al. 2001). Information on most of locations within the district, we have refrained from the other families is quite incomplete. giving exact locations in the list. Voucher specimens The present list consists largely of species bred of the material bred are in the authors’ personal by the authors at Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal, collection at the above address. Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India in the Kumaon In addition, an invitation to the Forest Research Himalaya west of Nepal (29020’41”N & 79030’17”E). Institute in Dehra Dun to the senior author resulted Most of the species recorded were obtained as wild in the identification of a number of moths that had lain unidentified in the Indian National Forest Insect Collection since the 1930s.
    [Show full text]